1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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11 @node Keyboard instruments
12 @section Keyboard instruments
15 My suggestion is this: in section 7.1.1 and/or 7.1.2 of the
17 about staff switching, add a sentence or two plus a simple example
18 showing how the beams are handled automatically if you enter notes
20 require beaming (i.e. 8ths or shorter). Anyone coming from Finale
22 be looking for "cross-staff beaming" instead of staff switching.
24 had seen an example of notes switching staves, beamed together
26 that, I would have known immediately that that was what I was
31 * Common notation for keyboards::
36 @node Common notation for keyboards
37 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
40 * References for keyboards::
42 * Changing staff manually::
43 * Changing staff automatically::
44 * Staff-change lines::
48 @node References for keyboards
49 @subsubsection References for keyboards
55 @subsubsection The piano staff
57 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves.
58 These are two normal staves coupled with a brace. The staves
59 are largely independent, but sometimes voices can cross between the
60 two staves. The same notation is also used for harps and other key
61 instruments. The @internalsref{PianoStaff} is especially built to
62 handle this cross-staffing behavior. In this section we discuss the
63 @internalsref{PianoStaff} and some other pianistic peculiarities.
68 Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
69 @q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
71 @cindex cross staff stem
72 @cindex stem, cross staff
73 @cindex distance between staves in piano music
75 @node Changing staff manually
76 @subsubsection Changing staff manually
78 @cindex manual staff switches
79 @cindex staff switch, manual
81 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
83 \change Staff = @var{staffname} @var{music}
87 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches the
88 current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
89 @var{staffname}. Typically @var{staffname} is @code{"up"} or
90 @code{"down"}. The @code{Staff} referred to must already exist, so
91 usually the setup for a score will start with a setup of the staves,
96 \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{keep staff alive}
98 \new Staff = "down" @{
99 \skip 1 * 10 % @emph{idem}
105 and the @code{Voice} is inserted afterwards
108 \context Staff = down
109 \new Voice @{ @dots{} \change Staff = up @dots{} @}
113 @node Changing staff automatically
114 @subsubsection Changing staff automatically
115 @cindex Automatic staff changes
117 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the bottom
118 staff. The syntax for this is
122 \autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
127 This will create two staves inside the current PianoStaff, called
128 @code{up} and @code{down}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by
131 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange} has
132 no effect on the pitches of @var{music}, so, if necessary, put
133 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange} like
137 \autochange \relative @dots{} @dots{}
142 The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the turning
143 point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch in
144 advance. Here is a practical example
146 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
148 \autochange \relative c'
157 @c Notation Reference: @ref{Manual staff switches}.
159 Internals Reference: @internalsref{AutoChangeMusic}.
165 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
166 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
169 @code{\autochange} cannot be inside @code{\times}.
171 @node Staff-change lines
172 @subsubsection Staff-change lines
176 @cindex staff switching
179 @funindex followVoice
181 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the notes
182 can be printed automatically. This is switched on by setting
183 @code{followVoice} to true
185 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
188 \set followVoice = ##t
193 \new Staff="two" { \clef bass \skip 1*2 }
199 Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoiceFollower}.
203 @funindex \showStaffSwitch
204 @code{\showStaffSwitch},
205 @funindex \hideStaffSwitch
206 @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
208 @node Cross-staff stems
209 @subsubsection Cross-staff stems
211 Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
212 of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
213 staff, or vice versa.
215 @lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
217 \once \override Stem #'length = #10
218 \once \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
220 noFlag = \once \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
223 \stemDown \stemExtend
243 @subsubsection Piano pedals
246 Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
247 piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
250 Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
251 @code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
252 @code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
255 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
256 c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
259 What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
260 where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
261 @code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
262 @internalsref{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
265 Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
266 @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
268 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
269 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
271 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
272 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
275 A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
276 obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
279 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
280 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
282 b\sustainUp\sustainDown
283 b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
286 The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
287 style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
290 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
291 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
294 For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
295 @code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
296 @code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
297 @internalsref{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
298 modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
301 @lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
302 \override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
303 c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
307 Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
308 pedal bracket starts.
310 @c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
311 @c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
312 @c Give example showing this.
316 Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
319 @subsection Accordion
325 @node Discant symbols
326 @subsubsection Discant symbols
328 @c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194