Merge branch 'master' into lilypond/translation

[lilypond.git] / Documentation / notation / notation-appendices.itely

@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-

@ignore
    Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH

    When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
    version that you are working on.  For details, see the Contributors'
    Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore

@c \version "2.13.36"

@node Notation manual tables
@appendix Notation manual tables

@menu
* Chord name chart::
* Common chord modifiers::
* Predefined fretboard diagrams::
* MIDI instruments::
* List of colors::
* The Feta font::
* Note head styles::
* Text markup commands::
* Text markup list commands::
* List of articulations::
* Percussion notes::
* Technical glossary::
* All context properties::
* Layout properties::
* Available music functions::
* Predefined type predicates::
* Scheme functions::
@end menu



@node Chord name chart
@appendixsec Chord name chart

The following charts shows two standard systems for printing chord
names, along with the pitches they represent.

@lilypondfile{chord-names-jazz.ly}

@node Common chord modifiers
@appendixsec Common chord modifiers

The following table shows chord modifiers that can be used in
@code{\chordmode} to generate standard chord structures.

@multitable @columnfractions .2 .3 .2 .2

@item
@b{Chord type}
@tab
@b{Intervals}
@tab
@b{Modifier(s)}
@tab
@b{Example}


@item
Major
@tab
Major third, perfect fifth
@tab
@code{5} or nothing
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:5
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor
@tab
Minor third, perfect fifth
@tab
@code{m} or @code{m5}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m
}
@end lilypond

@item
Augmented
@tab
Major third, augmented fifth
@tab
@code{aug}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:aug
}
@end lilypond

@item
Diminished
@tab
Minor third, diminished fifth
@tab
@code{dim}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:dim
}
@end lilypond

@item
Dominant seventh
@tab
Major triad, minor seventh
@tab
@code{7}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:7
}
@end lilypond

@item
Major seventh
@tab
Major triad, major seventh
@tab
@code{maj7} or @code{maj}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:maj7
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor seventh
@tab
Minor triad, minor seventh
@tab
@code{m7}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m7
}
@end lilypond

@item
Diminished seventh
@tab
Diminished triad, diminished seventh
@tab
@code{dim7}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:dim7
}
@end lilypond

@item
Augmented seventh
@tab
Augmented triad, minor seventh
@tab
@code{aug7}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:aug7
}
@end lilypond

@item
Half-diminished seventh
@tab
Diminished triad, minor seventh
@tab
@code{m7.5-}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m7.5-
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor-major seventh
@tab
Minor triad, major seventh
@tab
@code{m7+}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m7+
}
@end lilypond

@item
Major sixth
@tab
Major triad, sixth
@tab
@code{6}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:6
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor sixth
@tab
Minor triad, sixth
@tab
@code{m6}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m6
}
@end lilypond

@item
Dominant ninth
@tab
Dominant seventh, major ninth
@tab
@code{9}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:9
}
@end lilypond

@item
Major ninth
@tab
Major seventh, major ninth
@tab
@code{maj9}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:maj9
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor ninth
@tab
Minor seventh, major ninth
@tab
@code{m9}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m9
}
@end lilypond

@item
Dominant eleventh
@tab
Dominant ninth, perfect eleventh
@tab
@code{11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Major eleventh
@tab
Major ninth, perfect eleventh
@tab
@code{maj11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:maj11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor eleventh
@tab
Minor ninth, perfect eleventh
@tab
@code{m11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Dominant thirteenth
@tab
Dominant ninth, major thirteenth
@tab
@code{13}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:13
}
@end lilypond

@item
Dominant thirteenth
@tab
Dominant eleventh, major thirteenth
@tab
@code{13.11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:13.11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Major thirteenth
@tab
Major eleventh, major thirteenth
@tab
@code{maj13.11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:maj13.11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Minor thirteenth
@tab
Minor eleventh, major thirteenth
@tab
@code{m13.11}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:m13.11
}
@end lilypond

@item
Suspended second
@tab
Major second, perfect fifth
@tab
@code{sus2}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:sus2
}
@end lilypond

@item
Suspended fourth
@tab
Perfect fourth, perfect fifth
@tab
@code{sus4}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  c1:sus4
}
@end lilypond

@item
Power chord (two-voiced)
@tab
Perfect fifth
@tab
@code{1.5}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  \powerChords
  c1:1.5
}
@end lilypond

@item
Power chord (three-voiced)
@tab
Perfect fifth, octave
@tab
@code{1.5.8}
@tab
@lilypond[line-width=3\cm,noragged-right, notime]
\chordmode {
  \powerChords
  c1:1.5.8
}
@end lilypond

@end multitable

@node Predefined fretboard diagrams
@appendixsec Predefined fretboard diagrams

The chart below shows the predefined fretboard diagrams for guitar.

@lilypondfile{display-predefined-fretboards.ly}

The chart below shows the predefined fretboard diagrams for ukulele.

@lilypondfile{display-predefined-ukulele-fretboards.ly}

@node MIDI instruments
@appendixsec MIDI instruments

The following is a list of names that can be used for the
@code{midiInstrument} property.  The order of the instruments
below, starting in the left-hand column moving down, corresponds
to the General MIDI Standard's 128 Program Numbers.

@example
acoustic grand            contrabass           lead 7 (fifths)
bright acoustic           tremolo strings      lead 8 (bass+lead)
electric grand            pizzicato strings    pad 1 (new age)
honky-tonk                orchestral harp      pad 2 (warm)
electric piano 1          timpani              pad 3 (polysynth)
electric piano 2          string ensemble 1    pad 4 (choir)
harpsichord               string ensemble 2    pad 5 (bowed)
clav                      synthstrings 1       pad 6 (metallic)
celesta                   synthstrings 2       pad 7 (halo)
glockenspiel              choir aahs           pad 8 (sweep)
music box                 voice oohs           fx 1 (rain)
vibraphone                synth voice          fx 2 (soundtrack)
marimba                   orchestra hit        fx 3 (crystal)
xylophone                 trumpet              fx 4 (atmosphere)
tubular bells             trombone             fx 5 (brightness)
dulcimer                  tuba                 fx 6 (goblins)
drawbar organ             muted trumpet        fx 7 (echoes)
percussive organ          french horn          fx 8 (sci-fi)
rock organ                brass section        sitar
church organ              synthbrass 1         banjo
reed organ                synthbrass 2         shamisen
accordion                 soprano sax          koto
harmonica                 alto sax             kalimba
concertina                tenor sax            bagpipe
acoustic guitar (nylon)   baritone sax         fiddle
acoustic guitar (steel)   oboe                 shanai
electric guitar (jazz)    english horn         tinkle bell
electric guitar (clean)   bassoon              agogo
electric guitar (muted)   clarinet             steel drums
overdriven guitar         piccolo              woodblock
distorted guitar          flute                taiko drum
guitar harmonics          recorder             melodic tom
acoustic bass             pan flute            synth drum
electric bass (finger)    blown bottle         reverse cymbal
electric bass (pick)      shakuhachi           guitar fret noise
fretless bass             whistle              breath noise
slap bass 1               ocarina              seashore
slap bass 2               lead 1 (square)      bird tweet
synth bass 1              lead 2 (sawtooth)    telephone ring
synth bass 2              lead 3 (calliope)    helicopter
violin                    lead 4 (chiff)       applause
viola                     lead 5 (charang)     gunshot
cello                     lead 6 (voice)
@end example


@node List of colors
@appendixsec List of colors

@subsubheading Normal colors

Usage syntax is detailed in @ref{Coloring objects}.

@cindex List of colors
@cindex Colors, list of

@verbatim
black       white          red         green
blue        cyan           magenta     yellow
grey        darkred        darkgreen   darkblue
darkcyan    darkmagenta    darkyellow
@end verbatim


@subsubheading X color names

X color names come several variants:

Any name that is spelled as a single word with capitalization
(e.g. @q{LightSlateBlue}) can also be spelled as space separated
words without capitalization (e.g. @q{light slate blue}).

The word @q{grey} can always be spelled @q{gray} (e.g. @q{DarkSlateGray}).

Some names can take a numerical suffix (e.g. @q{LightSalmon4}).


@subsubheading Color Names without a numerical suffix:

@verbatim
snow            GhostWhite      WhiteSmoke      gainsboro       FloralWhite
OldLace         linen           AntiqueWhite    PapayaWhip      BlanchedAlmond
bisque          PeachPuff       NavajoWhite     moccasin        cornsilk
ivory           LemonChiffon    seashell        honeydew        MintCream
azure           AliceBlue       lavender        LavenderBlush   MistyRose
white           black           DarkSlateGrey   DimGrey         SlateGrey
LightSlateGrey  grey            LightGrey       MidnightBlue    navy
NavyBlue        CornflowerBlue  DarkSlateBlue   SlateBlue       MediumSlateBlue
LightSlateBlue  MediumBlue      RoyalBlue       blue            DodgerBlue
DeepSkyBlue     SkyBlue         LightSkyBlue    SteelBlue       LightSteelBlue
LightBlue       PowderBlue      PaleTurquoise   DarkTurquoise   MediumTurquoise
turquoise       cyan            LightCyan       CadetBlue       MediumAquamarine
aquamarine      DarkGreen       DarkOliveGreen  DarkSeaGreen    SeaGreen
MediumSeaGreen  LightSeaGreen   PaleGreen       SpringGreen     LawnGreen
green           chartreuse      MediumSpringGreen       GreenYellow     LimeGreen
YellowGreen     ForestGreen     OliveDrab       DarkKhaki       khaki
PaleGoldenrod   LightGoldenrodYellow    LightYellow     yellow  gold
LightGoldenrod  goldenrod       DarkGoldenrod   RosyBrown       IndianRed
SaddleBrown     sienna          peru            burlywood       beige
wheat           SandyBrown      tan             chocolate       firebrick
brown           DarkSalmon      salmon          LightSalmon     orange
DarkOrange      coral           LightCoral      tomato          OrangeRed
red             HotPink         DeepPink        pink            LightPink
PaleVioletRed   maroon          MediumVioletRed VioletRed       magenta
violet          plum            orchid          MediumOrchid    DarkOrchid
DarkViolet      BlueViolet      purple          MediumPurple    thistle
DarkGrey        DarkBlue        DarkCyan        DarkMagenta     DarkRed
LightGreen
@end verbatim


@subsubheading Color names with a numerical suffix

In the following names the suffix N can be a number in the range 1-4:

@verbatim
snowN           seashellN       AntiqueWhiteN   bisqueN         PeachPuffN
NavajoWhiteN    LemonChiffonN   cornsilkN       ivoryN          honeydewN
LavenderBlushN  MistyRoseN      azureN          SlateBlueN      RoyalBlueN
blueN           DodgerBlueN     SteelBlueN      DeepSkyBlueN    SkyBlueN
LightSkyBlueN   LightSteelBlueN LightBlueN      LightCyanN      PaleTurquoiseN
CadetBlueN      turquoiseN      cyanN           aquamarineN     DarkSeaGreenN
SeaGreenN       PaleGreenN      SpringGreenN    greenN          chartreuseN
OliveDrabN      DarkOliveGreenN khakiN          LightGoldenrodN LightYellowN
yellowN         goldN           goldenrodN      DarkGoldenrodN  RosyBrownN
IndianRedN      siennaN         burlywoodN      wheatN          tanN
chocolateN      firebrickN      brownN          salmonN         LightSalmonN
orangeN         DarkOrangeN     coralN          tomatoN         OrangeRedN
redN            DeepPinkN       HotPinkN        pinkN           LightPinkN
PaleVioletRedN  maroonN         VioletRedN      magentaN        orchidN
plumN           MediumOrchidN   DarkOrchidN     purpleN         MediumPurpleN
thistleN
@end verbatim


@subsubheading Grey Scale

A grey scale can be obtained using:

@example
greyN
@end example

@noindent
Where N is in the range 0-100.


@node The Feta font
@appendixsec The Feta font

@cindex Feta font
@cindex Font, Feta

The following symbols are available in the Emmentaler font and may be
accessed directly using text markup with the name of the glyph
as shown in the tables below,
such as @code{g^\markup @{\musicglyph #"scripts.segno" @}} or
@code{\markup @{\musicglyph #"five"@}}.  For more information,
see @ref{Formatting text}.


@menu
* Clef glyphs::
* Time Signature glyphs::
* Number glyphs::
* Accidental glyphs::
* Default Notehead glyphs::
* Special Notehead glyphs::
* Shape-note Notehead glyphs::
* Rest glyphs::
* Flag glyphs::
* Dot glyphs::
* Dynamic glyphs::
* Script glyphs::
* Arrowhead glyphs::
* Bracket-tip glyphs::
* Pedal glyphs::
* Accordion glyphs::
* Vaticana glyphs::
* Medicaea glyphs::
* Hufnagel glyphs::
* Mensural glyphs::
* Neomensural glyphs::
* Petrucci glyphs::
* Solesmes glyphs::
@end menu


@node Clef glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Clef glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #clefs
@end lilypond


@node Time Signature glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Time Signature glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #timesig
@end lilypond


@node Number glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Number glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #numbers
@end lilypond


@node Accidental glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Accidental glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #accidentals
@end lilypond


@node Default Notehead glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Default Notehead glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #default-noteheads
@end lilypond


@node Special Notehead glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Special Notehead glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #special-noteheads
@end lilypond


@node Shape-note Notehead glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Shape-note Notehead glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #shape-note-noteheads
@end lilypond


@node Rest glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Rest glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #rests
@end lilypond


@node Flag glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Flag glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #flags
@end lilypond


@node Dot glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Dot glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #dots
@end lilypond


@node Dynamic glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Dynamic glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #dynamics
@end lilypond


@node Script glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Script glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #scripts
@end lilypond


@node Arrowhead glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Arrowhead glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #arrowheads
@end lilypond


@node Bracket-tip glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Bracket-tip glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #brackettips
@end lilypond


@node Pedal glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Pedal glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #pedal
@end lilypond


@node Accordion glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Accordion glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #accordion
@end lilypond


@node Vaticana glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Vaticana glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #vaticana
@end lilypond


@node Medicaea glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Medicaea glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #medicaea
@end lilypond


@node Hufnagel glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Hufnagel glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #hufnagel
@end lilypond


@node Mensural glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Mensural glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #mensural
@end lilypond


@node Neomensural glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Neomensural glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #neomensural
@end lilypond


@node Petrucci glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Petrucci glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #petrucci
@end lilypond


@node Solesmes glyphs
@unnumberedsubsec Solesmes glyphs

@lilypond[quote]
\include "font-table.ly"
\markuplines \override-lines #'(word-space . 4)
             \doc-chars #solesmes
@end lilypond


@node Note head styles
@appendixsec Note head styles

@cindex note head styles
The following styles may be used for note heads.

@lilypondfile[noindent]{note-head-style.ly}


@node Text markup commands
@appendixsec Text markup commands

@include markup-commands.tely


@node Text markup list commands
@appendixsec Text markup list commands

The following commands can all be used with @code{\markuplines}:

@include markup-list-commands.tely


@node List of articulations
@appendixsec List of articulations


@cindex accent
@cindex accentus
@cindex circulus
@cindex coda
@cindex downbow
@cindex downmordent
@cindex downprall
@cindex espressivo
@cindex fermata
@cindex flageolet
@cindex halfopen
@cindex ictus
@cindex lheel
@cindex lineprall
@cindex longfermata
@cindex ltoe
@cindex marcato
@cindex mordent
@cindex open
@cindex portato
@cindex prall
@cindex pralldown
@cindex prallmordent
@cindex prallprall
@cindex prallup
@cindex reverseturn
@cindex rheel
@cindex rtoe
@cindex segno
@cindex semicirculus
@cindex shortfermata
@cindex signumcongruentiae
@cindex snappizzicato
@cindex staccatissimo
@cindex staccato
@cindex stopped
@cindex tenuto
@cindex thumb
@cindex trill
@cindex turn
@cindex upbow
@cindex upmordent
@cindex upprall
@cindex varcoda
@cindex verylongfermata

The following scripts are available in the Feta font and may be
attached to notes (eg. @samp{c\accent}).

@c Articulations and ornamentations
@c Fingering instructions (for "thumb")
@c Common notation for unfretted strings
@c   Bowing indications
@c   Harmonics
@c   Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
@c Custom percussion staves (for "halfopen" -- not yet funindexed)
@c References for wind instruments (for "open"/"stopped" -- not yet funindexed)


@menu
* Articulation scripts::
* Ornament scripts::
* Fermata scripts::
* Instrument-specific scripts::
* Repeat sign scripts::
* Ancient scripts::
@end menu


@node Articulation scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Articulation scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #articulations }
@end lilypond

@node Ornament scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Ornament scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #ornaments }
@end lilypond

@node Fermata scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Fermata scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #fermatas }
@end lilypond

@node Instrument-specific scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Instrument-specific scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #instrument-specific }
@end lilypond

@node Repeat sign scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Repeat sign scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\new RhythmicStaff { \scriptStaff #repeats }
@end lilypond

@node Ancient scripts
@unnumberedsubsec Ancient scripts

@lilypond[quote]
\include "script-chart.ly"
\include "gregorian.ly"
\new VaticanaStaff { \scriptStaffAncient #ancient }
@end lilypond


@node Percussion notes
@appendixsec Percussion notes

@lilypondfile[quote]{percussion-chart.ly}


@node Technical glossary
@appendixsec Technical glossary

A glossary of the technical terms and concepts used internally in
LilyPond.  These terms may appear in the manuals, on mailing lists
or in the source code.

@menu
* alist::
* callback::
* closure::
* glyph::
* grob::
* immutable::
* interface::
* lexer::
* mutable::
* output-def::
* parser::
* parser variable::
* prob::
* simple closure::
* smob::
* stencil::
@end menu

@node alist
@unnumberedsubsec alist

@cindex alist
@cindex association list

An association list or @strong{alist} for short is a Scheme pair
which associates a value with a key: @w{@code{(key . value)}}.  For
example, in @file{scm/lily.scm}, the alist
@w{@qq{type-p-name-alist}} associates certain type predicates
(e.g.@tie{}@code{ly:music?}) with names (e.g.@tie{}@qq{music}) so
that type-check failures can be reported with a console message that
includes the name of the expected type predicate.

@node callback
@unnumberedsubsec callback

@cindex callback

A @strong{callback} is a routine, function or method whose reference is
passed as an argument in a call to another routine, so allowing
the called routine to invoke it.  The technique enables a lower-
level software layer to call a function defined in a higher
layer.  Callbacks are used extensively in LilyPond to permit
user-level Scheme code to define how many low-level actions are
performed.


@node closure
@unnumberedsubsec closure

@cindex closure
@cindex simple closure

In Scheme, a @strong{closure} is created when a function, usually
a lambda expression, is passed as a variable.  The closure contains
the function's code plus references to the lexical bindings of the
function's free variables (i.e. those variables used in the
expression but defined outside it).  When this function is applied
to different arguments later, the free variable bindings that were
captured in the closure are used to obtain the values of the free
variables to be used in the calculation.  One useful property of
closures is the retention of internal variable values between
invocations, so permitting state to be maintained.

A @strong{simple closure} is a closure whose expression has no free
variables and hence no free variable bindings.

A simple closure is represented in LilyPond by a smob containing
the expression and a method to apply the expression to a passed
list of arguments.


@node glyph
@unnumberedsubsec glyph

@cindex glyph
@cindex font
@cindex typeface

A @strong{glyph} is a particular graphical representation of a typographic
character, or a combination of two characters formating a ligature.
A set of glyphs with a single style and shape comprise a font, and
a set of fonts covering several styles and sizes comprise a typeface.


@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Fonts},
@ref{Text encoding}.


@node grob
@unnumberedsubsec grob

@cindex grob
@cindex layout objects
@cindex graphical objects

LilyPond objects which represent items of notation in the printed
output such as note heads, stems, slurs, ties, fingering, clefs,
etc are called @q{Layout objects}, often known as @q{GRaphical
OBjects}, or @strong{grobs} for short.  They are represented by
instances of the @code{Grob} class.

@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
@rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
@rlearning{Properties of layout objects}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{grob-interface},
@rinternals{All layout objects}.


@node immutable
@unnumberedsubsec immutable

@cindex immutable objects
@cindex immutable properties
@cindex shared properties

An @strong{immutable} object is one whose state cannot be modified
after creation, in contrast to a mutable object, which can be
modified after creation.

In LilyPond, immutable or shared properties define the default
style and behavior of grobs.  They are shared between many objects.
In apparent contradiction to the name, they can be changed using
@code{\override} and @code{\revert}.

@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{mutable}.

@node interface
@unnumberedsubsec interface

@cindex interface
@cindex grob-interface
@cindex graphical object interfaces

Actions and properties which are common to a number of grobs are
grouped together in an object called a @code{grob-interface}, or
just @q{interface} for short.

@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Objects and interfaces},
@rlearning{Naming conventions of objects and properties},
@rlearning{Properties found in interfaces}.

Notation Reference:
@ref{Layout interfaces}.

Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Graphical Object Interfaces}.


@node lexer
@unnumberedsubsec lexer

@cindex lexer
@cindex Flex

A @strong{lexer} is a program which converts a sequence of
characters into a sequence of tokens, a process called lexical
analysis.  The LilyPond lexer converts the stream obtained from an
input @file{.ly} file into a tokenized stream more suited to the
next stage of processing - parsing, for which see @ref{parser}.
The LilyPond lexer is built with Flex from the lexer file
@file{lily/lexer.ll} which contains the lexical rules.  This file
is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond
binary installation.


@node mutable
@unnumberedsubsec mutable

@cindex mutable objects
@cindex mutable properties

A @strong{mutable} object is one whose state can be modified after
creation, in contrast to an immutable object, whose state is fixed
at the time of creation.

In LilyPond, mutable properties contain values that are specific to
one grob.  Typically, lists of other objects or results from
computations are stored in mutable properties.

@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{immutable}.

@node output-def
@unnumberedsubsec output-def

@cindex output-def

An instance of the @code{Output-def} class contains the methods and
data structures associated with an output block.  Instances are
created for midi, layout and paper blocks.


@node parser
@unnumberedsubsec parser

@cindex parser
@cindex Bison
@cindex grammar for LilyPond
@cindex BNF

A @strong{parser} analyzes the sequence of tokens produced by a
lexer to determine its grammatical structure, grouping the tokens
progressively into larger groupings according to the rules of the
grammar.  If the sequence of tokens is valid the end product is a
tree of tokens whose root is the grammar's start symbol.  If this
cannot be achieved the file is invalid and an appropriate error
message is produced.  The syntactic groupings and the rules for
constructing the groupings from their parts for the LilyPond syntax
are defined in @file{lily/parser.yy} and shown in Backus Normal Form
(BNF) in @ref{LilyPond grammar}.  This file is used to build the
parser during the program build by the parser generator, Bison.  It
is part of the source code and is not included in the LilyPond
binary installation.


@node parser variable
@unnumberedsubsec parser variable

@cindex parser variable
@cindex Scheme variable
@cindex global variable
@cindex afterGraceFraction
@cindex musicQuotes
@cindex mode
@cindex output-count
@cindex output-suffix
@cindex parseStringResult
@cindex partCombineListener
@cindex pitchnames
@cindex toplevel-bookparts
@cindex toplevel-scores
@cindex showLastLength
@cindex showFirstLength

These are variables defined directly in Scheme.  Their direct
use by users is strongly discouraged, because their scoping
semantics can be confusing.

When the value of such a variable is changed in a @file{.ly} file,
the change is global, and unless explicitly reverted, the new value
will persist to the end of the file, affecting subsequent
@code{\score} blocks as well as external files added with the
@code{\include} command.  This can lead to unintended consequences
and in complex typesetting projects the consequent errors can be
difficult to track down.

LilyPond uses the following parser variables:

@itemize
@item afterGraceFraction
@item musicQuotes
@item mode
@item output-count
@item output-suffix
@item parseStringResult
@item partCombineListener
@item pitchnames
@item toplevel-bookparts
@item toplevel-scores
@item showLastLength
@item showFirstLength
@end itemize


@node prob
@unnumberedsubsec prob

@cindex prob
@cindex property object

PRoperty OBjects, or @strong{probs} for short, are instances of
the @code{Prob} class, a simple base class for objects which have
mutable and immutable property alists and the methods to manipulate
them.  The @code{Music} and @code{Stream_event} classes derive from
@code{Prob}.  Instances of the @code{Prob} class are also created
to hold the formatted content of system grobs and titling blocks
during page layout.


@node simple closure
@unnumberedsubsec simple closure

See @ref{closure}.


@node smob
@unnumberedsubsec smob

@cindex smob
@cindex Scheme object

@strong{Smobs}, or ScheMe OBjects, are part of the mechanism used
by Guile to export C and C++ objects to Scheme code.  In LilyPond,
smobs are created from C++ objects through macros.  There are two
types of smob objects: simple smobs, intended for simple immutable
objects like numbers, and complex smobs, used for objects with
identities.  If you have access to the LilyPond sources, more
information can be found in @file{lily/includes/smob.hh}.

@node stencil
@unnumberedsubsec stencil

@cindex stencil

An instance of the @strong{stencil} class holds the information
required to print a typographical object.  It is a simple smob
containing a confining box, which defines the vertical and
horizontal extents of the object, and a Scheme expression which
will print the object when evaluated.  Stencils may be combined
to form more complex stencils defined by a tree of Scheme
expressions formed from the Scheme expressions of the component
stencils.

The @code{stencil} property, which connects a grob to its stencil,
is defined in the @code{grob-interface} interface.

@seealso
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{grob-interface}.


@node All context properties
@appendixsec All context properties

@include context-properties.tely


@node Layout properties
@appendixsec Layout properties

@include layout-properties.tely


@node Available music functions
@appendixsec Available music functions

@include identifiers.tely


@node Predefined type predicates
@appendixsec Predefined type predicates

@include type-predicates.tely


@node Scheme functions
@appendixsec Scheme functions

@include scheme-functions.tely