Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+ version that you are working on. For details, see the Contributors'
+ Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.12.0"
+@c \version "2.13.36"
@node Pitches
@cindex relative octave entry
@cindex octave entry, relative
@cindex relative octave specification
-@cindex ocatve specification, relative
+@cindex octave specification, relative
@funindex relative
@funindex \relative
In relative mode, each note is assumed to be as close to the
previous note as possible. This means that the octave of each
-pitch inside @var{musicexpr} is calculated as follows:
+pitch inside @code{@var{musicexpr}} is calculated as follows:
@itemize
@item
@item
The pitch of the first note is relative to
-@code{@var{startpitch}}. @var{startpitch} is specified in
+@code{@var{startpitch}}. @code{@var{startpitch}} is specified in
absolute octave mode, and it is recommended that it be a octave of
@code{c}.
-
@end itemize
Here is the relative mode shown in action:
@c DEPRECATED
-If no @var{startpitch} is specified for @code{\relative},
+If no @code{@var{startpitch}} is specified for @code{\relative},
then@tie{}@code{c'} is assumed. However, this is a deprecated
option and may disappear in future versions, so its use is
discouraged.
new system:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-cis1 ~ cis ~
+cis1~ cis~
\break
cis
@end lilypond
@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle,ragged-right]
+{hiding-accidentals-on-tied-notes-at-the-start-of-a-new-system.ly}
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly}
-
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{sharp},
There are predefined sets of note and accidental names for various
other languages. To use them, include the language-specific init
file listed below. For example, to use English note names, add
-@code{@w{\include "english.ly"}} to the input file.
+@code{@w{@bs{}include "english.ly"}} to the input file.
@warning{Because some other include files (such as @code{@w{predefined-fretboards.ly}})
use default (Nederlands) note names, the @code{@bs{}include}
@tab Note Names
@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab c d e f g a bes b
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
@item @file{catalan.ly}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@headitem Language File
@tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
@item @file{nederlands.ly}
- @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
@item @file{catalan.ly}
@tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb
@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item @file{arabic.ly}
- @tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
@item @file{english.ly}
@end quotation
+@cindex Arabic music
+
+Other languages and types of music may be supported by extending
+these predefined sets of note names. For example, Arabic music
+may be typeset using @code{@w{@bs{}include "arabic.ly"}} which
+actually includes, in turn, the standard Italian note names as
+defined in @file{italiano.ly}, and adds extra macros and definitions.
+For details about non-Western music support, see
+@ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals} and
+@ref{World music}.
+
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Non-Western note names and accidentals},
+@ref{World music}.
+
Music Glossary:
@rglos{Pitch names}.
notation.
In some cases standard notation is still used, with the
-pitch differences being implicit. For example, Arabic
-music is notated with standard semitone and quarter-tone
+pitch differences being implicit. For example,
+@notation{Arabic music} is typically notated in
+standard @q{Italian} notation, with standard semitone and quarter-tone
accidentals, with the precise pitch alterations being
-determined by context. Others require extended or unique
-notations.
+determined by context.
+Italian note names and Arabic-specific tweaks are explained in
+@ref{Note names in other languages}; Arabic notation is discussed
+more extensively in @ref{Arabic music}.
+Other types of music require extended or unique notations:
@notation{Turkish classical music}, or Ottoman music,
employs melodic forms known as @notation{makamlar}, whose
intervals are based on 1/9 divisions of the whole tone.
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{makam-example.ly}
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Note names in other languages},
+@ref{World music},
+@ref{Arabic music},
+@ref{Turkish classical music}.
+
@node Changing multiple pitches
@subsection Changing multiple pitches
@end lilypond
The octave of notes may also be checked with the
-@code{\octaveCheck}@tie{}@var{controlpitch} command.
-@var{controlpitch} is specified in absolute mode. This checks
-that the interval between the previous note and the
-@var{controlpitch} is within a fourth (i.e., the normal
+@code{\octaveCheck@tie{}@var{controlpitch}} command.
+@code{@var{controlpitch}} is specified in absolute mode. This
+checks that the interval between the previous note and the
+@code{@var{controlpitch}} is within a fourth (i.e., the normal
calculation of relative mode). If this check fails, a warning is
printed, but the previous note is not changed. Future notes are
-relative to the @var{controlpitch}.
+relative to the @code{@var{controlpitch}}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\relative c'' {
@end example
@noindent
-This means that @var{musicexpr} is transposed by the interval
-between the pitches @var{frompitch} and @var{topitch}: any note
-with pitch @var{frompitch} is changed to @var{topitch} and any
-other note is transposed by the same interval. Both pitches are
-entered in absolute mode.
+This means that @code{@var{musicexpr}} is transposed by the
+interval between the pitches @code{@var{frompitch}} and
+@code{@var{topitch}}: any note with pitch @code{@var{frompitch}}
+is changed to @code{@var{topitch}} and any other note is
+transposed by the same interval. Both pitches are entered in
+absolute mode.
@warning{Music inside a @code{@bs{}transpose} block is absolute
unless a @code{@bs{}relative} is included in the block.}
@cindex clef, mezzosoprano
@cindex clef, baritone
@cindex clef, varbaritone
-@cindex subbass clef, subbass
+@cindex clef, subbass
+
@funindex \clef
@funindex clef
-The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example.
+The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example. The
+following clef names can (but do not need to) be enclosed in quotes.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\clef treble
c2 c
\clef percussion
c2 c
-\clef tab
-c2 c
\break
-\clef G
+\clef G % synonym for treble
c2 c
-\clef F
+\clef F % synonym for bass
c2 c
-\clef C
+\clef C % synonym for alto
c2 c
-
@end lilypond
-Further supported clefs are described under @ref{Mensural clefs}
-and @ref{Gregorian clefs}.
-
-@cindex transposing clefs
+@cindex transposing clef
@cindex clef, transposing
@cindex octave transposition
@cindex choral tenor clef
@cindex tenor clef, choral
By adding@tie{}@code{_8} or@tie{}@code{^8} to the clef name, the
-clef is transposed one octave down or up, respectively,
+clef is transposed one octave down or up respectively,
and@tie{}@code{_15} and@tie{}@code{^15} transpose by two octaves.
-The clef name must be enclosed in quotes when it contains
-underscores or digits.
+Other integers can be used if required. Clef names containing
+non-alphabetic characters must be enclosed in quotes
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\clef treble
c2 c
\clef "treble_8"
c2 c
\clef "bass^15"
c2 c
+\clef "alto_2"
+c2 c
+\clef "G_8"
+c2 c
+\clef "F^5"
+c2 c
@end lilypond
+Some special purpose clefs are described in @ref{Mensural clefs},
+@ref{Gregorian clefs}, @ref{Default tablatures}, and @ref{Custom
+tablatures}.
@snippets
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Mensural clefs},
-@ref{Gregorian clefs}.
+@ref{Gregorian clefs},
+@ref{Default tablatures},
+@ref{Custom tablatures}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@cindex dorian
@noindent
-Here, @var{mode} should be @code{\major} or @code{\minor} to get a
-key signature of @var{pitch}-major or @var{pitch}-minor,
-respectively. You may also use the standard mode names, also
-called @notation{church modes}: @code{\ionian}, @code{\dorian},
-@code{\phrygian}, @code{\lydian}, @code{\mixolydian},
-@code{\aeolian}, and @code{\locrian}.
+Here, @code{@var{mode}} should be @code{\major} or @code{\minor}
+to get a key signature of @code{@var{pitch}}-major or
+@code{@var{pitch}}-minor, respectively. You may also use the
+standard mode names, also called @notation{church modes}:
+@code{\ionian}, @code{\dorian}, @code{\phrygian}, @code{\lydian},
+@code{\mixolydian}, @code{\aeolian}, and @code{\locrian}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\key g \major
octave for the staff:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-a'2 b
-\ottava #1
-a b
+a2 b
+\ottava #-2
+a2 b
+\ottava #-1
+a2 b
\ottava #0
-a b
+a2 b
+\ottava #1
+a2 b
+\ottava #2
+a2 b
@end lilypond
-The @code{ottava} function also takes -1 (for 8va bassa),
-2@tie{}(for 15ma), and -2 (for 15ma bassa) as arguments.
-
-
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{ambitus-with-multiple-voices.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-ambitus-gap.ly}
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
c b < g \xNote c f > b
@end lilypond
+As synonyms for @code{\xNote}, @code{\xNotesOn} and @code{\xNotesOff},
+@code{\deadNote}, @code{\deadNotesOn} and @code{\deadNotesOff} can
+be used. The term @notation{dead note} is commonly used by guitarists.
+
There is also a shorthand for diamond shapes which can be used
only inside chords:
Notation Reference:
@ref{Note head styles},
-@ref{Chorded notes}.
+@ref{Chorded notes},
+@ref{Indicating harmonics and dampened notes}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{note-event},
@cindex practice note heads
@cindex note heads, easy notation
@cindex easy notation
-@cindex Hal Leonard
@cindex beginners' music
@cindex music, beginners'
@cindex easy play note heads
@cindex shape notes
@cindex Aiken shape note heads
@cindex sacred harp note heads
+@cindex note heads, Southern Harmony
+@cindex Southern Harmony note heads
+@cindex Funk shape note heads
+@cindex note heads, Funk
+@cindex note heads, Harmonica Sacra
+@cindex Harmonica Sacra note heads
+@cindex Christian Harmony note heads
+@cindex note heads, Christian Harmony
+@cindex Walker shape note heads
+@cindex note heads, Walker
-@funindex \key
-@funindex key
@funindex \aikenHeads
@funindex aikenHeads
@funindex \sacredHarpHeads
@funindex sacredHarpHeads
+@funindex \southernHarmonyHeads
+@funindex southernHarmonyHeads
+@funindex \funkHeads
+@funindex funkHeads
+@funindex \walkerHeads
+@funindex walkerHeads
In shape note head notation, the shape of the note head
corresponds to the harmonic function of a note in the scale. This
notation was popular in nineteenth-century American song books.
-Shape note heads can be produced:
+Shape note heads can be produced in Sacred Harp, Southern Harmony,
+Funk (Harmonica Sacra), Walker, and Aiken (Christian Harmony) styles:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\aikenHeads
-c, d e f g a b c
+c, d e f g2 a b1 c \break
\sacredHarpHeads
-c, d e f g a b c
+c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break
+\southernHarmonyHeads
+c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break
+\funkHeads
+c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break
+\walkerHeads
+c,4 d e f g2 a b1 c \break
@end lilypond
-Shapes are typeset according to the step in the scale, where the
-base of the scale is determined by the @code{\key} command.
+@funindex \key
+@funindex key
+@funindex \aikenHeadsMinor
+@funindex aikenHeadsMinor
+@funindex \sacredHarpHeadsMinor
+@funindex sacredHarpHeadsMinor
+@funindex \southernHarmonyHeadsMinor
+@funindex southernHarmonyHeadsMinor
+@funindex \funkHeadsMinor
+@funindex funkHeadsMinor
+@funindex \walkerHeadsMinor
+@funindex walkerHeadsMinor
+
+Shapes are typeset according to the step in the scale, where the base
+of the scale is determined by the @code{\key} command. When writing
+in a minor key, the scale step can be determined from the relative
+major:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\key a \minor
+\aikenHeads
+a b c d e2 f g1 a \break
+\aikenHeadsMinor
+a,4 b c d e2 f g1 a \break
+\sacredHarpHeadsMinor
+a,2 b c d \break
+\southernHarmonyHeadsMinor
+a2 b c d \break
+\funkHeadsMinor
+a2 b c d \break
+\walkerHeadsMinor
+a2 b c d \break
+
+@end lilypond
@predefined
@code{\aikenHeads},
-@code{\sacredHarpHeads}.
+@code{\aikenHeadsMinor},
+@code{\funkHeads},
+@code{\funkHeadsMinor},
+@code{\sacredHarpHeads},
+@code{\sacredHarpHeadsMinor},
+@code{\southernHarmonyHeads},
+@code{\southernHarmonyHeadsMinor},
+@code{\walkerHeads},
+@code{\walkerHeadsMinor}.
@endpredefined