+++ /dev/null
-@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
-@ignore
- Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
-
- When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
- version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
-@end ignore
-
-@c \version "2.12.0"
-
-@node Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
-@section Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
-
-@lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
-
-This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are
-unique to keyboard instruments and other instruments notated on
-many staves, such as harps and vibraphones. For the purposes of
-this section this entire group of multi-staff instruments is called
-@qq{keyboards} for short, even though some of them do not have a
-keyboard.
-
-@menu
-* Common notation for keyboards::
-* Piano::
-* Accordion::
-* Harp::
-@end menu
-
-@node Common notation for keyboards
-@subsection Common notation for keyboards
-
-This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most
-keyboard instruments.
-
-@menu
-* References for keyboards::
-* Changing staff manually::
-* Changing staff automatically::
-* Staff-change lines::
-* Cross-staff stems::
-@end menu
-
-@node References for keyboards
-@unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
-
-@cindex piano staves
-@cindex staves, piano
-@cindex staves, keyboard instruments
-@cindex staves, keyed instruments
-@cindex keyboard instrument staves
-@cindex keyed instrument staves
-
-@funindex PianoStaff
-
-Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
-are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
-notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
-Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
-@code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
-
-The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
-sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
-section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
-music.
-
-Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
-number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
-@ref{Collision resolution}.
-
-@item Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in
-@ref{Writing music in parallel}.
-
-@item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}.
-
-@item Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
-@ref{List of articulations}.
-
-@item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
-
-@item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
-as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
-@ref{Ties}.
-
-@item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
-covered in @ref{Arpeggio}.
-
-@item Tremolo marks are described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-@item Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
-demonstrated in @rlearning{Real music example}.
-
-@item Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices,
-as shown in @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@c @snippets
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-@c {forcing-visibility-of-systems-with-multi-bar-rests-when-using-\RemoveEmptyStaffContext.ly}
-@c http://lsr.dsi.unimi.it/LSR/Item?u=1&id=312
-
-@seealso
-Learning Manual:
-@rlearning{Real music example},
-@rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
-
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Grouping staves},
-@ref{Instrument names},
-@ref{Collision resolution},
-@ref{Writing music in parallel},
-@ref{Fingering instructions},
-@ref{List of articulations},
-@ref{Grid lines},
-@ref{Ties},
-@ref{Arpeggio},
-@ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-
-@knownissues
-
-@cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
-@cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
-@cindex piano music, centering dynamics
-@cindex centered dynamics in piano music
-@funindex staff-padding
-
-Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
-option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
-@rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
-@code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
-objects}.
-
-@node Changing staff manually
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually
-
-@cindex changing staff manually
-@cindex manual staff changes
-@cindex staff changes, manual
-@cindex cross-staff notes
-@cindex notes, cross-staff
-@cindex cross-staff beams
-@cindex beams, cross-staff
-
-@funindex \change
-@funindex change
-
-Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
-
-@example
-\change Staff = @var{staffname}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
-the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
-@var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
-@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
-
-Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff = "up" {
- <e' c'>8
- \change Staff = "down"
- g8 fis g
- \change Staff = "up"
- <g'' c''>8
- \change Staff = "down"
- e8 dis e
- \change Staff = "up"
- }
- \new Staff = "down" {
- \clef bass
- % keep staff alive
- s1
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem
-directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the
-center of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple
-example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
-notation}.
-
-
-@seealso
-Learning Manual:
-@rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
-
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Stems},
-@ref{Automatic beams}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Beam},
-@rinternals{ContextChange}.
-
-
-@node Changing staff automatically
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically
-
-@cindex changing staff automatically
-@cindex automatic staff changes
-@cindex staff changes, automatic
-
-@funindex \autochange
-@funindex autochange
-@funindex PianoStaff
-
-Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
-bottom staff. The syntax for this is
-
-@example
-\autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-This will create two staves inside the current staff group
-(usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
-@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
-The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
-turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
-in advance.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
-\new PianoStaff {
- \autochange {
- g4 a b c'
- d'4 r a g
- }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@cindex relative music and autochange
-@cindex autochange and relative music
-
-@funindex \relative
-@funindex relative
-
-A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
-has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
-@code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
-
-If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
-can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
-@code{"down"}. The @code{\autochange} command will then switch
-its voice between the existing staves.
-
-@warning{If staves are created manually, they @emph{must} be named
-@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}.}
-
-For example, staves must be created manually in order to place a
-key signature in the lower staff:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
-\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff = "up" {
- \new Voice = "melOne" {
- \key g \major
- \autochange \relative c' {
- g8 b a c b d c e
- d8 r fis, g a2
- }
- }
- }
- \new Staff = "down" {
- \key g \major
- \clef bass
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Changing staff manually}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.
-
-
-@knownissues
-
-@cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
-
-The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
-quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
-
-Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
-staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
-
-@node Staff-change lines
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
-
-@cindex staff-change line
-@cindex staff change line
-@cindex cross-staff line
-@cindex cross staff line
-@cindex line, staff-change follower
-@cindex line, cross-staff
-@cindex line, staff-change
-@cindex follow voice
-@cindex voice, following
-@cindex staff switching
-@cindex cross-staff
-
-@funindex followVoice
-@funindex \showStaffSwitch
-@funindex showStaffSwitch
-@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
-@funindex hideStaffSwitch
-
-Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
-notes can be printed automatically:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff = "one" {
- \showStaffSwitch
- c1
- \change Staff = "two"
- b2 a
- }
- \new Staff = "two" {
- \clef bass
- s1*2
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@predefined
-@code{\showStaffSwitch},
-@code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
-@endpredefined
-
-
-@seealso
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
-@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
-
-
-@node Cross-staff stems
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems
-
-@cindex cross-staff notes
-@cindex cross staff notes
-@cindex notes, cross-staff
-@cindex cross-staff stems
-@cindex cross staff stems
-@cindex stems, cross-staff
-@cindex chords, cross-staff
-@cindex cross-staff chords
-@cindex cross staff chords
-
-@funindex Stem
-@funindex cross-staff
-@funindex length
-@funindex flag-style
-
-Chords that cross staves may be produced:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff {
- \relative c' {
- f8 e4 d8 d f e4
- }
- }
- \new Staff {
- \relative c' {
- << {
- \clef bass
- % stems may overlap the other staff
- \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
- % extend the stems to reach other other staff
- \override Stem #'length = #12
- % do not print extra flags
- \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
- % prevent beaming as needed
- a8 g4 f8 f bes\noBeam g4
- }
- \\
- {
- f,2 bes4 c
- } >>
- }
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
-
-
-@seealso
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Stem}.
-
-
-@node Piano
-@subsection Piano
-
-This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
-piano.
-
-@menu
-* Piano pedals::
-@end menu
-
-@node Piano pedals
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
-
-@cindex piano pedals
-@cindex pedals, piano
-@cindex sustain pedal
-@cindex pedal, sustain
-@cindex sostenuto pedal
-@cindex pedal, sostenuto
-@cindex una corda
-@cindex tre corde
-@cindex sos.
-@cindex U.C.
-
-@funindex \sustainOn
-@funindex sustainOn
-@funindex \sustainOff
-@funindex sustainOff
-@funindex \sostenutoOn
-@funindex sostenutoOn
-@funindex \sostenutoOff
-@funindex sostenutoOff
-@funindex \unaCorda
-@funindex unaCorda
-@funindex \treCorde
-@funindex treCorde
-
-Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
-produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
-(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
-Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4\sustainOn d e g
-<c, f a>1\sustainOff
-c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
-<bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
-c4\unaCorda d e g
-<d fis a>1\treCorde
-@end lilypond
-
-@cindex pedal indication styles
-@cindex pedal indication, text
-@cindex pedal indication, bracket
-@cindex pedal indication, mixed
-@cindex pedal sustain style
-@cindex sustain pedal style
-
-@funindex pedalSustainStyle
-@funindex mixed
-@funindex bracket
-@funindex text
-
-There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
-The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
-while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
-c4\sustainOn g c d
-d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
-c4\sustainOn g c d
-d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
-\bar "|."
-@end lilypond
-
-The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
-sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line
-is indicated by omitting the final pedal up command.
-
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Ties}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{SustainPedal},
-@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
-@rinternals{SustainEvent},
-@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
-@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
-@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
-@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
-@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
-@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
-@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
-@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
-
-
-@node Accordion
-@subsection Accordion
-
-@cindex accordion
-
-This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
-
-@menu
-* Discant symbols::
-@end menu
-
-@node Discant symbols
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
-
-@cindex accordion discant symbols
-@cindex discant symbols, accordion
-@cindex accordion shifts
-@cindex accordion shift symbols
-
-Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
-in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
-Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
-select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
-@notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
-come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
-
-@snippets
-
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
-
-
-@seealso
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-
-
-@node Harp
-@subsection Harp
-
-This section discusses notation issues that are unique to the harp.
-
-@menu
-* References for harps::
-* Harp pedals::
-@end menu
-
-@node References for harps
-@unnumberedsubsubsec References for harps
-@cindex harps
-@cindex bisbiglando
-
-Some common characteristics of harp music are covered elsewhere:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item The glissando is the most characterisic harp technique,
-@ref{Glissando}.
-
-@item A @notation{bisbigliando} is written as a tremelo @ref{Tremolo
-repeats}
-
-@item Natural harmonics are covered under @ref{Harmonics}.
-
-@item For directional arpeggios and non-arpeggios, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Tremolo repeats}
-@ref{Glissando}
-@ref{Arpeggio}
-@ref{Harmonics}
-
-@node Harp pedals
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Harp pedals
-
-@cindex harp pedals
-@cindex harp pedal diagrams
-@cindex pedals, harp
-@cindex pedal diagrams, harp
-
-Harps have seven strings per octave that may be sounded at the natural,
-flattened, or sharpened pitch. In lever harps, each string is adjusted
-individually, but in pedal harps every string with the same pitch name
-is controlled by a single pedal. From the player's left to right, the
-pedals are D, C, and B on the left and E, F, G, and A on the right.
-The position of the pedals may be indicated with text marks:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\textLengthOn
-cis1_\markup \concat \vcenter { [D \flat C \sharp B|E \sharp F \sharp G A \flat] }
-c!1_\markup \concat \vcenter {[ C \natural ]}
-@end lilypond
-
-or pedal diagrams:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\textLengthOn
-cis1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^v-|vv-^" }
-c!1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^o--|vv-^" }
-@end lilypond
-
-The @code{\harp-pedal} command accepts a string of characters, where
-@code{^} is the highest pedal position (flattened pitch), @code{-} is
-the middle pedal postion (natural pitch), @code{v} is the lowest pedal
-position (sharpened pitch), and @code{|} is the divider. A prefixed
-@code{o} will circle the following pedal symbol.
-
-@seealso
-Notation Reference:
-@ref{Text scripts}
-@ref{Instrument Specific Markup}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff