]> git.donarmstrong.com Git - lilypond.git/blobdiff - lily/parser.yy
add configure ac patch
[lilypond.git] / lily / parser.yy
index 2e0887f954f806f2ee1ebedadf1a6b002d844a49..8a7f4675d4bf004c792284b5e22698bc76a87308 100644 (file)
@@ -1,41 +1,71 @@
+/* -*- mode: c++; c-file-style: "linux"; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
 /*
-  parser.yy -- Bison/C++ parser for LilyPond
+  This file is part of LilyPond, the GNU music typesetter.
 
-  source file of the GNU LilyPond music typesetter
-
-  (c) 1997--2007 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
+  Copyright (C) 1997--2012 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
                  Jan Nieuwenhuizen <janneke@gnu.org>
+
+  LilyPond is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+  the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+  (at your option) any later version.
+
+  LilyPond is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+  but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+  MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+  GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+  You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+  along with LilyPond.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
-%{
+/* Mode and indentation are at best a rough approximation based on TAB
+ * formatting (reasonable for compatibility with unspecific editor
+ * modes as Bison modes are hard to find) and need manual correction
+ * frequently.  Without a reasonably dependable way of formatting a
+ * Bison file sensibly, there is little point in trying to fix the
+ * inconsistent state of indentation.
+ */
 
-#define YYDEBUG 1
-#define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
-#define YYPARSE_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define YYLEX_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define PARSER ((Lily_parser *) my_lily_parser)
+%{
 
-#define yyerror PARSER->parser_error
+#define yyerror Lily_parser::parser_error
 
 /* We use custom location type: Input objects */
 #define YYLTYPE Input
+#define YYSTYPE SCM
 #define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current,Rhs,N) \
        ((Current).set_location ((Rhs)[1], (Rhs)[N]))
 
+#define YYPRINT(file, type, value)                                     \
+       do {                                                            \
+               if (scm_is_eq (value, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))                 \
+                       break;                                          \
+               SCM s = scm_call_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("value->lily-string"), \
+                                   value,                              \
+                                   parser->self_scm ());               \
+               char *p = scm_to_locale_string (s);                     \
+               fputs (p, file);                                        \
+               free (p);                                               \
+       } while (0)
 
 %}
 
+%parse-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+%parse-param {SCM *retval}
+%lex-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+%error-verbose
+%debug
+
 /* We use SCMs to do strings, because it saves us the trouble of
-deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesnt trigger a move
+deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesn't trigger a move
 of the parse stack onto the heap. */
 
-%left PREC_TOP
-%left ADDLYRICS
 %left PREC_BOT
+%nonassoc REPEAT REPEAT_IDENTIFIER
+%nonassoc ALTERNATIVE
 
-%expect 1
-
-/* One shift/reduce problem
+/* The above precedences tackle the shift/reduce problem
 
 1.  \repeat
        \repeat .. \alternative
@@ -44,11 +74,30 @@ of the parse stack onto the heap. */
 
 or
 
-    \repeat { \repeat } \alternative 
+    \repeat { \repeat } \alternative
 */
 
+%nonassoc COMPOSITE
+%left ADDLYRICS
+
+%right ':' UNSIGNED REAL E_UNSIGNED EVENT_IDENTIFIER EVENT_FUNCTION '^' '_'
+       HYPHEN EXTENDER DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+
+ /* The above are needed for collecting tremoli and other items (that
+    could otherwise be interpreted as belonging to the next function
+    argument) greedily, and together with the next rule will serve to
+    join numbers and units greedily instead of allowing them into
+    separate function arguments
+ */
+
+%nonassoc NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
 
-%pure_parser
+%left PREC_TOP
+
+
+
+
+%pure-parser
 %locations
 
 
@@ -73,6 +122,7 @@ using namespace std;
 
 #include "book.hh"
 #include "context-def.hh"
+#include "context-mod.hh"
 #include "dimensions.hh"
 #include "file-path.hh"
 #include "input.hh"
@@ -83,31 +133,54 @@ using namespace std;
 #include "main.hh"
 #include "misc.hh"
 #include "music.hh"
-#include "music.hh"
 #include "output-def.hh"
 #include "paper-book.hh"
-#include "program-option.hh"
 #include "scm-hash.hh"
 #include "score.hh"
 #include "text-interface.hh"
 #include "warn.hh"
 
-%}
+void
+Lily_parser::parser_error (Input const *i, Lily_parser *parser, SCM *, const string &s)
+{
+       parser->parser_error (*i, s);
+}
 
+#define MYBACKUP(Token, Value, Location)                               \
+do                                                                     \
+       if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
+       {                                                               \
+               if (Token)                                              \
+                       parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value); \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (BACKUP);              \
+       } else {                                                        \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
+                       (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
+       }                                                               \
+while (0)
+
+
+#define MYREPARSE(Location, Pred, Token, Value)                                \
+do                                                                     \
+       if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
+       {                                                               \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value);        \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (REPARSE,              \
+                                                 Pred);                \
+       } else {                                                        \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
+                       (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
+       }                                                               \
+while (0)
+
+%}
 
-%union {
-       Book *book;
-       Output_def *outputdef;
-       SCM scm;
-       std::string *string;
-       Music *music;
-       Score *score;
-       int i;
-}
 
 %{
 
-#define MY_MAKE_MUSIC(x, spot)  make_music_with_input (ly_symbol2scm (x), spot)
+#define MY_MAKE_MUSIC(x, spot) \
+       make_music_with_input (ly_symbol2scm (x), \
+                              parser->lexer_->override_input (spot))
 
 /* ES TODO:
 - Don't use lily module, create a new module instead.
@@ -116,8 +189,12 @@ using namespace std;
 #define LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX(proc, args)       \
   scm_apply_0 (proc, args)
 /* Syntactic Sugar. */
-#define MAKE_SYNTAX(name, location, ...)       \
-  LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (PARSER->self_scm (), make_input (location), __VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED));
+#define MAKE_SYNTAX(name, location, ...)                               \
+       LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (parser->self_scm (), make_input (parser->lexer_->override_input (location)), ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED))
+#define START_MAKE_SYNTAX(name, ...)                                   \
+       scm_list_n (ly_lily_module_constant (name) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)
+#define FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX(start, location, ...)                       \
+       LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (scm_car (start), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (parser->lexer_->override_input (location)), scm_append_x (scm_list_2 (scm_cdr (start), scm_list_n (__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)))))
 
 SCM get_next_unique_context_id ();
 SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
@@ -132,17 +209,17 @@ SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
 
 
 static Music *make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where);
-SCM make_music_relative (Pitch start, SCM music, Input loc);
-SCM run_music_function (Lily_parser *, SCM expr);
-SCM get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m);
-SCM make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
-SCM make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter);
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
+                     SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred, SCM disp = SCM_UNDEFINED);
+SCM make_music_from_simple (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc, SCM pitch);
+SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg);
+SCM make_chord_elements (Input loc, SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
+SCM make_chord_step (SCM step, Rational alter);
 SCM make_simple_markup (SCM a);
-bool is_duration (int t);
-bool is_regular_identifier (SCM id);
-bool ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x);
-int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v);
-void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
+SCM make_duration (SCM t, int dots = 0);
+bool is_regular_identifier (SCM id, bool multiple=false);
+SCM try_string_variants (SCM pred, SCM str);
+int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser);
 
 %}
 
@@ -151,9 +228,10 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 
    FIXME: Bison needs to translate some of these, eg, STRING.
 
-*/     
-   
+*/
+
 /* Keyword tokens with plain escaped name.  */
+%token END_OF_FILE 0 "end of input"
 %token ACCEPTS "\\accepts"
 %token ADDLYRICS "\\addlyrics"
 %token ALIAS "\\alias"
@@ -173,27 +251,19 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token DRUMS "\\drums"
 %token FIGUREMODE "\\figuremode"
 %token FIGURES "\\figures"
-%token GROBDESCRIPTIONS "\\grobdescriptions"
 %token HEADER "\\header"
-%token INVALID "\\invalid"
-%token KEY "\\key"
+%token INVALID "\\version-error"
 %token LAYOUT "\\layout"
 %token LYRICMODE "\\lyricmode"
 %token LYRICS "\\lyrics"
 %token LYRICSTO "\\lyricsto"
-%token MARK "\\mark"
 %token MARKUP "\\markup"
-%token MARKUPLINES "\\markuplines"
+%token MARKUPLIST "\\markuplist"
 %token MIDI "\\midi"
 %token NAME "\\name"
 %token NOTEMODE "\\notemode"
-%token OBJECTID "\\objectid"   
-%token OCTAVE "\\octave"
-%token ONCE "\\once"
 %token OVERRIDE "\\override"
 %token PAPER "\\paper"
-%token PARTIAL "\\partial"
-%token RELATIVE "\\relative"
 %token REMOVE "\\remove"
 %token REPEAT "\\repeat"
 %token REST "\\rest"
@@ -202,16 +272,12 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token SEQUENTIAL "\\sequential"
 %token SET "\\set"
 %token SIMULTANEOUS "\\simultaneous"
-%token SKIP "\\skip"
 %token TEMPO "\\tempo"
-%token TIMES "\\times"
-%token TRANSPOSE "\\transpose"
 %token TYPE "\\type"
 %token UNSET "\\unset"
 %token WITH "\\with"
 
 /* Keyword token exceptions.  */
-%token TIME_T "\\time"
 %token NEWCONTEXT "\\new"
 
 
@@ -227,16 +293,8 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token DOUBLE_ANGLE_OPEN "<<"
 %token DOUBLE_ANGLE_CLOSE ">>"
 %token E_BACKSLASH "\\"
-%token E_ANGLE_CLOSE "\\>"
-%token E_CHAR "\\C[haracter]"
-%token E_CLOSE "\\)"
 %token E_EXCLAMATION "\\!"
-%token E_BRACKET_OPEN "\\["
-%token E_OPEN "\\("
-%token E_BRACKET_CLOSE "\\]"
-%token E_ANGLE_OPEN "\\<"
 %token E_PLUS "\\+"
-%token E_TILDE "\\~"
 %token EXTENDER "__"
 
 /*
@@ -247,198 +305,58 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %token FIGURE_SPACE "_"
 %token HYPHEN "--"
 
-%token CHORDMODIFIERS
-%token LYRIC_MARKUP
 %token MULTI_MEASURE_REST
 
 
-%token <i> DIGIT
-%token <i> E_UNSIGNED
-%token <i> UNSIGNED
+%token E_UNSIGNED
+%token UNSIGNED
 
 /* Artificial tokens, for more generic function syntax */
-%token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP;
-%token <i> EXPECT_MUSIC;
-%token <i> EXPECT_SCM;
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
+%token EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
+%token BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
+%token REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
+%token EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
 /* After the last argument. */
-%token <i> EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
-
-%token <scm> BOOK_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> CHORDMODIFIER_PITCH
-%token <scm> CHORD_MODIFIER
-%token <scm> CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> DRUM_PITCH
-%token <scm> DURATION_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> EVENT_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> FRACTION
-%token <scm> LYRICS_STRING
-%token <scm> LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_EMPTY
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_LIST0
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_MARKUP0
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_MARKUP0_MARKUP1
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_MARKUP1
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_MARKUP2
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_MARKUP2_MARKUP3
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_MARKUP1_MARKUP2
-%token <scm> MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_SCM2
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_EMPTY
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_LIST0
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0_LIST1
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_LIST2
-%token <scm> MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MUSIC_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> NOTENAME_PITCH
-%token <scm> NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> REAL
-%token <scm> RESTNAME
-%token <scm> SCM_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> SCM_TOKEN
-%token <scm> SCORE_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> STRING
-%token <scm> STRING_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> TONICNAME_PITCH
-
-
-%type <book> book_block
-%type <book> book_body
-%type <book> bookpart_block
-%type <book> bookpart_body
-
-%type <i> bare_unsigned
-%type <scm> figured_bass_alteration
-%type <i> dots
-%type <i> exclamations
-%type <i> optional_rest
-%type <i> questions
-%type <i> script_dir
-%type <i> sub_quotes
-%type <i> sup_quotes
-%type <i> tremolo_type
-
-/* Music */
-%type <scm> composite_music
-%type <scm> grouped_music_list
-%type <scm> music
-%type <scm> prefix_composite_music
-%type <scm> repeated_music
-%type <scm> sequential_music
-%type <scm> simple_music
-%type <scm> simultaneous_music
-%type <scm> chord_body
-%type <scm> chord_body_element
-%type <scm> command_element
-%type <scm> command_event
-%type <scm> context_change
-%type <scm> direction_less_event
-%type <scm> direction_reqd_event
-%type <scm> event_chord
-%type <scm> gen_text_def
-%type <scm> music_property_def
-%type <scm> note_chord_element
-%type <scm> post_event
-%type <scm> re_rhythmed_music
-%type <scm> relative_music
-%type <scm> simple_element
-%type <scm> simple_music_property_def
-%type <scm> string_number_event
-%type <scm> tempo_event
-
-%type <outputdef> output_def_body
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head_with_mode_switch
-%type <outputdef> output_def
-%type <outputdef> paper_block 
-
-%type <scm> alternative_music
-%type <scm> generic_prefix_music_scm 
-%type <scm> music_list
-%type <scm> absolute_pitch
-%type <scm> assignment_id
-%type <scm> bare_number
-%type <scm> unsigned_number
-%type <scm> bass_figure
-%type <scm> figured_bass_modification
-%type <scm> br_bass_figure
-%type <scm> bass_number
-%type <scm> chord_body_elements
-%type <scm> chord_item
-%type <scm> chord_items
-%type <scm> chord_separator
-%type <scm> context_def_mod
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_block
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_body
-%type <scm> context_mod
-%type <scm> context_mod_list
-%type <scm> context_prop_spec
-%type <scm> direction_less_char
-%type <scm> duration_length
-%type <scm> embedded_scm
-%type <scm> figure_list
-%type <scm> figure_spec
-%type <scm> fraction
-%type <scm> full_markup
-%type <scm> full_markup_list
-%type <scm> function_scm_argument
-%type <scm> function_arglist
-%type <scm> function_arglist_music_last
-%type <scm> function_arglist_nonmusic_last
-%type <scm> function_arglist_nonmusic
-%type <scm> identifier_init
-%type <scm> lilypond_header
-%type <scm> lilypond_header_body
-%type <scm> lyric_element
-%type <scm> lyric_markup
-%type <scm> markup
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list_body 
-%type <scm> markup_composed_list
-%type <scm> markup_command_list
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_item
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_list
-%type <scm> markup_list
-%type <scm> markup_top
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head_with_context
-%type <scm> multiplied_duration
-%type <scm> music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix
-%type <scm> music_function_event
-%type <scm> music_function_chord_body
-%type <scm> new_chord
-%type <scm> new_lyrics
-%type <scm> number_expression
-%type <scm> number_factor
-%type <scm> number_term
-%type <scm> object_id_setting
-%type <scm> octave_check
-%type <scm> optional_context_mod
-%type <scm> optional_id
-%type <scm> optional_notemode_duration
-%type <scm> pitch
-%type <scm> pitch_also_in_chords
-%type <scm> post_events
-%type <scm> property_operation
-%type <scm> property_path property_path_revved
-%type <scm> scalar
-%type <scm> script_abbreviation
-%type <scm> simple_chord_elements
-%type <scm> simple_markup
-%type <scm> simple_string
-%type <scm> steno_duration
-%type <scm> steno_pitch
-%type <scm> steno_tonic_pitch
-%type <scm> step_number
-%type <scm> step_numbers 
-%type <scm> string
-
-%type <score> score_block
-%type <score> score_body
-
+%token EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
+
+/* An artificial token for parsing embedded Lilypond */
+%token EMBEDDED_LILY "#{"
+
+%token BOOK_IDENTIFIER
+%token CHORD_BODY_IDENTIFIER
+%token CHORD_MODIFIER
+%token CHORD_REPETITION
+%token CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
+%token DRUM_PITCH
+%token PITCH_IDENTIFIER
+%token PITCH_ARG
+%token DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_FUNCTION
+%token FRACTION
+%token LYRIC_ELEMENT
+%token MARKUP_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+%token MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+%token MUSIC_FUNCTION
+%token MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+%token NOTENAME_PITCH
+%token NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+%token OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token REAL
+%token REPEAT_IDENTIFIER
+%token RESTNAME
+%token SCM_ARG
+%token SCM_FUNCTION
+%token SCM_IDENTIFIER
+%token SCM_TOKEN
+%token STRING
+%token SYMBOL_LIST
+%token TONICNAME_PITCH
 
 %left '-' '+'
 
@@ -449,95 +367,205 @@ prec levels in different prods */
 
 %%
 
-lilypond:      /* empty */
+start_symbol:
+       lilypond
+       | EMBEDDED_LILY {
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
+       } embedded_lilypond {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+                *retval = $3;
+       }
+       ;
+
+lilypond:      /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond toplevel_expression {
        }
        | lilypond assignment {
        }
        | lilypond error {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        | lilypond INVALID      {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        ;
 
 
-object_id_setting:
-       OBJECTID STRING { $$ = $2; } 
-       ;
-
 toplevel_expression:
-       lilypond_header {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $1);
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (get_header (parser));
+       } lilypond_header {
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $2);
        }
        | book_block {
-               Book *book = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), book->self_scm ());
-               book->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
+       }
+       | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier
+                       (unsmob_book($1)->paper_
+                        ? "toplevel-book-handler"
+                        : "toplevel-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | score_block {
-               Score *score = $1;
-               
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($1);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
        }
        | full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $1);
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
+       }
+       | SCM_TOKEN {
+               // Evaluate and ignore #xxx, as opposed to \xxx
+               parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($1, @1);
+       }
+       | embedded_scm_active
+       {
+               SCM out = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+                       out = scm_list_1 ($1);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($1))
+                       out = $1;
+               if (scm_is_pair (out))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), out);
+               } else if (unsmob_score ($1))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
+               } else if (!scm_is_eq ($1, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _("bad expression type"));
        }
        | output_def {
                SCM id = SCM_EOL;
-               Output_def * od = $1;
+               Output_def * od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
 
-               if ($1->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               if (od->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultpaper");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultmidi");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultlayout");
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (id, od->self_scm ());
-               od->unprotect();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (id, $1);
        }
        ;
 
-embedded_scm:
+embedded_scm_bare:
        SCM_TOKEN
+       {
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($1, @1);
+       }
        | SCM_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
+embedded_scm_active:
+       SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       | scm_function_call
+       ;
 
-lilypond_header_body:
+embedded_scm_bare_arg:
+       SCM_ARG
+       | SCM_TOKEN
+       {
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($1, @1);
+       }
+       | FRACTION
+       | full_markup_list
+       | context_modification
+       | score_block
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       | book_block
+       | bookpart_block
+       | output_def
+       ;
+
+/* The generic version may end in music, or not */
+
+embedded_scm:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       | scm_function_call
+       ;
+
+/* embedded_scm_arg is _not_ casting pitches to music by default, this
+ * has to be done by the function itself.  Note that this may cause
+ * the results of scm_function_call or embedded_scm_bare_arg to be
+ * turned into music from pitches as well.  Note that this creates a
+ * distinctly awkward situation for calculated drum pitches.  Those
+ * are at the current point of time rejected as music constituents as
+ * they can't be distinguished from "proper" symbols.
+ */
+
+embedded_scm_arg:
+       embedded_scm_bare_arg
+       | scm_function_call
+       | music_assign
+       ;
+
+scm_function_call:
+       SCM_FUNCTION function_arglist {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
+                                        $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+embedded_lilypond:
+       /* empty */
        {
-               $$ = get_header (PARSER);
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$);
+               // FIXME: @$ does not contain a useful source location
+               // for empty rules, and the only token in the whole
+               // production, EMBEDDED_LILY, is synthetic and also
+               // contains no source location.
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @$);
+       }
+       | identifier_init
+       | music_embedded music_embedded music_list {
+               $3 = scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL);
+               if (unsmob_music ($2))
+                       $3 = scm_cons ($2, $3);
+               if (unsmob_music ($1))
+                       $3 = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, $3);
+       }
+       | error {
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+       }
+       | INVALID embedded_lilypond {
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = $2;
        }
+       ;
+
+
+lilypond_header_body:
+       /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond_header_body assignment  {
-               
+
+       }
+       | lilypond_header_body embedded_scm  {
+
        }
        ;
 
 lilypond_header:
        HEADER '{' lilypond_header_body '}'     {
-               $$ = PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -546,106 +574,126 @@ lilypond_header:
 */
 assignment_id:
        STRING          { $$ = $1; }
-       | LYRICS_STRING { $$ = $1; }
        ;
 
 assignment:
        assignment_id '=' identifier_init  {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
-
-/*
- TODO: devise standard for protection in parser.
-
-  The parser stack lives on the C-stack, which means that
-all objects can be unprotected as soon as they're here.
-
-*/
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+       }
+       | assignment_id property_path '=' identifier_init {
+               SCM path = scm_cons (scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $2);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+       }
+       | assignment_id '.' property_path '=' identifier_init {
+               SCM path = scm_cons (scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $3);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $5);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
-       | embedded_scm { }
        ;
 
 
 identifier_init:
-       score_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | book_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | bookpart_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | output_def {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | context_def_spec_block {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | music  {
-               /* Hack: Create event-chord around standalone events.
-                  Prevents the identifier from being interpreted as a post-event. */
-               Music *mus = unsmob_music ($1);
-               bool is_event = mus &&
-                       (scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                               != SCM_BOOL_F);
-               if (!is_event)
-                       $$ = $1;
+       score_block
+       | book_block
+       | bookpart_block
+       | output_def
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       | music_assign
+       | post_event_nofinger post_events
+       {
+               $$ = scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL);
+               if (Music *m = unsmob_music ($1))
+               {
+                       if (m->is_mus_type ("post-event-wrapper"))
+                               $$ = scm_append
+                                       (scm_list_2 (m->get_property ("elements"),
+                                                    $$));
+                       else
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $$);
+               }
+               if (scm_is_pair ($$)
+                   && scm_is_null (scm_cdr ($$)))
+                       $$ = scm_car ($$);
                else
-                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$, scm_list_1 ($1));
-       }
-       | post_event {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | number_expression {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | string {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | embedded_scm {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | DIGIT {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
+               {
+                       Music * m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("PostEvents", @$);
+                       m->set_property ("elements", $$);
+                       $$ = m->unprotect ();
+               }
        }
+       | number_expression
+       | FRACTION
+       | string
+        | embedded_scm
+       | full_markup_list
+        | context_modification
        ;
 
 context_def_spec_block:
        CONTEXT '{' context_def_spec_body '}'
                {
                $$ = $3;
+               unsmob_context_def ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+       }
+       ;
+
+context_mod_arg:
+       embedded_scm
+       |
+       {
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
+       }
+       composite_music
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
+       ;
+
+context_mod_embedded:
+       context_mod_arg
+       {
+               if (unsmob_music ($1)) {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("context-mod-music-handler");
+                       $1 = scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
+               }
+               if (unsmob_context_mod ($1))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a context mod"));
+                       $$ = Context_mod ().smobbed_copy ();
+               }
        }
        ;
 
+
 context_def_spec_body:
        /**/ {
                $$ = Context_def::make_scm ();
-               unsmob_context_def ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
        | CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = $1;
-               unsmob_context_def ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-       }
-       | context_def_spec_body GROBDESCRIPTIONS embedded_scm {
-               Context_def*td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
-
-               for (SCM p = $3; scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p)) {
-                       SCM tag = scm_caar (p);
-
-                       /* TODO: should make new tag "grob-definition" ? */
-                       td->add_context_mod (scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("assign"),
-                                                       tag, scm_cons (scm_cdar (p), SCM_EOL)));
-               }
        }
        | context_def_spec_body context_mod {
-               unsmob_context_def ($$)->add_context_mod ($2);          
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       unsmob_context_def ($$)->add_context_mod ($2);
+       }
+       | context_def_spec_body context_modification {
+                Context_def *td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
+                SCM new_mods = unsmob_context_mod ($2)->get_mods ();
+                for (SCM m = new_mods; scm_is_pair (m); m = scm_cdr (m)) {
+                    td->add_context_mod (scm_car (m));
+                }
+       }
+       | context_def_spec_body context_mod_embedded {
+                Context_def *td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
+                SCM new_mods = unsmob_context_mod ($2)->get_mods ();
+                for (SCM m = new_mods; scm_is_pair (m); m = scm_cdr (m)) {
+                    td->add_context_mod (scm_car (m));
+                }
        }
        ;
 
@@ -654,7 +702,9 @@ context_def_spec_body:
 book_block:
        BOOK '{' book_body '}'  {
                $$ = $3;
-               unstack_paper (PARSER);
+               unsmob_book ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               pop_paper (parser);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -663,154 +713,235 @@ book_block:
    * grok \layout and \midi?  */
 book_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               $$->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
-               $$->paper_->unprotect ();
-               stack_paper (PARSER, $$->paper_);
-               $$->header_ = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultheader"); 
+               Book *book = new Book;
+               init_papers (parser);
+               book->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
+               book->paper_->unprotect ();
+               push_paper (parser, book->paper_);
+               book->header_ = get_header (parser);
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
        }
        | book_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
-               set_paper (PARSER, $2);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               set_paper (parser, unsmob_output_def ($2));
        }
        | book_body bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | book_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
-       | book_body lilypond_header {
-               $$->header_ = $2;
+       | book_body SCM_TOKEN {
+               // Evaluate and ignore #xxx, as opposed to \xxx
+               parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($2, @2);
        }
-       | book_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
-               $$->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
+       | book_body embedded_scm_active
+       {
+               SCM out = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($2))
+                       out = scm_list_1 ($2);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($2))
+                       out = $2;
+               if (scm_is_pair (out))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, $1, out);
+               } else if (unsmob_score ($2))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
+               } else if (!scm_is_eq ($2, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("bad expression type"));
        }
-       | book_body object_id_setting {
-               $$->user_key_ = ly_scm2string ($2);
+       | book_body
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (unsmob_book ($1)->header_);
+       } lilypond_header
+       | book_body error {
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+               book->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
 bookpart_block:
        BOOKPART '{' bookpart_body '}' {
                $$ = $3;
+               unsmob_book ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
 bookpart_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               Book *book = new Book;
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
+               unsmob_book ($$)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
        }
        | bookpart_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
-       | bookpart_body lilypond_header {
-               $$->header_ = $2;
+       | bookpart_body SCM_TOKEN {
+               // Evaluate and ignore #xxx, as opposed to \xxx
+               parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($2, @2);
        }
-       | bookpart_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+       | bookpart_body embedded_scm_active
+       {
+               SCM out = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($2))
+                       out = scm_list_1 ($2);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($2))
+                       out = $2;
+               if (scm_is_pair (out))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, $1, out);
+               } else if (unsmob_score ($2))
+               {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
+                       scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
+               } else if (!scm_is_eq ($2, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("bad expression type"));
        }
-       | bookpart_body object_id_setting {
-               $$->user_key_ = ly_scm2string ($2);
+       | bookpart_body
+       {
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (book->header_))
+                       book->header_ = ly_make_module (false);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (book->header_);
+       } lilypond_header
+       | bookpart_body error {
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
 score_block:
        SCORE '{' score_body '}'        {
+               unsmob_score ($3)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
                $$ = $3;
        }
        ;
 
+score_headers:
+       /* empty */
+       {
+               $$ = SCM_EOL;
+       }
+       | score_headers
+       {
+               if (!scm_is_pair ($1)
+                   || !ly_is_module (scm_car ($1)))
+                       $1 = scm_cons (ly_make_module (false), $1);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (scm_car ($1));
+       } lilypond_header
+       {
+               $$ = $1;
+       }
+       | score_headers output_def
+       {
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
+
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       if (scm_is_pair ($1) && ly_is_module (scm_car ($1)))
+                               scm_set_cdr_x ($1, scm_cons ($2, scm_cdr ($1)));
+                       else
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
+               }
+       }
+       ;
+
+               
+
 score_body:
-       music {
-               SCM m = $1;
+       score_headers music {
                SCM scorify = ly_lily_module_constant ("scorify-music");
-               SCM score = scm_call_2 (scorify, m, PARSER->self_scm ());
+               $$ = scm_call_2 (scorify, $2, parser->self_scm ());
 
-               // pass ownernship to C++ again.
-               $$ = unsmob_score (score);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-       }
-       | SCORE_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_score ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-       }
-       | score_body object_id_setting {
-               $$->user_key_ = ly_scm2string ($2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($1) && ly_is_module (scm_car ($1)))
+               {
+                       unsmob_score ($$)->set_header (scm_car ($1));
+                       $1 = scm_cdr ($1);
+               }
+               for (SCM p = scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL);
+                    scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p))
+               {
+                       unsmob_score ($$)->
+                               add_output_def (unsmob_output_def (scm_car (p)));
+               }
        }
-       | score_body lilypond_header    {
-               $$->set_header ($2);
+       | embedded_scm_active {
+               if (!unsmob_score ($1))
+               {
+                       $$ = (new Score)->unprotect ();
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _("score expected"));
+               }
        }
+       | score_body
+       {
+                Score *score = unsmob_score ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (score->get_header ()))
+                       score->set_header (ly_make_module (false));
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (score->get_header ());
+       } lilypond_header
        | score_body output_def {
-               if ($2->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
-               
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
+
                }
                else
                {
-                       $$->add_output_def ($2);
+                       unsmob_score ($1)->add_output_def (od);
                }
-               $2->unprotect ();
        }
        | score_body error {
-               $$->error_found_ = true;
+               unsmob_score ($$)->error_found_ = true;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -821,12 +952,12 @@ score_body:
 
 paper_block:
        output_def {
-               $$ = $1;
-               if ($$->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
+
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
-                       $1->unprotect ();
-                       $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
+                       $$ = get_paper (parser)->unprotect ();
                }
        }
        ;
@@ -836,57 +967,82 @@ output_def:
        output_def_body '}' {
                $$ = $1;
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head:
        PAPER {
-               $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
-               $$->input_origin_ = @$;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$->scope_);
+                Output_def *p = get_paper (parser);
+               p->input_origin_ = @$;
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+                $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        | MIDI    {
-               Output_def *p = get_midi (PARSER);
-               $$ = p;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               Output_def *p = get_midi (parser);
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
        }
        | LAYOUT        {
-               Output_def *p = get_layout (PARSER);
+               Output_def *p = get_layout (parser);
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
-               $$ = p;
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head_with_mode_switch:
        output_def_head {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
                $$ = $1;
        }
        ;
 
+// We need this weird nonterminal because both music as well as a
+// context definition can start with \context and the difference is
+// only apparent after looking at the next token.  If it is '{', there
+// is still time to escape from notes mode.
+
+music_or_context_def:
+       music_arg
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       ;
+
 output_def_body:
        output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' {
                $$ = $1;
-               $$->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_output_def ($$)->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
        }
        | output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $1->unprotect ();
-
                Output_def *o = unsmob_output_def ($3);
                o->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
-               $$ = o;
-               $$->protect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
+               $$ = o->self_scm ();
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
        }
        | output_def_body assignment  {
 
        }
-       | output_def_body context_def_spec_block        {
-               assign_context_def ($$, $2);
+       | output_def_body embedded_scm  {
+
+       }
+       | output_def_body
+       {
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
+       } music_or_context_def
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               if (unsmob_context_def ($3))
+                       assign_context_def (unsmob_output_def ($1), $3);
+               else {
+
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier
+                                    ("output-def-music-handler");
+                       scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (),
+                                   $1, $3);
+               }
        }
        | output_def_body error {
 
@@ -894,130 +1050,237 @@ output_def_body:
        ;
 
 tempo_event:
-       TEMPO steno_duration '=' bare_unsigned  {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, SCM_BOOL_F, $2, scm_int2num ($4));
-       }
-       | TEMPO string steno_duration '=' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, make_simple_markup($2), $3, scm_int2num ($5));
-       }
-       | TEMPO full_markup steno_duration '=' bare_unsigned    {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, $2, $3, scm_int2num ($5));
+       TEMPO steno_duration '=' tempo_range    {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, SCM_EOL, $2, $4);
        }
-       | TEMPO string {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempoText", @$, make_simple_markup($2) );
-       }
-       | TEMPO full_markup {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempoText", @$, $2 );
+       | TEMPO scalar steno_duration '=' tempo_range   {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, $2, $3, $5);
        }
+       | TEMPO scalar {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("tempo", @$, $2);
+       } %prec ':'
        ;
 
 /*
-The representation of a  list is the
-
-  (LIST . LAST-CONS)
-
- to have efficient append.  */
+The representation of a  list is reversed to have efficient append.  */
 
 music_list:
        /* empty */ {
-               $$ = scm_cons (SCM_EOL, SCM_EOL);
-       }
-       | music_list music {
-               SCM s = $$;
-               SCM c = scm_cons ($2, SCM_EOL);
-
-               if (scm_is_pair (scm_cdr (s)))
-                       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_cdr (s), c); /* append */
-               else
-                       scm_set_car_x (s, c); /* set first cons */
-               scm_set_cdr_x (s, c);  /* remember last cell */
+               $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | music_list embedded_scm {
-
+       | music_list music_embedded {
+               if (unsmob_music ($2))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        | music_list error {
                Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC("Music", @$);
-               // ugh. code dup 
+               // ugh. code dup
                m->set_property ("error-found", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               SCM s = $$;
-               SCM c = scm_cons (m->self_scm (), SCM_EOL);
+               $$ = scm_cons (m->self_scm (), $1);
                m->unprotect (); /* UGH */
+       }
+       ;
 
-               if (scm_is_pair (scm_cdr (s)))
-                       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_cdr (s), c); /* append */
-               else
-                       scm_set_car_x (s, c); /* set first cons */
-               scm_set_cdr_x (s, c);  /* remember last cell */
+braced_music_list:
+       '{' music_list '}'
+       {
+               $$ = scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL);
        }
        ;
 
-music:
-       simple_music
-       | composite_music
+music: music_arg
+       | lyric_element_music
        ;
 
-alternative_music:
-       /* empty */ {
-               $$ = SCM_EOL;
+music_embedded:
+       music
+       {
+               if (unsmob_music ($1)->is_mus_type ("post-event")) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("unexpected post-event"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+               }
+       }
+       | music_embedded_backup
+       {
+               $$ = $1;
+       }
+       | music_embedded_backup BACKUP lyric_element_music
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
+       }
+       ;
+
+music_embedded_backup:
+       embedded_scm
+       {
+               if (scm_is_eq ($1, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else if (Music *m = unsmob_music ($1)) {
+                       if (m->is_mus_type ("post-event")) {
+                               parser->parser_error
+                                       (@1, _ ("unexpected post-event"));
+                               $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+                       } else
+                               $$ = $1;
+               } else if (parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ()
+                          && Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (LYRIC_ELEMENT, $1, @1);
+               else {
+                       @$.warning (_ ("Ignoring non-music expression"));
+                       $$ = $1;
+               }
        }
-       | ALTERNATIVE '{' music_list '}' {
-               $$ = scm_car ($3);
+       ;
+
+music_arg:
+       simple_music
+       {
+               $$ = make_music_from_simple (parser, @1, $1);
+                if (!unsmob_music ($$))
+               {
+                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("music expected"));
+                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @$);
+               }
        }
+       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
        ;
 
+music_assign:
+       simple_music
+       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
+       ;
 
 repeated_music:
-       REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number music alternative_music
+       REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number music
+       {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @$, $2, $3, $4, SCM_EOL);
+       }
+       | REPEAT_IDENTIFIER music
+       {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @$, scm_car ($1), scm_cdr ($1),
+                                 $2, SCM_EOL);
+       }
+       | REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number music ALTERNATIVE braced_music_list
        {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @$, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @$, $2, $3, $4, $6);
+       }
+       | REPEAT_IDENTIFIER music ALTERNATIVE braced_music_list
+       {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @$, scm_car ($1), scm_cdr ($1),
+                                 $2, $4);
        }
        ;
 
 sequential_music:
-       SEQUENTIAL '{' music_list '}'           {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, scm_car ($3));
+       SEQUENTIAL braced_music_list {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, $2);
        }
-       | '{' music_list '}'            {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, scm_car ($2));
+       | braced_music_list {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 simultaneous_music:
-       SIMULTANEOUS '{' music_list '}'{
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("simultaneous-music", @$, scm_car ($3));
+       SIMULTANEOUS braced_music_list {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("simultaneous-music", @$, $2);
        }
        | DOUBLE_ANGLE_OPEN music_list DOUBLE_ANGLE_CLOSE       {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("simultaneous-music", @$, scm_car ($2));
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("simultaneous-music", @$, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
        ;
 
 simple_music:
        event_chord
-       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
        | music_property_def
        | context_change
        ;
 
-optional_context_mod:
-       /**/ { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
-       | WITH { PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state (); }
-       '{' context_mod_list '}'
+context_modification:
+        WITH
+       {
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
+       } '{' context_mod_list '}'
+        {
+                parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+                $$ = $4;
+        }
+        | WITH CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
+        {
+                $$ = $2;
+        }
+        | CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
+        {
+                $$ = $1;
+        }
+       | WITH context_modification_arg
        {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
-               $$ = $4;
+               if (unsmob_music ($2)) {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("context-mod-music-handler");
+                       $2 = scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $2);
+               }
+               if (unsmob_context_mod ($2))
+                       $$ = $2;
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a context mod"));
+                       $$ = Context_mod ().smobbed_copy ();
+               }
        }
+        ;
+
+context_modification_arg:
+       embedded_scm_closed
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
-context_mod_list:
-       /* */  { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
-       | context_mod_list context_mod  {
-                $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
+optional_context_mod:
+        /**/ {
+            $$ = SCM_EOL;
+        }
+        | context_modification
+        {
+              $$ = $1;
+        }
+        ;
+
+context_mod_list:
+        /**/ {
+            $$ = Context_mod ().smobbed_copy ();
+        }
+        | context_mod_list context_mod  {
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mod ($2);
+        }
+        | context_mod_list CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER {
+                 Context_mod *md = unsmob_context_mod ($2);
+                 if (md)
+                     unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods (md->get_mods ());
+        }
+       | context_mod_list context_mod_embedded {
+               unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods
+                       (unsmob_context_mod ($2)->get_mods ());
+        }
+        ;
+
+composite_music:
+       complex_music
+       | music_bare
+       ;
+
+/* Music that can be parsed without lookahead */
+closed_music:
+       music_bare
+       | complex_music_prefix closed_music
+       {
+               $$ = FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX ($1, @$, $2);
        }
+       | music_function_call_closed
        ;
 
-composite_music:
-       prefix_composite_music { $$ = $1; }
-       | grouped_music_list { $$ = $1; }
+music_bare:
+       mode_changed_music
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+       | grouped_music_list
        ;
 
 grouped_music_list:
@@ -1025,53 +1288,786 @@ grouped_music_list:
        | sequential_music              { $$ = $1; }
        ;
 
-function_scm_argument:
-       embedded_scm  
-       | simple_string
+/* Function argument lists are arguably the most complex part in the
+ * parser.  They are pretty tricky to understand because of the way
+ * they are processed, and because of optional arguments that can be
+ * omitted.  When there are several optional arguments in a row,
+ * omitting one automatically omits all following arguments.  Optional
+ * arguments can only be omitted when either
+ *
+ * a) the omission is explicitly started with \default
+ * b) the omission is implicitly started by an argument not matching
+ *    its predicate, and there is a mandatory argument later that can
+ *    "catch" the argument that does not fit.
+ *
+ * When argument parsing starts, the lexer pushes EXPECT_SCM tokens
+ * (corresponding to mandatory arguments and having a predicate
+ * function as semantic value) or EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM (where
+ * the semantic value of the EXPECT_OPTIONAL token is the default to
+ * use when the optional argument is omitted, and EXPECT_SCM again has
+ * the argument predicate as semantic value) in reverse order to the
+ * parser, followed by EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS.  The argument list is then
+ * processed inside-out while actual tokens are consumed.
+ *
+ * This means that the argument list tokens determine the actions
+ * taken as they arrive.  The structure of the argument list is known
+ * to the parser and stored in its parse stack when the first argument
+ * is being parsed.  What the parser does not know is which predicates
+ * will match and whether or not \default will be appearing in the
+ * argument list, and where.
+ *
+ * Many of the basic nonterminals used for argument list scanning come
+ * in a "normal" and a "closed" flavor.  A closed expression is one
+ * that can be parsed without a lookahead token.  That makes it
+ * feasible for an optional argument that may need to be skipped:
+ * skipping can only be accomplished by pushing back the token into
+ * the lexer, and that only works when there is no lookahead token.
+ *
+ * Sequences of 0 or more optional arguments are scanned using either
+ * function_arglist_backup or function_arglist_nonbackup.  The first
+ * is used when optional arguments are followed by at least one
+ * mandatory argument: in that case optional arguments may be skipped
+ * by either a false predicate (in which case the expression will be
+ * pushed back as one or more tokens, preceded by a BACKUP token) or
+ * by using \default.
+ *
+ * If optional arguments are at the end of the argument list, they are
+ * instead scanned using function_arglist_nonbackup: here the only
+ * manner to enter into skipping of optional arguments is the use of
+ * \default.
+ *
+ * The argument list of a normal function call is parsed using
+ * function_arglist.  The part of an argument list before a mandatory
+ * argument is parsed using function_arglist_optional.
+ *
+ * The difference is that leading optional arguments are scanned using
+ * function_arglist_nonbackup and function_arglist_backup,
+ * respectively.
+ *
+ * Most other details are obvious in the rules themselves.
+ *
+ */
+
+function_arglist_nonbackup_common:
+       EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, t->unprotect (),
+                                              $3, $2, n);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed_nonbackup:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup_common
+       | function_arglist_closed_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup bare_number_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      try_string_variants ($2, $4),
+                                      $3, $2, $4);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup STRING
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      try_string_variants ($2, $4),
+                                      $3, $2, $4);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup full_markup
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+symbol_list_arg:
+       SYMBOL_LIST
+       | SYMBOL_LIST '.' symbol_list_rev
+       {
+               $$ = scm_append (scm_list_2 ($1, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+       }
+       ;
+
+symbol_list_rev:
+       symbol_list_part
+       | symbol_list_rev '.' symbol_list_part
+       {
+               $$ = scm_append_x (scm_list_2 ($3, $1));
+       }
+       ;
+
+// symbol_list_part delivers elements in reverse copy.
+
+symbol_list_part:
+       symbol_list_element
+       {
+               SCM sym_l_p = ly_lily_module_constant ("symbol-list?");
+               $$ = try_string_variants (sym_l_p, $1);
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($$)) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _("not a symbol"));
+                       $$ = SCM_EOL;
+               } else
+                       $$ = scm_reverse ($$);
+       }
+       ;
+
+
+symbol_list_element:
+       STRING
+       | embedded_scm_bare
+       ;
+
+
+function_arglist_nonbackup:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup_common
+       | function_arglist_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup embedded_scm_arg
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               else
+                       $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                              make_music_from_simple
+                                              (parser, @4, $4),
+                                              $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup bare_number_common
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse REPARSE duration_length
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse REPARSE bare_number_common
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse REPARSE SCM_ARG
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse REPARSE lyric_element_music
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse REPARSE symbol_list_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_nonbackup_reparse:
+       EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($2, $4);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res))
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, res);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($2, make_music_from_simple
+                          (parser, @4, $4))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, STRING, $4);
+               else
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, $4);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup STRING
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($2, $4);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res))
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, res);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($2, make_music_from_simple
+                          (parser, @4, $4))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, STRING, $4);
+               else
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, $4);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup full_markup
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, $4);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($2, make_music_from_simple
+                          (parser, @4, $4))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, STRING, $4);
+               else
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SCM_ARG, $4);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup UNSIGNED
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4);
+               else {
+                       SCM d = make_duration ($4);
+                       if (SCM_UNBNDP (d) || scm_is_false (scm_call_1 ($2, d)))
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4); // trigger error
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, d);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonbackup DURATION_IDENTIFIER {
+               $$ = $3;
+               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, $4);
+       }
        ;
 
-/* An argument list. If a function \foo expects scm scm music, then the lexer expands \foo into the token sequence:
- MUSIC_FUNCTION EXPECT_MUSIC EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_SCM
-and this rule returns the reversed list of arguments. */
 
-function_arglist_music_last:
-       EXPECT_MUSIC function_arglist music {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+// function_arglist_backup can't occur at the end of an argument
+// list.  It needs to be careful about avoiding lookahead only until
+// it has made a decision whether or not to accept the parsed entity.
+// At that point of time, music requiring lookahead to parse becomes
+// fine.
+function_arglist_backup:
+       function_arglist_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (SCM_ARG, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number
+       {
+               $4 = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repeat", @4, $5, $6,
+                                 MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("Music", @4)->unprotect (),
+                                 SCM_EOL);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REPEAT_IDENTIFIER, scm_cons ($5, $6));
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (REPEAT_IDENTIFIER, scm_cons ($5, $6), @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup chord_body
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, CHORD_BODY_IDENTIFIER, $4);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (CHORD_BODY_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (EVENT_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup full_markup
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (LYRIC_ELEMENT, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup UNSIGNED
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       SCM d = make_duration ($4);
+                       if (SCM_UNBNDP (d) || scm_is_false (scm_call_1 ($2, d)))
+                       {
+                               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                               MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $4, @4);
+                       } else {
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, d);
+                               $$ = $3;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup REAL
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (REAL, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (NUMBER_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $3);
+                       else {
+                               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                               MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $5, @5);
+                               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token ('-');
+                       }
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup '-' REAL
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (REAL, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (NUMBER_IDENTIFIER, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup PITCH_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM m = make_music_from_simple (parser, @4, $4);
+               if (unsmob_music (m) && scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, m)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, PITCH_IDENTIFIER, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, PITCH_ARG, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (PITCH_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup NOTENAME_PITCH
+       {
+               SCM m = make_music_from_simple (parser, @4, $4);
+               if (unsmob_music (m) && scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, m)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, NOTENAME_PITCH, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, PITCH_ARG, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (NOTENAME_PITCH, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup TONICNAME_PITCH
+       {
+               SCM m = make_music_from_simple (parser, @4, $4);
+               if (unsmob_music (m) && scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, m)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, TONICNAME_PITCH, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, PITCH_ARG, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (TONICNAME_PITCH, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, $4);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (DURATION_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($2, $4);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res)) {
+                               $$ = $3;
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       }
+                       else
+                               $$ = scm_cons (res, $3);
+               else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (SCM_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup STRING
+       {
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($2, $4);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res)) {
+                               $$ = $3;
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $2, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       }
+                       else
+                               $$ = scm_cons (res, $3);
+               else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (STRING, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE music_assign
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $3)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($3, $1);
+               else
+                       $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                              make_music_from_simple
+                                              (parser, @3, $3),
+                                              $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE pitch_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }               
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE bare_number_common
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE duration_length
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE symbol_list_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
-function_arglist_nonmusic_last:
-       EXPECT_MARKUP function_arglist full_markup {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+function_arglist:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip_nonbackup DEFAULT
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@4, $1), $3);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist function_scm_argument {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_skip_nonbackup:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip_nonbackup
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
        }
        ;
 
-function_arglist_nonmusic: EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
+function_arglist_common:
+       EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
                $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | EXPECT_MARKUP function_arglist_nonmusic full_markup {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $3)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+               else
+                       $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                              make_music_from_simple
+                                              (parser, @3, $3),
+                                              $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional bare_number_common
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, n, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE SCM_ARG
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE lyric_element_music
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE bare_number_common
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE duration_length
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_nonmusic function_scm_argument {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE symbol_list_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
-function_arglist: EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
-               /* This is for 0-ary functions, so they don't need to
-                  read a lookahead token */
+function_arglist_common_reparse:
+       EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($1, $3);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res))
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, res);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($1, make_music_from_simple (parser, @3, $3))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
+               else
+                       // This is going to flag a syntax error, we
+                       // know the predicate to be false.
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional STRING
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM res = try_string_variants ($1, $3);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP (res))
+                       if (scm_is_pair (res))
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SYMBOL_LIST, res);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, res);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($1, make_music_from_simple (parser, @3, $3))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
+               else
+                       // This is going to flag a syntax error, we
+                       // know the predicate to be false.
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional full_markup
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $3)))
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, $3);
+               else if (scm_is_true
+                        (scm_call_1
+                         ($1, make_music_from_simple (parser, @3, $3))))
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
+               else
+                       // This is going to flag a syntax error, we
+                       // know the predicate to be false.
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, SCM_ARG, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional UNSIGNED
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $3)))
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, REAL, $3);
+               else {
+                       SCM d = make_duration ($3);
+                       if (SCM_UNBNDP (d) || scm_is_false (scm_call_1 ($1, d)))
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, REAL, $3);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, d);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, DURATION_IDENTIFIER, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, n)))
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+               else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @4);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $4);
+                       SCM m = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, m)))
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $1, SCM_ARG, m);
+                       else
+                               MYREPARSE (@4, $1, SCM_ARG, $4);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed:
+       function_arglist_closed_nonbackup
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip_nonbackup DEFAULT
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@4, $1), $3);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed_common:
+       EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
                $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | function_arglist_music_last
-       | function_arglist_nonmusic_last
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional bare_number_common_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE SCM_ARG
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE bare_number_common_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_reparse REPARSE symbol_list_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_optional:
+       function_arglist_backup
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip_backup DEFAULT
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@4, $1), $3);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_skip_backup BACKUP
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_skip_backup:
+       function_arglist_backup
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip_backup
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+       }
+       ;
+
+embedded_scm_closed:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       | scm_function_call_closed
+       ;
+
+embedded_scm_arg_closed:
+       embedded_scm_bare_arg
+       | scm_function_call_closed
+       | closed_music
+       ;
+
+scm_function_call_closed:
+       SCM_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
+                                        $1, $2);
+       }
        ;
 
-generic_prefix_music_scm:
+music_function_call:
        MUSIC_FUNCTION function_arglist {
-               $$ = ly_append2 (scm_list_2 ($1, make_input (@$)), scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
+                                        $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1081,31 +2077,37 @@ optional_id:
        | '=' simple_string {
                $$ = $2;
        }
-       ;       
-
+       ;
 
-prefix_composite_music:
-       generic_prefix_music_scm {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, $1);
-       }
-       | CONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod music {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $2, $3, $5, $4, SCM_BOOL_F);
-       }
-       | NEWCONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod music {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $2, $3, $5, $4, SCM_BOOL_T);
+complex_music:
+       music_function_call
+       | repeated_music                { $$ = $1; }
+       | re_rhythmed_music     { $$ = $1; }
+       | complex_music_prefix music
+       {
+               $$ = FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX ($1, @$, $2);
        }
+       ;
 
-       | TIMES fraction music {
-                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("time-scaled-music", @$, $2, $3);
+complex_music_prefix:
+       CONTEXT symbol optional_id optional_context_mod {
+                Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($4);
+                SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
+                if (ctxmod)
+                        mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
+               $$ = START_MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", $2, $3, mods, SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
-       | repeated_music                { $$ = $1; }
-       | TRANSPOSE pitch_also_in_chords pitch_also_in_chords music {
-               Pitch from = *unsmob_pitch ($2);
-               Pitch to = *unsmob_pitch ($3);
-               SCM pitch = pitch_interval (from, to).smobbed_copy ();
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("transpose-music", @$, pitch, $4);
+       | NEWCONTEXT symbol optional_id optional_context_mod {
+                Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($4);
+                SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
+                if (ctxmod)
+                        mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
+               $$ = START_MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", $2, $3, mods, SCM_BOOL_T);
        }
-       | mode_changing_head grouped_music_list {
+       ;
+
+mode_changed_music:
+       mode_changing_head grouped_music_list {
                if ($1 == ly_symbol2scm ("chords"))
                {
                  $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("unrelativable-music", @$, $2);
@@ -1114,160 +2116,201 @@ prefix_composite_music:
                {
                  $$ = $2;
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | mode_changing_head_with_context optional_context_mod grouped_music_list {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $1, SCM_EOL, $3, $2, SCM_BOOL_T);
+                Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($2);
+                SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
+                if (ctxmod)
+                        mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $1, SCM_EOL, mods, SCM_BOOL_T, $3);
                if ($1 == ly_symbol2scm ("ChordNames"))
                {
                  $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("unrelativable-music", @$, $$);
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
-       | relative_music        { $$ = $1; }
-       | re_rhythmed_music     { $$ = $1; }
        ;
 
-mode_changing_head: 
+mode_changing_head:
        NOTEMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("notes");
        }
-       | DRUMMODE 
+       | DRUMMODE
                {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("drums");
        }
        | FIGUREMODE {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("figures");
        }
        | CHORDMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (nn);
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("chords");
 
        }
        | LYRICMODE
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
-mode_changing_head_with_context: 
+mode_changing_head_with_context:
        DRUMS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("DrumStaff");
        }
        | FIGURES {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("FiguredBass");
        }
        | CHORDS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (nn);
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("ChordNames");
        }
        | LYRICS
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("Lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
-
-relative_music:
-       RELATIVE absolute_pitch music {
-               Pitch start = *unsmob_pitch ($2);
-               $$ = make_music_relative (start, $3, @$);
-       }
-       | RELATIVE composite_music {
-               Pitch middle_c (0, 0, 0);
-               $$ = make_music_relative (middle_c, $2, @$);
-       }
-       ;
-
 new_lyrics:
-       ADDLYRICS { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
+       ADDLYRICS { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
        /*cont */
-       grouped_music_list {
+       composite_music {
        /* Can also use music at the expensive of two S/Rs similar to
            \repeat \alternative */
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
 
                $$ = scm_cons ($3, SCM_EOL);
        }
        | new_lyrics ADDLYRICS {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
-       } grouped_music_list {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+       } composite_music {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 re_rhythmed_music:
-       grouped_music_list new_lyrics {
+       composite_music new_lyrics {
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("add-lyrics", @$, $1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
-       }
+       } %prec COMPOSITE
        | LYRICSTO simple_string {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
        } music {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-combine", @$, $2, $4);
        }
        ;
 
 context_change:
-       CHANGE STRING '=' STRING  {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-change", @$, scm_string_to_symbol ($2), $4);
+       CHANGE symbol '=' simple_string  {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-change", @$, $2, $4);
        }
        ;
 
 
-property_path_revved:
-       embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($1, SCM_EOL);
-       }
-       | property_path_revved embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
-       }
-       ;
-
 property_path:
-       property_path_revved  {
+       symbol_list_rev  {
                $$ = scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL);
-       } 
+       }
+       | symbol_list_rev property_path {
+               $$ = scm_reverse_x ($1, $2);
+       }
        ;
 
 property_operation:
-       STRING '=' scalar {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("assign"),
-                       scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $3);
+       symbol '=' scalar {
+               $$ = scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("assign"), $1, $3);
        }
-       | UNSET simple_string {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_symbol2scm ("unset"),
-                       scm_string_to_symbol ($2));
+       | UNSET symbol {
+               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_symbol2scm ("unset"), $2);
+       }
+       | OVERRIDE property_path '=' scalar {
+               if (scm_ilength ($2) < 2) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("bad grob property path"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (ly_symbol2scm ("push"),
+                                      scm_cons2 (scm_car ($2),
+                                                 $4,
+                                                 scm_cdr ($2)));
+               }
+       }
+       | REVERT revert_arg {
+               $$ = scm_cons (ly_symbol2scm ("pop"), $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+// This is all quite awkward for the sake of substantial backward
+// compatibility while at the same time allowing a more "natural" form
+// of specification not separating grob specification from grob
+// property path.  The purpose of this definition of revert_arg is to
+// allow the symbol list which specifies grob and property to revert
+// to be optionally be split into two parts after the grob (which in
+// this case is just the first element of the list).  symbol_list_part
+// is only one path component, but it can be parsed without lookahead,
+// so we can follow it with a synthetic BACKUP token when needed.  If
+// the first symbol_list_part already contains multiple elements (only
+// possible if a Scheme expression provides them), we just parse for
+// additional elements introduced by '.', which is what the
+// SYMBOL_LIST backup in connection with the immediately following
+// rule using symbol_list_arg does.
+//
+// As long as we don't have our coffers filled with both grob and at
+// least one grob property specification, the rest of the required
+// symbol list chain may be provided either with or without a leading
+// dot.  This is for both allowing the traditional
+// \revert Accidental #'color
+// as well as well as the "naive" form
+// \revert Accidental.color
+
+revert_arg:
+       revert_arg_backup BACKUP symbol_list_arg
+       {
+               $$ = $3;
        }
-       | OVERRIDE simple_string property_path '=' embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_append (scm_list_2 (scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("push"),
-                                                       scm_string_to_symbol ($2), $5),
-                                            $3));
+       ;
+
+revert_arg_backup:
+       revert_arg_part
+       {
+               if (scm_is_null ($1)
+                   || scm_is_null (scm_cdr ($1)))
+                       MYBACKUP (SCM_ARG, $1, @1);
+               else
+                       MYBACKUP (SYMBOL_LIST, scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL), @1);
        }
-       | REVERT simple_string embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("pop"),
-                       scm_string_to_symbol ($2), $3);
+       ;
+
+// revert_arg_part delivers results in reverse
+revert_arg_part:
+       symbol_list_part
+       | revert_arg_backup BACKUP SCM_ARG '.' symbol_list_part
+       {
+               $$ = scm_append_x (scm_list_2 ($5, $3));
        }
+       | revert_arg_backup BACKUP SCM_ARG symbol_list_part
+       {
+               $$ = scm_append_x (scm_list_2 ($4, $3));
+       }               
        ;
 
 context_def_mod:
@@ -1289,57 +2332,157 @@ context_mod:
        | context_def_mod STRING {
                $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
        }
+       | context_def_mod embedded_scm
+       {
+               if (!scm_is_string ($2)
+                   && ly_symbol2scm ("consists") != $1
+                   && ly_symbol2scm ("remove") != $1)
+               {
+                       $$ = SCM_EOL;
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("only \\consists and \\remove take non-string argument."));
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
+               }
+       }
        ;
 
-context_prop_spec:
-       simple_string {
-               if (!is_regular_identifier ($1))
+// If defined, at least two members.
+grob_prop_spec:
+       symbol_list_rev
+       {
+               SCM l = scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL);
+               if (scm_is_pair (l)
+                   && to_boolean
+                   (scm_object_property (scm_car (l),
+                                         ly_symbol2scm ("is-grob?"))))
+                       l = scm_cons (ly_symbol2scm ("Bottom"), l);
+               if (scm_is_null (l) || scm_is_null (scm_cdr (l))) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("bad grob property path"));
+                       l = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               }
+               $$ = l;
+       }
+       ;
+
+// If defined, at least three members
+grob_prop_path:
+       grob_prop_spec
+       {
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1) && scm_is_null (scm_cddr ($1)))
                {
-                       @$.error (_("Grob name should be alphanumeric"));
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("bad grob property path"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               }
+       }
+       | grob_prop_spec property_path
+       {
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1)) {
+                       $$ = scm_append_x (scm_list_2 ($1, $2));
+                       if (scm_is_null (scm_cddr ($$))) {
+                               parser->parser_error (@$, _ ("bad grob property path"));
+                               $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+                       }
                }
 
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_symbol2scm ("Bottom"),
-                       scm_string_to_symbol ($1));
        }
-       | simple_string '.' simple_string {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (scm_string_to_symbol ($1),
-                       scm_string_to_symbol ($3));
+       ;
+
+// Exactly two elements or undefined
+context_prop_spec:
+       symbol_list_rev
+       {
+               SCM l = scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL);
+               switch (scm_ilength (l)) {
+               case 1:
+                       l = scm_cons (ly_symbol2scm ("Bottom"), l);
+               case 2:
+                       break;
+               default:
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("bad context property path"));
+                       l = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               }
+               $$ = l;
        }
        ;
 
 simple_music_property_def:
-       OVERRIDE context_prop_spec property_path '=' scalar {
-               $$ = scm_append (scm_list_2 (scm_list_n (scm_car ($2),                  
-                               ly_symbol2scm ("OverrideProperty"),
-                               scm_cadr ($2),
-                               $5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
-                               $3));
-       }
-       | REVERT context_prop_spec embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_4 (scm_car ($2),
-                       ly_symbol2scm ("RevertProperty"),
-                       scm_cadr ($2),
-                       $3);
+       OVERRIDE grob_prop_path '=' scalar {
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               else {
+                       $$ = scm_list_5 (scm_car ($2),
+                                        ly_symbol2scm ("OverrideProperty"),
+                                        scm_cadr ($2),
+                                        $4,
+                                        scm_cddr ($2));
+               }
+       }
+       | REVERT simple_revert_context revert_arg {
+               $$ = scm_list_4 ($2,
+                                ly_symbol2scm ("RevertProperty"),
+                                scm_car ($3),
+                                scm_cdr ($3));
        }
        | SET context_prop_spec '=' scalar {
-               $$ = scm_list_4 (scm_car ($2),
-                       ly_symbol2scm ("PropertySet"),
-                       scm_cadr ($2),
-                       $4);
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               else
+                       $$ = scm_list_4 (scm_car ($2),
+                                        ly_symbol2scm ("PropertySet"),
+                                        scm_cadr ($2),
+                                        $4);
        }
        | UNSET context_prop_spec {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 (scm_car ($2),
-                       ly_symbol2scm ("PropertyUnset"),
-                       scm_cadr ($2));
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               else
+                       $$ = scm_list_3 (scm_car ($2),
+                                        ly_symbol2scm ("PropertyUnset"),
+                                        scm_cadr ($2));
+       }
+       ;
+
+
+// This is all quite awkward for the sake of substantial backward
+// compatibility while at the same time allowing a more "natural" form
+// of specification not separating grob specification from grob
+// property path.  The purpose of this definition of
+// simple_revert_context is to allow the symbol list which specifies
+// grob and property to revert to be optionally be split into two
+// parts after the grob (which may be preceded by a context
+// specification, a case which we distinguish by checking whether the
+// first symbol is a valid grob symbol instead).
+//
+// See revert_arg above for the main work horse of this arrangement.
+// simple_revert_context just caters for the context and delegates the
+// rest of the job to revert_arg.
+
+simple_revert_context:
+       symbol_list_part
+       {
+               $1 = scm_reverse_x ($1, SCM_EOL);
+               if (scm_is_null ($1)
+                   || to_boolean
+                   (scm_object_property (scm_car ($1),
+                                         ly_symbol2scm ("is-grob?")))) {
+                       $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("Bottom");
+                       parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (SCM_IDENTIFIER, $1);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_car ($1);
+                       parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (SCM_IDENTIFIER,
+                                                         scm_cdr ($1));
+               }
        }
        ;
 
 music_property_def:
        simple_music_property_def {
-               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons (PARSER->self_scm (), scm_cons2 (make_input (@$), SCM_BOOL_F, $1)));
-       }
-       | ONCE simple_music_property_def {
-               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons (PARSER->self_scm (), scm_cons2 (make_input (@$), SCM_BOOL_T, $2)));
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @1);
+               else
+                       $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (@$), $1));
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1347,63 +2490,104 @@ string:
        STRING {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | STRING_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | string '+' string {
-               $$ = scm_string_append (scm_list_2 ($1, $3));
-       }
+       | full_markup
        ;
 
 simple_string: STRING {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | LYRICS_STRING {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | STRING_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
+       | embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               if (scm_is_string ($1)) {
+                       $$ = $1;
+               } else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, (_ ("simple string expected")));
+                       $$ = scm_string (SCM_EOL);
+               }
        }
        ;
 
-scalar: string {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | LYRICS_STRING {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | bare_number {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | embedded_scm {
-               $$ = $1;
+symbol:
+       STRING {
+               $$ = scm_string_to_symbol ($1);
        }
-       | full_markup {
-               $$ = $1;
+       | embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               // This is a bit of overkill but makes the same
+               // routine responsible for all symbol interpretations.
+               $$ = try_string_variants (ly_lily_module_constant ("symbol?"),
+                                         $1);
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($$))
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, (_ ("symbol expected")));
+                       // Generate a unique symbol in case it is used
+                       // for an assignment or similar
+                       $$ = scm_make_symbol (ly_string2scm ("undefined"));
+               }
        }
-       | DIGIT {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
+       ;
+
+scalar:
+       embedded_scm_arg
+       | SCM_IDENTIFIER
+       | bare_number
+       // The following is a rather defensive variant of admitting
+       // negative numbers: the grammar would permit number_factor or
+       // even number_expression.  However, function arguments allow
+       // only this simple kind of negative number, so to have things
+       // like \tweak and \override behave reasonably similar, it
+       // makes sense to rule out things like -- which are rather an
+       // accent in function argument contexts.
+       | '-' bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = scm_difference ($2, SCM_UNDEFINED);
        }
+       | STRING
+       | full_markup
        ;
 
 event_chord:
-       /* TODO: Create a special case that avoids the creation of
-          EventChords around simple_elements that have no post_events?
-        */
-       simple_chord_elements post_events       {
-               SCM elts = ly_append2 ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
-
+       simple_element post_events {
+               // Let the rhythmic music iterator sort this mess out.
+               if (scm_is_pair ($2)) {
+                       $$ = make_music_from_simple (parser, @1, $1);
+                       if (unsmob_music ($$))
+                                unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("articulations",
+                                                                 scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+                        else
+                       {
+                                parser->parser_error (@1, _("music expected"));
+                               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @1);
+                       }
+               }
+       } %prec ':'
+       | simple_chord_elements post_events     {
+               if (scm_is_pair ($2)) {
+                       if (unsmob_pitch ($1))
+                               $1 = make_chord_elements (@1,
+                                                         $1,
+                                                         parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy (),
+                                                         SCM_EOL);
+
+                       SCM elts = ly_append2 ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+
+                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @1, elts);
+               } else if (!unsmob_pitch ($1))
+                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @1, $1);
+               // A mere pitch drops through.
+       } %prec ':'
+       | CHORD_REPETITION optional_notemode_duration post_events {
                Input i;
-               /* why is this giving wrong start location? -ns
-                * i = @$; */
-               i.set_location (@1, @2);
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", i, elts);
-       }
+               i.set_location (@1, @3);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repetition-chord", i,
+                                 $2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       } %prec ':'
        | MULTI_MEASURE_REST optional_notemode_duration post_events {
                Input i;
                i.set_location (@1, @3);
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("multi-measure-rest", i, $2, $3);
-       }
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("multi-measure-rest", i, $2,
+                                 scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       } %prec ':'
        | command_element
        | note_chord_element
        ;
@@ -1416,7 +2600,7 @@ note_chord_element:
                SCM dur = unsmob_duration ($2)->smobbed_copy ();
                SCM es = m->get_property ("elements");
                SCM postevs = scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL);
-               
+
                for (SCM s = es; scm_is_pair (s); s = scm_cdr (s))
                  unsmob_music (scm_car (s))->set_property ("duration", dur);
                es = ly_append2 (es, postevs);
@@ -1424,7 +2608,7 @@ note_chord_element:
                m-> set_property ("elements", es);
                m->set_spot (@$);
                $$ = m->self_scm ();
-       }
+       } %prec ':'
        ;
 
 chord_body:
@@ -1432,28 +2616,30 @@ chord_body:
        {
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
+       | CHORD_BODY_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
 chord_body_elements:
        /* empty */             { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
        | chord_body_elements chord_body_element {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 chord_body_element:
        pitch exclamations questions octave_check post_events
        {
-               int q = $3;
-               int ex = $2;
+               bool q = to_boolean ($3);
+               bool ex = to_boolean ($2);
                SCM check = $4;
                SCM post = $5;
 
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
                n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
-               if (q % 2)
+               if (q)
                        n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               if (ex % 2 || q % 2)
+                if (ex || q)
                        n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
 
                if (scm_is_pair (post)) {
@@ -1470,7 +2656,6 @@ chord_body_element:
        }
        | DRUM_PITCH post_events {
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
-               n->set_property ("duration", $2);
                n->set_property ("drum-type", $1);
 
                if (scm_is_pair ($2)) {
@@ -1479,41 +2664,44 @@ chord_body_element:
                }
                $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
-       | music_function_chord_body { 
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, $1);
-       }
-       ;
+       | music_function_chord_body
+       {
+               Music *m = unsmob_music ($1);
 
-music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix: MUSIC_FUNCTION {
-               SCM sig = scm_object_property (yylval.scm, ly_symbol2scm ("music-function-signature"));
-               if (scm_is_pair (sig) && to_boolean (scm_memq (ly_music_p_proc, scm_cdr (scm_reverse (sig)))))
-               {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@$, "Music function applied to event may not have a Music argument, except as the last argument.");
+               while (m && m->is_mus_type ("music-wrapper-music")) {
+                       $$ = m->get_property ("element");
+                       m = unsmob_music ($$);
+               }
+
+               if (!(m && m->is_mus_type ("rhythmic-event"))) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@$, _ ("not a rhythmic event"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
                }
        }
        ;
 
 music_function_chord_body:
-       /* We could allow chord functions to have multiple music arguments,
-          but it's more consistent with music_function_event if we
-          prohibit it here too */
-       music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix EXPECT_MUSIC function_arglist_nonmusic chord_body_element {
-               $$ = ly_append2 (scm_list_2 ($1, make_input (@$)), scm_reverse_x ($3, scm_list_1 ($4)));
-       }
-       | music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix function_arglist_nonmusic {
-               $$ = ly_append2 (scm_list_2 ($1, make_input (@$)), scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
-       }
+       music_function_call
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+       | embedded_scm
        ;
 
-music_function_event:
-       /* Post-events can only have the last argument as music, without this
-          restriction we get a shift/reduce conflict from e.g.
-          c8-\partcombine c8 -. */
-       music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix EXPECT_MUSIC function_arglist_nonmusic post_event {
-               $$ = ly_append2 (scm_list_2 ($1, make_input (@$)), scm_reverse_x ($3, scm_list_1 ($4)));
+// Event functions may only take closed arglists, otherwise it would
+// not be clear whether a following postevent should be associated
+// with the last argument of the event function or with the expression
+// for which the function call acts itself as event.
+
+music_function_call_closed:
+       MUSIC_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
+                                        $1, $2);
        }
-       | music_function_identifier_musicless_prefix function_arglist_nonmusic {
-               $$ = ly_append2 (scm_list_2 ($1, make_input (@$)), scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+       ;
+
+event_function_event:
+       EVENT_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
+                                        $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1521,83 +2709,12 @@ command_element:
        command_event {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | SKIP duration_length {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("skip-music", @$, $2);
-       }
-       | E_BRACKET_OPEN {
-               Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("LigatureEvent", @$);
-               m->set_property ("span-direction", scm_from_int (START));
-               $$ = m->unprotect();
-       }
-       | E_BRACKET_CLOSE {
-               Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("LigatureEvent", @$);
-               m->set_property ("span-direction", scm_from_int (STOP));
-               $$ = m->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | E_BACKSLASH {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("voice-separator", @$, SCM_UNDEFINED);
-       }
-       | '|'      {
-               SCM pipe = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pipeSymbol");
-
-               Music *m = unsmob_music (pipe);
-               if (m)
-               {
-                       m = m->clone ();
-                       m->set_spot (@$);
-                       $$ = m->unprotect ();
-               }
-               else
-                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("bar-check", @$, SCM_UNDEFINED);
-
-       }
-       | PARTIAL duration_length       {
-               Moment m = - unsmob_duration ($2)->get_length ();
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("property-operation", @$, SCM_BOOL_F, ly_symbol2scm ("Timing"), ly_symbol2scm ("PropertySet"), ly_symbol2scm ("measurePosition"), m.smobbed_copy ());
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, ly_symbol2scm ("Score"), SCM_BOOL_F, $$, SCM_EOL, SCM_BOOL_F);
-       }
-
-       | TIME_T fraction  {
-               SCM proc = ly_lily_module_constant ("make-time-signature-set");
-
-               $$ = scm_apply_2   (proc, scm_car ($2), scm_cdr ($2), SCM_EOL);
-       }
-       | MARK scalar {
-               SCM proc = ly_lily_module_constant ("make-mark-set");
-
-               $$ = scm_call_1 (proc, $2);
-       }
        ;
 
 command_event:
-       E_TILDE {
-               $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("PesOrFlexaEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | MARK DEFAULT  {
-               Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("MarkEvent", @$);
-               $$ = m->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | tempo_event {
+       tempo_event {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | KEY DEFAULT {
-               Music *key = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("KeyChangeEvent", @$);
-               $$ = key->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | KEY NOTENAME_PITCH SCM_IDENTIFIER     {
-
-               Music *key = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("KeyChangeEvent", @$);
-               if (scm_ilength ($3) > 0)
-               {               
-                       key->set_property ("pitch-alist", $3);
-                       key->set_property ("tonic", Pitch (0, 0, 0).smobbed_copy ());
-                       key->transpose (* unsmob_pitch ($2));
-               } else {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@3, _ ("second argument must be pitch list"));
-               }
-
-               $$ = key->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
 
@@ -1606,165 +2723,159 @@ post_events:
                $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        | post_events post_event {
-               unsmob_music ($2)->set_spot (@2);
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $$);
+               $$ = $1;
+               if (Music *m = unsmob_music ($2))
+               {
+                       if (m->is_mus_type ("post-event-wrapper"))
+                       {
+                               for (SCM p = m->get_property ("elements");
+                                    scm_is_pair (p);
+                                    p = scm_cdr (p))
+                               {
+                                       $$ = scm_cons (scm_car (p), $$);
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               m->set_spot (@2);
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $$);
+                       }
+               }
        }
        ;
-       
-post_event:
+
+post_event_nofinger:
        direction_less_event {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | '-' music_function_event {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, $2);
+       | script_dir music_function_call_closed {
+               $$ = $2;
+               if (!unsmob_music ($2)->is_mus_type ("post-event")) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("post-event expected"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+               } else if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+               {
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", $1);
+               }
        }
        | HYPHEN {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("HyphenEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | EXTENDER {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ExtenderEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | script_dir direction_reqd_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
        | script_dir direction_less_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
-       | string_number_event
+       | '^' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (UP));
+       }
+       | '_' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (DOWN));
+       }                       
+       ;
+
+post_event:
+       post_event_nofinger
+       | '-' fingering {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 string_number_event:
        E_UNSIGNED {
                Music *s = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("StringNumberEvent", @$);
-               s->set_property ("string-number", scm_from_int ($1));
+               s->set_property ("string-number", $1);
                $$ = s->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
-direction_less_char:
-       '['  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("bracketOpenSymbol");
-       }
-       | ']'  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("bracketCloseSymbol"); 
-       }
-       | '~'  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("tildeSymbol");
-       }
-       | '('  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("parenthesisOpenSymbol");
-       }
-       | ')'  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("parenthesisCloseSymbol");
-       }
-       | E_EXCLAMATION  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("escapedExclamationSymbol");
-       }
-       | E_OPEN  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("escapedParenthesisOpenSymbol");
-       }
-       | E_CLOSE  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("escapedParenthesisCloseSymbol");
-       }
-       | E_ANGLE_CLOSE  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("escapedBiggerSymbol");
-       }
-       | E_ANGLE_OPEN  {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("escapedSmallerSymbol");
-       }
-       ;
-
 direction_less_event:
-       direction_less_char {
-               SCM predefd = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier_symbol ($1);
-               Music *m = 0;
-               if (unsmob_music (predefd))
-               {
-                       m = unsmob_music (predefd)->clone ();
-                       m->set_spot (@$);
-               }
-               else
-               {
-                       m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("Music", @$);
-               }
-               $$ = m->unprotect ();
-       }
+       string_number_event
        | EVENT_IDENTIFIER      {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | tremolo_type  {
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TremoloEvent", @$);
-               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", scm_from_int ($1));
+               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", $1);
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
         }
-       ;       
-       
+       | event_function_event  
+       ;
+
 direction_reqd_event:
        gen_text_def {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | script_abbreviation {
-               SCM s = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
+               SCM s = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ArticulationEvent", @$);
                if (scm_is_string (s))
                        a->set_property ("articulation-type", s);
-               else PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
+               else parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
 octave_check:
        /**/ { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
-       | '='  { $$ = scm_from_int (0); }
-       | '=' sub_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int (-$2); }
-       | '=' sup_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int ($2); }
+       | '=' quotes { $$ = $2; }
        ;
 
+quotes:
+       /* empty */
+       {
+                $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+        }
+       | sub_quotes
+        | sup_quotes
+        ;
+
 sup_quotes:
        '\'' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (1);
        }
        | sup_quotes '\'' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 sub_quotes:
        ',' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (-1);
        }
        | sub_quotes ',' {
-               $$++;
+               $$ = scm_oneminus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 steno_pitch:
-       NOTENAME_PITCH  {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sup_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sub_quotes      {
-               Pitch p =* unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       NOTENAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1773,31 +2884,37 @@ ugh. duplication
 */
 
 steno_tonic_pitch:
-       TONICNAME_PITCH {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sup_quotes    {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sub_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       TONICNAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
 pitch:
-       steno_pitch {
-               $$ = $1;
+       steno_pitch
+       | PITCH_IDENTIFIER quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
-pitch_also_in_chords:
-       pitch
-       | steno_tonic_pitch
+pitch_arg:
+       PITCH_ARG quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
+       }
        ;
 
 gen_text_def:
@@ -1806,15 +2923,30 @@ gen_text_def:
                t->set_property ("text", $1);
                $$ = t->unprotect ();
        }
-       | string {
+       | STRING {
                Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TextScriptEvent", @$);
                t->set_property ("text",
                        make_simple_markup ($1));
                $$ = t->unprotect ();
        }
-       | DIGIT {
+       | embedded_scm_closed
+       {
+               Music *m = unsmob_music ($1);
+               if (m && m->is_mus_type ("post-event"))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup ($1)) {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TextScriptEvent", @$);
+                       t->set_property ("text", $1);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+               } else
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not an articulation"));
+       }
+       ;
+
+fingering:
+       UNSIGNED {
                Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @$);
-               t->set_property ("digit", scm_from_int ($1));
+               t->set_property ("digit", $1);
                $$ = t->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
@@ -1829,8 +2961,8 @@ script_abbreviation:
        | '-'           {
                $$ = scm_from_locale_string ("Dash");
        }
-       | '|'           {
-               $$ = scm_from_locale_string ("Bar");
+       | '!'           {
+               $$ = scm_from_locale_string ("Bang");
        }
        | ANGLE_CLOSE   {
                $$ = scm_from_locale_string ("Larger");
@@ -1844,16 +2976,9 @@ script_abbreviation:
        ;
 
 script_dir:
-       '_'     { $$ = DOWN; }
-       | '^'   { $$ = UP; }
-       | '-'   { $$ = CENTER; }
-       ;
-
-
-absolute_pitch:
-       steno_pitch     {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
+       '_'     { $$ = scm_from_int (DOWN); }
+       | '^'   { $$ = scm_from_int (UP); }
+       | '-'   { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
        ;
 
 duration_length:
@@ -1862,32 +2987,41 @@ duration_length:
        }
        ;
 
-optional_notemode_duration:
+maybe_notemode_duration:
        {
-               Duration dd = PARSER->default_duration_;
-               $$ = dd.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
+               $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+       } %prec ':'
        | multiplied_duration   {
                $$ = $1;
-               PARSER->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
+               parser->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
+       }
+;
+
+
+optional_notemode_duration:
+       maybe_notemode_duration
+       {
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($$))
+                       $$ = parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        ;
 
 steno_duration:
-       bare_unsigned dots              {
-               int len = 0;
-               if (!is_duration ($1))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", $1));
-               else
-                       len = intlog2 ($1);
-
-               $$ = Duration (len, $2).smobbed_copy ();
+       UNSIGNED dots           {
+               $$ = make_duration ($1, scm_to_int ($2));
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($$))
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a duration"));
+                       $$ = Duration ().smobbed_copy ();
+               }
        }
        | DURATION_IDENTIFIER dots      {
                Duration *d = unsmob_duration ($1);
-               Duration k (d->duration_log (), d->dot_count () + $2);
-               *d = k;
-               $$ = $1;
+               Duration k (d->duration_log (),
+                            d->dot_count () + scm_to_int ($2));
+               k = k.compressed (d->factor ());
+                scm_remember_upto_here_1 ($1);
+               $$ = k.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1895,8 +3029,8 @@ multiplied_duration:
        steno_duration {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | multiplied_duration '*' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed ( $3) .smobbed_copy ();
+       | multiplied_duration '*' UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed (scm_to_int ($3)).smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | multiplied_duration '*' FRACTION {
                Rational  m (scm_to_int (scm_car ($3)), scm_to_int (scm_cdr ($3)));
@@ -1905,42 +3039,42 @@ multiplied_duration:
        }
        ;
 
-fraction:
-       FRACTION { $$ = $1; }
-       | UNSIGNED '/' UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_cons (scm_from_int ($1), scm_from_int ($3));
-       }
-       ;
-
 dots:
        /* empty */     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
        | dots '.' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 tremolo_type:
        ':'     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
-       | ':' bare_unsigned {
-               if (!is_duration ($2))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", $2));
+       | ':' UNSIGNED {
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP (make_duration ($2)))
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a duration"));
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
 
 bass_number:
-       DIGIT   {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
-       }
-       | UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
-       }
+       UNSIGNED { $$ = $1; }
        | STRING { $$ = $1; }
        | full_markup { $$ = $1; }
+       | embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               // as an integer, it needs to be non-negative, and otherwise
+               // it needs to be suitable as a markup.
+               if (scm_is_integer ($1)
+                   ? scm_is_true (scm_negative_p ($1))
+                   : !Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("bass number expected"));
+                       $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+               }
+       }
        ;
 
 figured_bass_alteration:
@@ -1982,38 +3116,23 @@ bass_figure:
        }
        | bass_figure figured_bass_modification  {
                Music *m = unsmob_music ($1);
-               if ($2 == ly_symbol2scm ("plus"))
-                       {
-                       m->set_property ("augmented", SCM_BOOL_T);
-                       }
-               else if ($2 == ly_symbol2scm ("slash"))
-                       {
-                       m->set_property ("diminished", SCM_BOOL_T);
-                       }
-               else if ($2 == ly_symbol2scm ("exclamation"))
-                       {
-                       m->set_property ("no-continuation", SCM_BOOL_T);
-                       }
-               else if ($2 == ly_symbol2scm ("backslash"))
-                       {
-                       m->set_property ("augmented-slash", SCM_BOOL_T);
-                       }
+               m->set_property ($2, SCM_BOOL_T);
        }
        ;
 
 
 figured_bass_modification:
        E_PLUS          {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("plus");
+               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("augmented");
        }
        | E_EXCLAMATION {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("exclamation");
+               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("no-continuation");
        }
        | '/'           {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("slash");
+               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("diminished");
        }
        | E_BACKSLASH {
-               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("backslash");
+               $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("augmented-slash");
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2044,43 +3163,53 @@ figure_spec:
 
 
 optional_rest:
-       /**/   { $$ = 0; }
-       | REST { $$ = 1; }
+       /**/   { $$ = SCM_BOOL_F; }
+       | REST { $$ = SCM_BOOL_T; }
        ;
 
 simple_element:
-       pitch exclamations questions octave_check optional_notemode_duration optional_rest {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_note_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
-
-               Music *n = 0;
-               if ($6)
-                       n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
-               else
-                       n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
-               
-               n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
-               n->set_property ("duration", $5);
-
-               if (scm_is_number ($4))
+       pitch exclamations questions octave_check maybe_notemode_duration optional_rest {
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_note_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($3)
+                    || scm_is_number ($4)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($5)
+                    || scm_is_true ($6))
                {
-                       int q = scm_to_int ($4);
-                       n->set_property ("absolute-octave", scm_from_int (q-1));
+                       Music *n = 0;
+                       if (scm_is_true ($6))
+                               n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
+                       else
+                               n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
+                       
+                       n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
+                       if (SCM_UNBNDP ($5))
+                               n->set_property ("duration",
+                                                parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                       else
+                               n->set_property ("duration", $5);
+                       
+                       if (scm_is_number ($4))
+                       {
+                               int q = scm_to_int ($4);
+                               n->set_property ("absolute-octave", scm_from_int (q-1));
+                       }
+                       
+                       if (to_boolean ($3))
+                               n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
+                       if (to_boolean ($2) || to_boolean ($3))
+                               n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
+                       
+                       $$ = n->unprotect ();
                }
-
-               if ($3 % 2)
-                       n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               if ($2 % 2 || $3 % 2)
-                       n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
-
-               $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
        | DRUM_PITCH optional_notemode_duration {
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
                n->set_property ("duration", $2);
                n->set_property ("drum-type", $1);
 
-               $$ = n->unprotect ();           
+               $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
        | RESTNAME optional_notemode_duration           {
                Music *ev = 0;
@@ -2090,29 +3219,18 @@ simple_element:
                  }
                else {
                        ev = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
-               
+
                    }
                ev->set_property ("duration", $2);
                $$ = ev->unprotect ();
        }
-       | lyric_element optional_notemode_duration      {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
-
-               Music *levent = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("LyricEvent", @$);
-               levent->set_property ("text", $1);
-               levent->set_property ("duration",$2);
-               $$= levent->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
+// Can return a single pitch rather than a list.
 simple_chord_elements:
-       simple_element  {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
-       }       
-       | new_chord {
-                if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
-                        PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
+       new_chord {
+                if (!parser->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
+                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
                 $$ = $1;
        }
        | figure_spec optional_notemode_duration {
@@ -2121,31 +3239,49 @@ simple_chord_elements:
                        unsmob_music (scm_car (s))->set_property ("duration", $2);
                }
                $$ = $1;
-       }       
+       }
        ;
 
 lyric_element:
-       lyric_markup {
+       full_markup {
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("markup outside of text script or \\lyricmode"));
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | LYRICS_STRING {
+       | STRING {
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("unrecognized string, not in text script or \\lyricmode"));
                $$ = $1;
        }
+       | LYRIC_ELEMENT
+       ;
+
+lyric_element_music:
+       lyric_element optional_notemode_duration post_events {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       } %prec ':'
        ;
 
+// Can return a single pitch rather than a list.
 new_chord:
-       steno_tonic_pitch optional_notemode_duration   {
-               $$ = make_chord_elements ($1, $2, SCM_EOL);
+       steno_tonic_pitch maybe_notemode_duration   {
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else
+                       $$ = make_chord_elements (@$, $1, $2, SCM_EOL);
        }
        | steno_tonic_pitch optional_notemode_duration chord_separator chord_items {
                SCM its = scm_reverse_x ($4, SCM_EOL);
-               $$ = make_chord_elements ($1, $2, scm_cons ($3, its));
-       }
+               $$ = make_chord_elements (@$, $1, $2, scm_cons ($3, its));
+       } %prec ':'
        ;
 
 chord_items:
        /**/ {
-               $$ = SCM_EOL;           
+               $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        | chord_items chord_item {
                $$ = scm_cons ($2, $$);
@@ -2187,16 +3323,25 @@ step_numbers:
        ;
 
 step_number:
-       bare_unsigned {
+       UNSIGNED {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, 0);
         }
-       | bare_unsigned '+' {
+       | UNSIGNED '+' {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, SHARP_ALTERATION);
        }
-       | bare_unsigned CHORD_MINUS {
+       | UNSIGNED CHORD_MINUS {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, FLAT_ALTERATION);
        }
-       ;       
+       ;
+
+tempo_range:
+       unsigned_number {
+               $$ = $1;
+       } %prec ':'
+       | unsigned_number '-' unsigned_number {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       }
+       ;
 
 /*
        UTILITIES
@@ -2233,118 +3378,147 @@ number_factor:
        | bare_number
        ;
 
+bare_number_common:
+       bare_number_common_closed
+       | REAL NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+bare_number_common_closed:
+       REAL
+       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       ;
 
 bare_number:
-       UNSIGNED        {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
-       }
-       | REAL          {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER             {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | REAL NUMBER_IDENTIFIER        {
-               $$ = scm_from_double (scm_to_double ($1) *scm_to_double ($2));
-       }
+       bare_number_common
+       | UNSIGNED
        | UNSIGNED NUMBER_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $$ = scm_from_double ($1 *scm_to_double ($2));
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
-
-bare_unsigned:
-       UNSIGNED {
-                       $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | DIGIT {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
+bare_number_closed:
+       UNSIGNED
+       | bare_number_common_closed
        ;
 
 unsigned_number:
-       bare_unsigned  { $$ = scm_from_int ($1); }
-       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
+       UNSIGNED
+       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               if (!scm_is_integer ($1)
+                   || scm_is_true (scm_negative_p ($1)))
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _("not an unsigned integer"));
+                       $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+               }
+       }
+       | embedded_scm
+       {
+               if (!scm_is_integer ($1)
+                   || scm_is_true (scm_negative_p ($1)))
+               {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _("not an unsigned integer"));
+                       $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+               }
        }
        ;
-       
 
 exclamations:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | exclamations '!'      { $$ ++; }
+               { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | exclamations '!'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 questions:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | questions '?' { $$ ++; }
-       ;
-
-/*
-This should be done more dynamically if possible.
-*/
-
-lyric_markup:
-       LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | LYRIC_MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
-       markup_top {
-               $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
-       }
+       { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | questions '?'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 full_markup_list:
-       MARKUPLINES
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+       MARKUPLIST
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_list {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 full_markup:
-       MARKUP_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+       MARKUP
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_top {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 markup_top:
-       markup_list { 
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("line-markup"),  $1); 
+       markup_list {
+               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("line-markup"),  $1);
        }
-       | markup_head_1_list simple_markup      {
-               $$ = scm_car (scm_call_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("map-markup-command-list"), $1, scm_list_1 ($2)));
+       | markup_head_1_list simple_markup
+       {
+               $$ = scm_car (MAKE_SYNTAX ("composed-markup-list",
+                                          @2, $1, scm_list_1 ($2)));
        }
        | simple_markup {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        ;
 
+markup_scm:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a markup"));
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, scm_string (SCM_EOL), @1);
+               }
+       } BACKUP
+       ;
+                       
+
 markup_list:
        markup_composed_list {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | markup_braced_list {
+       | markup_uncomposed_list
+       ;
+
+markup_uncomposed_list:
+       markup_braced_list {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | markup_command_list {
                $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
        }
+       | markup_scm MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 markup_composed_list:
-       markup_head_1_list markup_braced_list {
-               $$ = scm_call_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("map-markup-command-list"), $1, $2);
-               
+       markup_head_1_list markup_uncomposed_list {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("composed-markup-list",
+                                 @2, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2360,37 +3534,38 @@ markup_braced_list_body:
                $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        | markup_braced_list_body markup_list {
-               $$ = scm_append_x (scm_list_2 (scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL), $1));
+               $$ = scm_reverse_x ($2, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 markup_command_list:
-       MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_EMPTY  {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
+       MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION markup_command_list_arguments {
+         $$ = scm_cons ($1, scm_reverse_x($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
-       | MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_LIST0 markup_list    {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
+       ;
+
+markup_command_basic_arguments:
+       EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST markup_command_list_arguments markup_list {
+         $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
-       | MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0 embedded_scm    {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
+       | EXPECT_SCM markup_command_list_arguments embedded_scm_closed {
+         $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0_LIST1 embedded_scm markup_list  {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 ($1, $2, $3);
+       | EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
+         $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | MARKUP_LIST_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_LIST2 embedded_scm embedded_scm markup_list        {
-               $$ = scm_list_4 ($1, $2, $3, $4);
+       ;
+
+markup_command_list_arguments:
+       markup_command_basic_arguments { $$ = $1; }
+       | EXPECT_MARKUP markup_command_list_arguments markup {
+         $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
        ;
 
 markup_head_1_item:
-       MARKUP_HEAD_MARKUP0     {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_MARKUP1 embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_MARKUP2 embedded_scm embedded_scm       {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 ($1, $2, $3);
+       MARKUP_FUNCTION EXPECT_MARKUP markup_command_list_arguments {
+         $$ = scm_cons ($1, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2407,54 +3582,28 @@ simple_markup:
        STRING {
                $$ = make_simple_markup ($1);
        }
-       | MARKUP_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | STRING_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
        | SCORE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
        } '{' score_body '}' {
-               Score * sc = $4;
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), sc->self_scm ());
-               sc->unprotect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0 embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_SCM2 embedded_scm embedded_scm embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_4 ($1, $2, $3, $4);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1 embedded_scm embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 ($1, $2, $3);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_MARKUP1_MARKUP2 embedded_scm markup markup {
-               $$ = scm_list_4 ($1, $2, $3, $4);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_SCM0_SCM1_MARKUP2_MARKUP3 embedded_scm embedded_scm markup markup {
-               $$ = scm_list_5 ($1, $2, $3, $4, $5);
+               unsmob_score ($4)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), $4);
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_EMPTY {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
-       }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_LIST0 markup_list {
-               $$ = scm_list_2 ($1,$2);
+       | MARKUP_FUNCTION markup_command_basic_arguments {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
-       | MARKUP_HEAD_MARKUP0_MARKUP1 markup markup {
-               $$ = scm_list_3 ($1, $2, $3);
+       | markup_scm MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
-       
+
 markup:
-       markup_head_1_list simple_markup        {
-               SCM mapper = ly_lily_module_constant ("map-markup-command-list");
-               $$ = scm_car (scm_call_2 (mapper, $1, scm_list_1 ($2)));
+       markup_head_1_list simple_markup
+       {
+               $$ = scm_car (MAKE_SYNTAX ("composed-markup-list",
+                                          @2, $1, scm_list_1 ($2)));
        }
        | simple_markup {
                $$ = $1;
@@ -2469,10 +3618,12 @@ Lily_parser::set_yydebug (bool x)
        yydebug = x;
 }
 
-void
+SCM
 Lily_parser::do_yyparse ()
 {
-       yyparse ((void*)this);
+        SCM retval = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+       yyparse (this, &retval);
+        return retval;
 }
 
 
@@ -2488,10 +3639,7 @@ otherwise, we have to import music classes into the lexer.
 int
 Lily_lexer::try_special_identifiers (SCM *destination, SCM sid)
 {
-       if (scm_is_string (sid)) {
-               *destination = sid;
-               return STRING_IDENTIFIER;
-       } else if (unsmob_book (sid)) {
+       if (unsmob_book (sid)) {
                Book *book =  unsmob_book (sid)->clone ();
                *destination = book->self_scm ();
                book->unprotect ();
@@ -2500,48 +3648,42 @@ Lily_lexer::try_special_identifiers (SCM *destination, SCM sid)
        } else if (scm_is_number (sid)) {
                *destination = sid;
                return NUMBER_IDENTIFIER;
-       } else if (unsmob_context_def (sid)) {
-               Context_def *def= unsmob_context_def (sid)->clone ();
+        } else if (unsmob_context_def (sid)) {
+                Context_def *def= unsmob_context_def (sid)->clone ();
 
-               *destination = def->self_scm ();
-               def->unprotect ();
-               
-               return CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER;
-       } else if (unsmob_score (sid)) {
-               Score *score = new Score (*unsmob_score (sid));
-               *destination = score->self_scm ();
+                *destination = def->self_scm ();
+                def->unprotect ();
+
+                return CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER;
+        } else if (unsmob_context_mod (sid)) {
+                *destination = unsmob_context_mod (sid)->smobbed_copy ();
 
-               score->unprotect ();
-               return SCORE_IDENTIFIER;
+                return CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (Music *mus = unsmob_music (sid)) {
                mus = mus->clone ();
                *destination = mus->self_scm ();
-               unsmob_music (*destination)->
-                       set_property ("origin", make_input (last_input_));
-
-               bool is_event = scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                       != SCM_BOOL_F;
-
+               bool is_event = mus->is_mus_type ("post-event");
                mus->unprotect ();
                return is_event ? EVENT_IDENTIFIER : MUSIC_IDENTIFIER;
+       } else if (unsmob_pitch (sid)) {
+               *destination = unsmob_pitch (sid)->smobbed_copy ();
+               return PITCH_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (unsmob_duration (sid)) {
                *destination = unsmob_duration (sid)->smobbed_copy ();
                return DURATION_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (unsmob_output_def (sid)) {
                Output_def *p = unsmob_output_def (sid);
                p = p->clone ();
-       
+
                *destination = p->self_scm ();
                p->unprotect ();
                return OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER;
-       } else if (Text_interface::is_markup (sid)) {
-               *destination = sid;
-               if (is_lyric_state ())
-                       return LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER;
-               return MARKUP_IDENTIFIER;
+       } else if (unsmob_score (sid)) {
+               *destination = unsmob_score (sid)->clone ()->unprotect ();
+               return SCM_IDENTIFIER;
        }
 
-       return -1;      
+       return -1;
 }
 
 SCM
@@ -2560,44 +3702,149 @@ get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ()
        return scm_from_locale_string (s);
 }
 
+// check_scheme_arg checks one argument with a given predicate for use
+// in an argument list and throws a syntax error if it is unusable.
+// The argument is prepended to the argument list in any case.  After
+// throwing a syntax error, the argument list is terminated with #f as
+// its last cdr in order to mark it as uncallable while not losing
+// track of its total length.
+//
+// There are a few special considerations: if optional argument disp
+// is given (otherwise it defaults to SCM_UNDEFINED), it will be used
+// instead of arg in a prospective error message.  This is useful if
+// arg is not the actual argument but rather a transformation of it.
+//
+// If arg itself is SCM_UNDEFINED, the predicate is considered false
+// and an error message using disp is produced unconditionally.
+
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
+                     SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred, SCM disp)
+{
+       if (SCM_UNBNDP (arg))
+               args = scm_cons (disp, args);
+       else {
+               args = scm_cons (arg, args);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, arg)))
+                       return args;
+       }
+       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_EOL);
+       MAKE_SYNTAX ("argument-error", loc, scm_length (args), pred,
+                    SCM_UNBNDP (disp) ? arg : disp);
+       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_BOOL_F);
+       return args;
+}
+
+SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg)
+{
+       if (Music *m = unsmob_music (arg))
+       {
+               m = m->clone ();
+               m->set_spot (loc);
+               return m->unprotect ();
+       }
+       return arg;
+}
 
 SCM
-run_music_function (Lily_parser *parser, SCM expr)
+try_string_variants (SCM pred, SCM str)
 {
-       SCM func = scm_car (expr);
-       Input *loc = unsmob_input (scm_cadr (expr));
-       SCM args = scm_cddr (expr);
-       SCM sig = scm_object_property (func, ly_symbol2scm ("music-function-signature"));
+       // a matching predicate is always ok
+       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, str)))
+               return str;
+       // a symbol may be interpreted as a list of symbols if it helps
+       if (scm_is_symbol (str)) {
+               str = scm_list_1 (str);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, str)))
+                       return str;
+               return SCM_UNDEFINED;
+       }
+
+       // If this cannot be a string representation of a symbol list,
+       // we are through.
+
+       if (!is_regular_identifier (str, true))
+               return SCM_UNDEFINED;
+
+       str = scm_string_split (str, SCM_MAKE_CHAR ('.'));
+       for (SCM p = str; scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p))
+               scm_set_car_x (p, scm_string_to_symbol (scm_car (p)));
 
-       SCM type_check_proc = ly_lily_module_constant ("type-check-list");
+       // Let's attempt the symbol list interpretation first.
 
-       if (!to_boolean (scm_call_3  (type_check_proc, scm_cadr (expr), sig, args)))
+       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, str)))
+               return str;
+
+       // If there is just one symbol in the list, we might interpret
+       // it as a single symbol
+
+       if (scm_is_null (scm_cdr (str)))
        {
-               parser->error_level_ = 1;
-               return LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("void-music"), scm_list_2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (*loc)));
+               str = scm_car (str);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, str)))
+                       return str;
        }
 
-       SCM syntax_args = scm_list_4 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (*loc), func, args);
-       return LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("music-function"), syntax_args);
+       return SCM_UNDEFINED;
 }
 
 bool
-is_regular_identifier (SCM id)
+is_regular_identifier (SCM id, bool multiple)
 {
+  if (!scm_is_string (id))
+         return false;
+
   string str = ly_scm2string (id);
-  char const *s = str.c_str ();
 
-  bool v = true;
-#if 0
-  isalpha (*s);
-  s++;
-#endif
-  while (*s && v)
-   {
-        v = v && isalnum (*s);
-        s++;
-   }
-  return v;
+  bool middle = false;
+
+  for (string::iterator it=str.begin(); it != str.end (); it++)
+  {
+         int c = *it & 0xff;
+         if ((c >= 'a' && c <= 'z')
+             || (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z')
+             || c > 0x7f)
+                 middle = true;
+         else if (middle && (c == '-' || c == '_' || (multiple && c == '.')))
+                 middle = false;
+         else
+                 return false;
+  }
+  return middle;
+}
+
+SCM
+make_music_from_simple (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc, SCM simple)
+{
+       if (unsmob_music (simple))
+               return simple;
+       if (parser->lexer_->is_note_state ()) {
+               if (scm_is_symbol (simple)) {
+                       Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", loc);
+                       n->set_property ("duration", parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                       n->set_property ("drum-type", simple);
+                       return n->unprotect ();
+               }
+               if (unsmob_pitch (simple)) {
+                       Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", loc);
+                       n->set_property ("duration", parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                       n->set_property ("pitch", simple);
+                       return n->unprotect ();
+               }
+               return simple;
+       } else if (parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ()) {
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup (simple))
+                       return MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", loc, simple,
+                                           parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+       } else if (parser->lexer_->is_chord_state ()) {
+               if (unsmob_pitch (simple))
+                       return MAKE_SYNTAX
+                               ("event-chord",
+                                loc,
+                                make_chord_elements (loc, simple,
+                                                     parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy (),
+                                                     SCM_EOL));
+       }
+       return simple;
 }
 
 Music *
@@ -2608,42 +3855,27 @@ make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where)
        return m;
 }
 
-SCM
-get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m)
-{
-       SCM id = m->get_property ("context-id");
-       if (SCM_BOOL_T == scm_equal_p (m->get_property ("context-type"), type)
-           && scm_is_string (m->get_property ("context-id"))
-           && scm_c_string_length (id) > 0)
-       {
-               return id;
-       }
-       return SCM_EOL;
-}
-
 SCM
 make_simple_markup (SCM a)
 {
        return a;
 }
 
-bool
-is_duration (int t)
-{
-  return t && t == 1 << intlog2 (t);
-}
-
-void
-set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a)
+SCM
+make_duration (SCM d, int dots)
 {
-  for (SCM k = a; scm_is_pair (k); k = scm_cdr (k))
-       p->set_property (scm_caar (k), scm_cdar (k));
+       int t = scm_to_int (d);
+       if (t > 0 && (t & (t-1)) == 0)
+               return Duration (intlog2 (t), dots).smobbed_copy ();
+       else
+               return SCM_UNDEFINED;
 }
 
-
 SCM
-make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter)
+make_chord_step (SCM step_scm, Rational alter)
 {
+        int step = scm_to_int (step_scm);
+
        if (step == 7)
                alter += FLAT_ALTERATION;
 
@@ -2655,42 +3887,24 @@ make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter)
 
 
 SCM
-make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list)
+make_chord_elements (Input loc, SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list)
 {
        SCM chord_ctor = ly_lily_module_constant ("construct-chord-elements");
-       return scm_call_3 (chord_ctor, pitch, dur, modification_list);
-}
-
-
-/* Todo: actually also use apply iso. call too ...  */
-bool
-ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x)
-{
-       return ly_is_procedure (x)
-               || (scm_is_pair (x) && ly_is_procedure (scm_car (x)));
-}
-
-SCM
-make_music_relative (Pitch start, SCM music, Input loc)
-{
-       Music *relative = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RelativeOctaveMusic", loc);
-       relative->set_property ("element", music);
-       
-       Music *m = unsmob_music (music);
-       Pitch last = m->to_relative_octave (start);
-       if (lily_1_8_relative)
-               m->set_property ("last-pitch", last.smobbed_copy ());
-       return relative->unprotect ();
+       SCM res = scm_call_3 (chord_ctor, pitch, dur, modification_list);
+       for (SCM s = res; scm_is_pair (s); s = scm_cdr (s))
+       {
+               unsmob_music (scm_car (s))->set_spot (loc);
+       }
+       return res;
 }
 
 int
-yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v)
+yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser)
 {
-       Lily_parser *pars = (Lily_parser*) v;
-       Lily_lexer *lex = pars->lexer_;
+       Lily_lexer *lex = parser->lexer_;
 
-       lex->lexval = (void*) s;
-       lex->lexloc = loc;
+       lex->lexval_ = s;
+       lex->lexloc_ = loc;
        lex->prepare_for_next_token ();
        return lex->yylex ();
 }