1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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12 @c references - started
13 @c piano staff - started
14 @c manual changes - started
21 @node Keyboard instruments
22 @section Keyboard instruments
25 * Common notation for keyboards::
30 @node Common notation for keyboards
31 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
34 * References for keyboards::
36 * Changing staff manually::
37 * Changing staff automatically::
38 * Staff-change lines::
42 @node References for keyboards
43 @subsubsection References for keyboards
45 Keyboard music can be written in parallel with
46 @ref{Writing music in parallel}.
47 Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}.
48 Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
49 @ref{List of articulations}.
50 Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
51 Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties as well as
52 ties on arpeggios and tremelos, described in @ref{Ties}.
53 Arpeggios can be placed across multiple voices and staves with
55 Tremelo marks are created with @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
57 Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
58 demonstrated in @rlearning{Real music example}. Hidden notes can
59 be used to produce ties that cross voices, as shown
60 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
63 @c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
64 @c {creating-slurs-across-voices.ly}
69 @rlearning{Real music example},
70 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
73 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
74 @ref{Fingering instructions},
78 @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
79 @ref{List of articulations}
82 @c @lsrdir{Keyboard instruments}.
86 @subsubsection The piano staff
88 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
89 are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
90 notation is also used for harps and other key instruments. Organ
91 music is normally written with two staves inside a
92 @code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the
95 The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but sometimes
96 voices can cross between the two staves. In this section we discuss
97 some notation techniques particular to keyboard music.
101 @ruser{Grouping staves},
102 @ruser{Instrument Names}.
105 @internalsref{PianoStaff}.
108 Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
109 @q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
111 @node Changing staff manually
112 @subsubsection Changing staff manually
114 @cindex changing staff manually
115 @cindex manual staff changes
116 @cindex staff changes, manual
117 @cindex cross-staff notes
118 @cindex notes, cross-staff
119 @cindex cross-staff beams
120 @cindex beams, cross-staff
123 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
125 \change Staff = @var{staffname}
129 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches the
130 current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
131 @var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are @code{"up"}
132 and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
134 Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
136 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
137 upStaff = \change Staff = up
138 downStaff = \change Staff = down
141 <e' c'>8 \downStaff g fis g \upStaff
142 <g'' c''>8 \downStaff e dis e \upStaff
144 \new Staff = "down" {
146 s1 % keep the context alive
151 If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem
152 directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the center
153 of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple example of beam
154 tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
158 @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
162 @ruser{Automatic beams}.
165 @c @lsrdir{Keyboard instruments}.
170 @node Changing staff automatically
171 @subsubsection Changing staff automatically
172 @cindex automatic staff changes
173 @cindex staff changes, automatic
175 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom
176 staff. The syntax for this is
180 \autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
185 This will create two staves inside the current PianoStaff, called
186 @code{up} and @code{down}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by
189 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange} has
190 no effect on the pitches of @var{music}, so, if necessary, put
191 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange} like
195 \autochange \relative @dots{} @dots{}
200 The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning
201 point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in
202 advance. Here is a practical example
204 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
206 \autochange \relative c'
215 Notation Reference: @ref{Changing staff manually}.
217 Internals Reference: @internalsref{AutoChangeMusic}.
223 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
224 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
227 @code{\autochange} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
229 @node Staff-change lines
230 @subsubsection Staff-change lines
233 @cindex staff switching
236 @funindex followVoice
238 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes
239 can be printed automatically. This is switched on by setting
240 @code{followVoice} to true
242 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
245 \set followVoice = ##t
250 \new Staff="two" { \clef bass \skip 1*2 }
256 Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoiceFollower}.
260 @funindex \showStaffSwitch
261 @code{\showStaffSwitch},
262 @funindex \hideStaffSwitch
263 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
266 @node Cross-staff stems
267 @subsubsection Cross-staff stems
269 Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
270 of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
271 staff, or vice versa.
273 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
275 \once \override Stem #'length = #10
276 \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
278 noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
281 \stemDown \stemExtend
301 @subsubsection Piano pedals
304 Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
305 piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
308 Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
309 @code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
310 @code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
313 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
314 c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
317 What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
318 where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
319 @code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
320 @internalsref{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
323 Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
324 @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
326 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
327 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
329 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
330 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
333 A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
334 obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
337 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
338 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
340 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
341 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
344 The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
345 style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
348 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
349 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
352 For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
353 @code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
354 @code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
355 @internalsref{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
356 modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
359 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
360 \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
361 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
365 Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
366 pedal bracket starts.
368 @c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
369 @c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
370 @c Give example showing this.
374 Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
377 @subsection Accordion
383 @node Discant symbols
384 @subsubsection Discant symbols
386 @c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194