1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
6 version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
11 @node Unfretted string instruments
12 @section Unfretted string instruments
15 {unfretted-headword.ly}
17 @cindex orchestral strings
18 @cindex strings, writing for
20 This section provides information and references which are helpful
21 when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
25 * Common notation for unfretted strings::
28 @node Common notation for unfretted strings
29 @subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
31 There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
32 instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
33 usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
34 be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
37 * References for unfretted strings::
38 * Bowing indications::
40 * Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
43 @node References for unfretted strings
44 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
46 Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
47 and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
51 @item Texual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
52 added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
54 @item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
55 in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
57 @item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
58 see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
59 added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
61 @item A template for a string quartet can be found in
62 @rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets.
68 @rlearning{String quartet}.
72 @ref{Fingering instructions},
77 @rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
79 @node Bowing indications
80 @unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
86 @cindex bowing indications
87 @cindex up bow indication
88 @cindex down bow indication
89 @cindex open string indication
90 @cindex string, indicating open
92 Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
93 described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
95 The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
96 with slurs as follows:
98 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
99 c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
103 and the following example shows three ways in which an open A
104 string on a violin might be indicated:
106 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 a^\markup { \teeny "II" }
109 a2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
120 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
124 @unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
128 @strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
130 @cindex natural harmonics
131 @cindex harmonics, natural
133 Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
134 note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
135 the note if it were not a diamond.
137 @warning{Harmonics @strong{must} be defined inside a chord
138 construct even if there is only a single note.}
140 @c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
141 Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
142 dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
145 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
146 <d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
147 \set harmonicDots = ##t
148 <d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
151 Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
152 sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
153 played as a harmonic:
155 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
156 d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
159 A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
160 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
162 @strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
164 @cindex artificial harmonics
165 @cindex harmonics, artifical
167 Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
168 note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
169 diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
171 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
172 <e a\harmonic>2 <c g'\harmonic>
180 @ref{Special note heads},
181 @ref{References for unfretted strings}.
183 @node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
184 @unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
186 @cindex pizzicato, Bartók
187 @cindex pizzicato, snap
188 @cindex Bartók pizzicato
189 @cindex snap pizzicato
193 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
194 {snap-pizzicato-markup-bartok-pizzicato.ly}