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11 @node Keyboard and other many-stringed instruments
12 @section Keyboard and other many-stringed instruments
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
16 This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are unique
17 to keyboard instruments and other instruments with many strings, such as
21 * Common notation for keyboards::
27 @node Common notation for keyboards
28 @subsection Common notation for keyboards
30 This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most
31 many-stringed instruments.
34 * References for keyboards::
35 * Changing staff manually::
36 * Changing staff automatically::
37 * Staff-change lines::
41 @node References for keyboards
42 @unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
46 @cindex staves, keyboard instruments
47 @cindex staves, keyed instruments
48 @cindex keyboard instrument staves
49 @cindex keyed instrument staves
53 Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
54 are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
55 notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
56 Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
57 @code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
59 The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
60 sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
61 section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
64 Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
68 @item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
69 number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
70 @ref{Collision resolution}.
72 @item Keyboard music can be written in parallel, as described in
73 @ref{Writing music in parallel}.
75 @item Fingerings are indicated with @ref{Fingering instructions}.
77 @item Organ pedal indications are inserted as articulations, see
78 @ref{List of articulations}.
80 @item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
82 @item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
83 as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
86 @item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
87 covered in @ref{Arpeggio}.
89 @item Tremolo marks are described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
91 @item Several of the tweaks that can occur in keyboard music are
92 demonstrated in @rlearning{Real music example}.
94 @item Hidden notes can be used to produce ties that cross voices,
95 as shown in @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
102 @rlearning{Real music example},
103 @rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
106 @ref{Grouping staves},
107 @ref{Instrument names},
108 @ref{Collision resolution},
109 @ref{Writing music in parallel},
110 @ref{Fingering instructions},
111 @ref{List of articulations},
115 @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
118 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
125 @cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
126 @cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
127 @cindex piano music, centering dynamics
128 @cindex centered dynamics in piano music
129 @funindex staff-padding
131 Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
132 option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
133 @rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
134 @code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
137 @node Changing staff manually
138 @unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually
140 @cindex changing staff manually
141 @cindex manual staff changes
142 @cindex staff changes, manual
143 @cindex cross-staff notes
144 @cindex notes, cross-staff
145 @cindex cross-staff beams
146 @cindex beams, cross-staff
151 Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
154 \change Staff = @var{staffname}
158 The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
159 the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
160 @var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
161 @code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
163 Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
165 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
169 \change Staff = "down"
173 \change Staff = "down"
177 \new Staff = "down" {
185 If the beaming needs to be tweaked, make any changes to the stem
186 directions first. The beam positions are then measured from the
187 center of the staff that is closest to the beam. For a simple
188 example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
194 @rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
198 @ref{Automatic beams}.
205 @rinternals{ContextChange}.
208 @node Changing staff automatically
209 @unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically
211 @cindex changing staff automatically
212 @cindex automatic staff changes
213 @cindex staff changes, automatic
215 @funindex \autochange
219 Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
220 bottom staff. The syntax for this is
223 \autochange @dots{}@var{music}@dots{}
227 This will create two staves inside the current staff group
228 (usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
229 @code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
230 The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
231 turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
234 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
243 @cindex relative music and autochange
244 @cindex autochange and relative music
249 A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
250 has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
251 @code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
253 If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
254 can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
255 @code{"down"}. The @code{\autochange} command will then switch
256 its voice between the existing staves. For example, this is
257 necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
259 @lilypond[quote,verbatim]
262 \new Voice = "melOne" {
264 \autochange \relative c' {
270 \new Staff = "down" {
280 @ref{Changing staff manually}.
286 @rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.
290 @cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
292 The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
293 quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
295 Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
296 staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
298 @node Staff-change lines
299 @unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
301 @cindex staff-change line
302 @cindex staff change line
303 @cindex cross-staff line
304 @cindex cross staff line
305 @cindex line, staff-change follower
306 @cindex line, cross-staff
307 @cindex line, staff-change
309 @cindex voice, following
310 @cindex staff switching
313 @funindex followVoice
314 @funindex \showStaffSwitch
315 @funindex showStaffSwitch
316 @funindex \hideStaffSwitch
317 @funindex hideStaffSwitch
319 Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
320 notes can be printed automatically:
322 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
327 \change Staff = "two"
339 @code{\showStaffSwitch}, @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
347 @rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
348 @rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
351 @node Cross-staff stems
352 @unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems
354 @cindex cross-staff notes
355 @cindex cross staff notes
356 @cindex notes, cross-staff
357 @cindex cross-staff stems
358 @cindex cross staff stems
359 @cindex stems, cross-staff
360 @cindex chords, cross-staff
361 @cindex cross-staff chords
362 @cindex cross staff chords
365 @funindex cross-staff
369 Chords that cross staves may be produced:
371 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
382 % stems may overlap the other staff
383 \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
384 % extend the stems to reach other other staff
385 \override Stem #'length = #12
386 % do not print extra flags
387 \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
388 % prevent beaming as needed
389 a8 g4 f8 f bes\noBeam g4
401 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
402 {indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
415 This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
423 @unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
426 @cindex pedals, piano
427 @cindex sustain pedal
428 @cindex pedal, sustain
429 @cindex sostenuto pedal
430 @cindex pedal, sostenuto
438 @funindex \sustainOff
440 @funindex \sostenutoOn
441 @funindex sostenutoOn
442 @funindex \sostenutoOff
443 @funindex sostenutoOff
449 Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
450 produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
451 (@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
452 Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
454 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
457 c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
458 <bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
463 @cindex pedal indication styles
464 @cindex pedal indication, text
465 @cindex pedal indication, bracket
466 @cindex pedal indication, mixed
467 @cindex pedal sustain style
468 @cindex sustain pedal style
470 @funindex pedalSustainStyle
475 There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
476 The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
477 while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
479 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
480 c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
481 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
483 d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
484 \set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
486 d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
490 The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
491 sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line
492 is indicated by omitting the final pedal up command.
503 @rinternals{SustainPedal},
504 @rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
505 @rinternals{SustainEvent},
506 @rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
507 @rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
508 @rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
509 @rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
510 @rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
511 @rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
512 @rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
513 @rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
516 @subsection Accordion
520 This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
526 @node Discant symbols
527 @unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
529 @cindex accordion discant symbols
530 @cindex discant symbols, accordion
531 @cindex accordion shifts
532 @cindex accordion shift symbols
534 Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
535 in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
536 Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
537 select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
538 @notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
539 come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
543 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
544 {accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
560 - tremolo (for bisbigliando)
562 - directional arpeggio and non-arpeggio
563 - workaroung for keeping both staves visible in an orchestral
565 http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/lilypond-user/2007-08/msg00386.html
566 and http://lsr.dsi.unimi.it/LSR/Item?u=1&id=312
568 An LSR snippet could be used to demonstrate the main items; in the
569 case of glissandi, it would be desirable to have a demonstration