1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
5 When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
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11 @node Expressive marks
12 @section Expressive marks
14 @lilypondfile[quote]{expressive-headword.ly}
16 This section lists various expressive marks that can be
26 @node Attached to notes
27 @subsection Attached to notes
29 This section explains how to create expressive marks that are
30 attached to notes: articulations, ornamentations, and dynamics.
31 Methods to create new dynamic markings are also discussed.
34 * Articulations and ornamentations::
39 @node Articulations and ornamentations
40 @unnumberedsubsubsec Articulations and ornamentations
51 @cindex organ pedal marks
52 @cindex pedal marks, organ
72 A variety of symbols that denote articulations, ornamentations,
73 and other performance indications can be attached to a note using
80 The possible values for @var{name} are listed in @ref{List of
81 articulations}. For example:
83 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
84 c4\staccato c\mordent b2\turn
95 Some of these articulations have shorthands for easier entry.
96 Shorthands are appended to the note name, and their syntax
97 consists of a dash @code{-} followed by a symbol signifying the
98 articulation. Predefined shorthands exist for @notation{marcato},
99 @notation{stopped}, @notation{tenuto}, @notation{staccatissimo},
100 @notation{accent}, @notation{staccato}, and @notation{portato}.
101 Their corresponding output appears as follows:
103 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
108 The rules for the default placement of articulations are defined
109 in @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}. Articulations and ornamentations
110 may be manually placed above or below the staff, see
111 @ref{Direction and placement}.
116 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
117 {modifying-default-values-for-articulation-shorthand-notation.ly}
119 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
120 {controlling-the-vertical-ordering-of-scripts.ly}
122 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
123 {creating-a-delayed-turn.ly}
133 @ref{Direction and placement},
134 @ref{List of articulations},
138 @file{scm/@/script@/.scm}.
141 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
145 @rinternals{TextScript}.
149 @unnumberedsubsubsec Dynamics
151 @cindex absolute dynamics
153 @cindex dynamics, absolute
192 Absolute dynamic marks are specified using a command after a note,
193 such as @code{c4\ff}. The available dynamic marks are
194 @code{\ppppp}, @code{\pppp}, @code{\ppp}, @code{\pp}, @code{\p},
195 @code{\mp}, @code{\mf}, @code{\f}, @code{\ff}, @code{\fff},
196 @code{\ffff}, @code{\fp}, @code{\sf}, @code{\sff}, @code{\sp},
197 @code{\spp}, @code{\sfz}, and @code{\rfz}. The dynamic marks may
198 be manually placed above or below the staff, see
199 @ref{Direction and placement}.
201 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
220 A @notation{crescendo} mark is started with @code{\<} and
221 terminated with @code{\!}, an absolute dynamic, or an additional
222 crescendo or decrescendo mark. A @notation{decrescendo} mark is
223 started with @code{\>} and is also terminated with @code{\!}, an
224 absolute dynamic, or another crescendo or decrescendo mark.
225 @code{\cr} and @code{\decr} may be used instead of @code{\<} and
226 @code{\>}. @notation{Hairpins} are engraved by default using this
229 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
239 Spacer rests are needed to engrave multiple marks on one note.
241 @cindex multiple dynamic marks on one note
242 @cindex dynamic marks, multiple on one note
244 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
246 << f1 { s4 s4\< s4\> s4\! } >>
249 @cindex espressivo articulation
251 @funindex \espressivo
254 In some situations the @code{\espressivo} articulation mark may be
255 the appropriate choice to indicate a crescendo and decrescendo on
258 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
264 @funindex \crescTextCresc
265 @funindex crescTextCresc
266 @funindex \dimTextDecresc
267 @funindex dimTextDecresc
268 @funindex \dimTextDecr
269 @funindex dimTextDecr
270 @funindex \dimTextDim
272 @funindex \crescHairpin
273 @funindex crescHairpin
274 @funindex \dimHairpin
277 Crescendos and decrescendos can be engraved as textual markings
278 instead of hairpins. Dashed lines are printed to indicate their
279 extent. The built-in commands that enable these text modes are
280 @code{\crescTextCresc}, @code{\dimTextDecresc},
281 @code{\dimTextDecr}, and @code{\dimTextDim}. The corresponding
282 @code{\crescHairpin} and @code{\dimHairpin} commands will revert
285 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
297 To create new absolute dynamic marks or text that should be
298 aligned with dynamics, see @ref{New dynamic marks}.
300 @cindex dynamics, vertical positioning
301 @cindex vertical positioning of dynamics
303 @funindex DynamicLineSpanner
306 Vertical positioning of dynamics is handled by
307 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
310 @funindex \dynamicDown
311 @funindex dynamicDown
312 @funindex \dynamicNeutral
313 @funindex dynamicNeutral
319 @code{\dynamicNeutral},
320 @code{\crescTextCresc},
323 @code{\dimTextDecresc},
324 @code{\crescHairpin},
331 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
332 {setting-hairpin-behavior-at-bar-lines.ly}
334 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
335 {setting-the-minimum-length-of-hairpins.ly}
340 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
341 {printing-hairpins-using-al-niente-notation.ly}
343 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
344 {vertically-aligned-dynamics-and-textscripts.ly}
346 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
347 {hiding-the-extender-line-for-text-dynamics.ly}
349 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
350 {changing-text-and-spanner-styles-for-text-dynamics.ly}
361 @rlearning{Articulation and dynamics}.
364 @ref{Direction and placement},
365 @ref{New dynamic marks},
366 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
367 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
370 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
373 @rinternals{DynamicText},
374 @rinternals{Hairpin},
375 @rinternals{DynamicLineSpanner}.
378 @node New dynamic marks
379 @unnumberedsubsubsec New dynamic marks
381 @cindex new dynamic marks
382 @cindex dynamic marks, new
384 The easiest way to create dynamic indications is to use
385 @code{\markup} objects.
387 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
388 moltoF = \markup { molto \dynamic f }
391 <d e>16_\moltoF <d e>
396 @cindex dynamics, editorial
397 @cindex dynamics, parenthesis
398 @cindex editorial dynamics
404 In markup mode, editorial dynamics (within parentheses or square
405 brackets) can be created. The syntax for markup mode is described
406 in @ref{Formatting text}.
408 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
409 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat { \bold { \italic ( }
410 \dynamic f \bold { \italic ) } } }
411 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
418 @cindex make-dynamic-script
419 @funindex make-dynamic-script
421 Simple, centered dynamic marks are easily created with the
422 @code{make-dynamic-script} function.
424 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
425 sfzp = #(make-dynamic-script "sfzp")
431 In general, @code{make-dynamic-script} takes any markup object as its
432 argument. The dynamic font only contains the characters
433 @code{f,m,p,r,s} and @code{z}, so if a dynamic mark that includes
434 plain text or punctuation symbols is desired, markup commands that
435 reverts font family and font encoding to normal text should be used,
436 for example @code{\normal-text}. The interest of using
437 @code{make-dynamic-script} instead of an ordinary markup is ensuring
438 the vertical alignment of markup objects and hairpins that are
439 attached to the same note head.
441 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
442 roundF = \markup { \center-align \concat {
443 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ( } }
445 \normal-text { \bold { \italic ) } } } }
446 boxF = \markup { \bracket { \dynamic f } }
447 mfEspress = \markup { \center-align \line {
448 \hspace #3.7 mf \normal-text \italic espress. } }
449 roundFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script roundF)
450 boxFdynamic = #(make-dynamic-script boxF)
451 mfEspressDynamic = #(make-dynamic-script mfEspress)
453 c4_\roundFdynamic\< d e f
461 The Scheme form of markup mode may be used instead. Its syntax is
462 explained in @ref{Markup construction in Scheme}.
464 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
465 moltoF = #(make-dynamic-script
466 (markup #:normal-text "molto"
474 Font settings in markup mode are described in
475 @ref{Selecting font and font size}.
480 @ref{Formatting text},
481 @ref{Selecting font and font size},
482 @ref{Markup construction in Scheme},
483 @ref{What goes into the MIDI output?},
484 @ref{Controlling MIDI dynamics}.
487 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
493 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
494 are curved: normal slurs, phrasing slurs, breath marks, falls, and
505 @unnumberedsubsubsec Slurs
509 @notation{Slurs} are entered using parentheses:
511 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
517 @cindex slurs, manual placement
518 @cindex slurs, below notes
519 @cindex slurs, above notes
522 @funindex \slurNeutral
523 @funindex slurNeutral
525 Slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
526 @ref{Direction and placement}.
528 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
536 @cindex phrasing slur
537 @cindex multiple slurs
538 @cindex simultaneous slurs
539 @cindex slur, phrasing
540 @cindex slurs, multiple
541 @cindex slurs, simultaneous
543 Simultaneous or overlapping slurs are not permitted, but a phrasing
544 slur can overlap a slur. This permits two slurs to be printed at
545 once. For details, see @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
558 @funindex \slurDashed
560 @funindex \slurDotted
565 Slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default slur
568 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
594 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
595 {using-double-slurs-for-legato-chords.ly}
597 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
598 {positioning-text-markups-inside-slurs.ly}
605 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
608 @ref{Direction and placement},
609 @ref{Phrasing slurs}.
612 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
619 @unnumberedsubsubsec Phrasing slurs
621 @cindex phrasing slurs
622 @cindex phrasing marks
623 @cindex slur, phrasing
624 @cindex mark, phrasing
628 @notation{Phrasing slurs} (or phrasing marks) that indicate a
629 musical sentence are written using the commands @code{\(} and
630 @code{\)} respectively:
632 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
637 @funindex \phrasingSlurUp
638 @funindex phrasingSlurUp
639 @funindex \phrasingSlurDown
640 @funindex phrasingSlurDown
641 @funindex \phrasingSlurNeutral
642 @funindex phrasingSlurNeutral
643 @funindex phrasingSlurDashed
644 @funindex \phrasingSlurDashed
645 @funindex \phrasingSlurDotted
646 @funindex phrasingSlurDotted
647 @funindex \phrasingSlurSolid
648 @funindex phrasingSlurSolid
650 Typographically, a phrasing slur behaves almost exactly like a
651 normal slur. However, they are treated as different objects; a
652 @code{\slurUp} will have no effect on a phrasing slur. Phrasing
653 slurs may be manually placed above or below the notes, see
654 @ref{Direction and placement}.
656 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
657 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
659 c4\( g' c,( b) | c1\)
662 @cindex simultaneous phrasing slurs
663 @cindex multiple phrasing slurs
664 @cindex slurs, simultaneous phrasing
665 @cindex slurs, multiple phrasing
666 @cindex phrasing slurs, simultaneous
667 @cindex phrasing slurs, multiple
669 Simultaneous or overlapping phrasing slurs are not permitted.
671 Phrasing slurs can be solid, dotted, or dashed. Solid is the default
672 style for phrasing slurs:
674 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
686 @code{\phrasingSlurUp},
687 @code{\phrasingSlurDown},
688 @code{\phrasingSlurNeutral},
689 @code{\phrasingSlurDashed},
690 @code{\phrasingSlurDotted},
691 @code{\phrasingSlurSolid}.
697 @rlearning{On the un-nestedness of brackets and ties}.
700 @ref{Direction and placement}.
703 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
706 @rinternals{PhrasingSlur}.
710 @unnumberedsubsubsec Breath marks
717 Breath marks are entered using @code{\breathe}:
719 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
723 Musical indicators for breath marks in ancient notation,
724 divisiones, are supported. For details, see @ref{Divisiones}.
729 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
730 {changing-the-breath-mark-symbol.ly}
733 @cindex railroad tracks
735 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
736 {inserting-a-caesura.ly}
747 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
750 @rinternals{BreathingSign}.
753 @node Falls and doits
754 @unnumberedsubsubsec Falls and doits
761 @notation{Falls} and @notation{doits} can be added to notes using
762 the @code{\bendAfter} command. The direction of the fall or doit
763 is indicated with a plus or minus (up or down). The number
764 indicates the pitch interval that the fall or doit will extend
765 @emph{beyond} the main note.
767 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
774 The dash @code{-} immediately preceding the @code{\bendAfter}
775 command is @emph{required} when writing falls and doits.
780 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
781 {adjusting-the-shape-of-falls-and-doits.ly}
790 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
796 This section explains how to create various expressive marks that
797 follow a linear path: glissandos, arpeggios, and trills.
806 @unnumberedsubsubsec Glissando
812 A @notation{glissando} is created by attaching @code{\glissando}
815 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
820 Different styles of glissandi can be created. For details, see
825 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
826 {contemporary-glissando.ly}
837 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
840 @rinternals{Glissando}.
845 Printing text over the line (such as @notation{gliss.}) is not
850 @unnumberedsubsubsec Arpeggio
854 @cindex chord, broken
858 @funindex \arpeggioArrowUp
859 @funindex arpeggioArrowUp
860 @funindex \arpeggioArrowDown
861 @funindex arpeggioArrowDown
862 @funindex \arpeggioNormal
863 @funindex arpeggioNormal
865 An @notation{arpeggio} on a chord (also known as a broken chord)
866 is denoted by appending @code{\arpeggio} to the chord construct:
868 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
872 Different types of arpeggios may be written.
873 @code{\arpeggioNormal} reverts to a normal arpeggio:
875 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
885 @cindex arpeggio symbols, special
886 @cindex special arpeggio symbols
888 @funindex \arpeggioBracket
889 @funindex arpeggioBracket
890 @funindex \arpeggioParenthesis
891 @funindex arpeggioParenthesis
893 Special @emph{bracketed} arpeggio symbols can be created:
895 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
905 Arpeggios can be explicitly written out with ties. For more
906 information, see @ref{Ties}.
911 @code{\arpeggioArrowUp},
912 @code{\arpeggioArrowDown},
913 @code{\arpeggioNormal},
914 @code{\arpeggioBracket},
915 @code{\arpeggioParenthesis}.
921 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
922 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-a-piano-staff.ly}
924 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
925 {creating-cross-staff-arpeggios-in-other-contexts.ly}
927 @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
928 {creating-arpeggios-across-notes-in-different-voices.ly}
939 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
942 @rinternals{Arpeggio},
943 @rinternals{PianoStaff}.
948 @cindex cross-staff parenthesis-style arpeggio
949 @cindex arpeggio, parenthesis-style, cross-staff
950 @cindex arpeggio, cross-staff parenthesis-style
952 It is not possible to mix connected arpeggios and unconnected
953 arpeggios in one @code{PianoStaff} at the same point in
956 The parenthesis-style arpeggio brackets do not work for
957 cross-staff arpeggios.
961 @unnumberedsubsubsec Trills
967 @funindex \startTrillSpan
968 @funindex startTrillSpan
969 @funindex \stopTrillSpan
970 @funindex stopTrillSpan
972 Short @notation{trills} without an extender line are printed with
973 @code{\trill}; see @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
975 Longer trills with an extender line are made with
976 @code{\startTrillSpan} and @code{\stopTrillSpan}:
978 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
984 In the following example, a trill is combined with grace notes.
985 The syntax of this construct and the method to precisely position
986 the grace notes are described in @ref{Grace notes}.
988 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
990 d1\startTrillSpan { c32[ d]\stopTrillSpan }
994 @cindex pitched trills
995 @cindex trills, pitched
996 @funindex \pitchedTrill
997 @funindex pitchedTrill
999 Trills that require an auxiliary note with an explicit pitch can
1000 be typeset with the @code{\pitchedTrill} command. The first
1001 argument is the main note, and the second is the @emph{trilled}
1002 note, printed as a stemless note head in parentheses.
1004 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
1005 \pitchedTrill e2\startTrillSpan fis
1009 @cindex pitched trill with forced accidental
1010 @cindex trill, pitched with forced accidental
1011 @cindex accidental, forced for pitched trill
1013 In the following example, the second pitched trill is ambiguous;
1014 the accidental of the trilled note is not printed. As a
1015 workaround, the accidentals of the trilled notes can be forced.
1016 The second measure illustrates this method:
1018 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
1019 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1021 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1023 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis
1025 \pitchedTrill eis4\startTrillSpan fis!
1031 @code{\startTrillSpan},
1032 @code{\stopTrillSpan}.
1041 @ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
1045 @rlsr{Expressive marks}.
1047 Internals Reference:
1048 @rinternals{TrillSpanner}.