1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
132 @ref{Direction and placement},
133 @ref{List of articulations},
137 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
140 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
144 @rinternals{TextScript}.
148 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
150 @cindex absolute dynamics
152 @cindex dynamics, absolute
191 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
192 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
193 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
194 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
195 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
196 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
197 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
198 @ref{Direction and placement}.
200 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
219 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
220 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
221 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
222 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
223 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
224 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
225 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
228 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
238 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
240 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
241 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
243 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
245 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
248 @cindex espressivo articulation
250 @funindex \espressivo
253 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
254 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
257 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
263 @funindex \crescTextCresc
264 @funindex crescTextCresc
265 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
266 @funindex dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex \dimTextDecr
268 @funindex dimTextDecr
269 @funindex \dimTextDim
271 @funindex \crescHairpin
272 @funindex crescHairpin
273 @funindex \dimHairpin
276 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
277 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
278 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
279 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
280 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
281 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
284 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
296 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
297 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
299 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
300 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
302 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
305 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
306 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
309 @funindex \dynamicDown
310 @funindex dynamicDown
311 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
312 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
330 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
331 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
333 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
334 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
339 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
340 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
342 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
343 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
345 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
346 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
348 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
349 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function. The dynamic font only
423 contains the characters @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}.
425 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
426 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
432 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as
433 its argument. In the following example, using
434 @code{make-dynamic-script} ensures the vertical alignment of
435 markup objects and hairpins that are attached to the same note
438 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
439 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
440 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
442 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
443 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
444 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
445 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
447 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
452 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
453 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
455 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
456 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
457 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
465 Font settings in markup mode are described in
466 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
472 @ref{Formatting text},
473 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
474 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
475 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
476 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
479 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
485 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
486 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
497 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
501 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
503 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
509 @cindex slurs, manual placement
510 @cindex slurs, below notes
511 @cindex slurs, above notes
514 @funindex \slurNeutral
515 @funindex slurNeutral
517 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
518 @ref{Direction and placement}.
520 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
528 @cindex phrasing slur
529 @cindex multiple slurs
530 @cindex simultaneous slurs
531 @cindex slur, phrasing
532 @cindex slurs, multiple
533 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
535 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
536 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
537 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
550 @funindex \slurDashed
552 @funindex \slurDotted
557 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
560 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
585 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
586 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
595 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
598 @ref{Direction and placement},
599 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
602 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
609 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
611 @cindex phrasing slurs
612 @cindex phrasing marks
613 @cindex slur, phrasing
614 @cindex mark, phrasing
618 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
619 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
620 @code{\)} respectively:
622 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
627 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
628 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
629 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
630 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
631 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
632 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
634 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
635 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
636 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
637 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
638 @ref{Direction and placement}.
640 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
641 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
643 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
646 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
647 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
648 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
649 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
650 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
651 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
653 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
658 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
659 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
660 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral}.
666 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
669 @ref{Direction and placement}.
672 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
675 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
679 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
686 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
688 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
692 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
693 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
698 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
699 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
702 @cindex railroad tracks
704 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
705 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
717 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
720 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
723 @node Falls and doits
724 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
731 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
732 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
733 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
734 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
735 @emph{beyond} the main note.
737 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
744 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
745 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
750 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
751 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
761 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
767 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
768 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
777 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
783 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
786 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
791 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
796 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
797 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
809 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
812 @rinternals{Glissando}.
817 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
822 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
826 @cindex chord, broken
830 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
831 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
832 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
833 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
834 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
835 @funindex arpeggioNormal
837 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
838 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
840 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
844 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
845 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
847 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
857 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
858 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
860 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
861 @funindex arpeggioBracket
862 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
863 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
865 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
867 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
877 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
878 information, see @ref{Ties}.
883 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
884 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
885 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
886 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
887 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
892 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
893 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
895 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
896 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
898 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
899 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
911 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
914 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
915 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
920 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
921 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
922 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
924 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
925 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
928 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
929 cross-staff arpeggios.
933 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
939 @funindex \startTrillSpan
940 @funindex startTrillSpan
941 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
942 @funindex stopTrillSpan
944 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
945 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
947 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
948 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
950 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
956 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
957 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
958 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
960 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
962 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
966 @cindex pitched trills
967 @cindex trills, pitched
968 @funindex \pitchedTrill
969 @funindex pitchedTrill
971 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
972 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
973 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
974 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
976 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
977 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
981 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
982 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
983 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
985 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
986 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
987 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
988 The second measure illustrates this method:
990 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
991 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
993 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
995 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
997 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1004 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1005 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1014 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1018 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1020 Internals Reference:
1021 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.