1 @c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
3 Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
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15 @lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
17 Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
18 exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of
24 The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
25 lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
26 line is only printed at the end of the repeat. Alternative endings
27 (volte) are printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard
28 notation for repeats with alternatives.
31 The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
32 specified by @code{@var{repeatcount}}. This is useful when
33 entering repetitious music.
36 These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
40 This is used to write tremolo beams.
51 @subsection Long repeats
53 This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
54 repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
55 repeat signs; or written-out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
56 Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
60 * Manual repeat marks::
61 * Written-out repeats::
68 @cindex volta, seconda
69 @cindex repeat, normal
71 @cindex repeat with alternate endings
72 @cindex alternate endings
74 @funindex \alternative
78 @unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
80 The syntax for a normal repeat is
83 \repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
87 where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
89 A single repeat without an alternate ending:
91 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
92 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
94 \repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
97 Alternative endings can be produced using @code{\alternative}. Each
98 group of alternatives must be themselves, enclosed in a set of braces.
101 \repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
103 @{ @var{musicexpr} @}
108 where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
110 If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings, the earliest
111 repeats are given the first alternative.
113 A single repeat with one alternate ending:
115 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
116 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f | }
124 A single repeat with more than one alternate ending:
126 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
127 \repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f | }
135 Multiple repeats with more than one alternate ending:
137 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
138 \repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f | }
147 @warning{If there are two or more alternatives, nothing should appear
148 between the closing brace of one and the opening brace of the next
149 in an @code{@bs{}alternative} block, otherwise you will not get the
150 expected number of endings.}
152 @warning{If you include @code{@bs{}relative} inside a
153 @code{@bs{}repeat} without explicitly instantiating the
154 @code{Voice} context, extra (unwanted) staves will appear. See
155 @rprogram{An extra staff appears}.}
157 @cindex repeat with upbeat
158 @cindex upbeat in a repeat
159 @cindex anacrucis in a repeat
160 @cindex repeat with anacrucis
161 @cindex repeat with pickup
162 @cindex pickup in a repeat
165 If a repeat starts in the middle of a measure and has no alternate
166 endings, normally the end of the repeat will also fall in the
167 middle of a measure, so that the two ends add up to one complete
168 measure. In such cases, the repeat signs do not constitute true
169 bar lines. Do not use @code{\partial} commands or bar checks
170 where these repeat signs are printed:
172 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
174 c4 e g % no bar check here
180 g4 g g % no bar check here
188 Similarly, if a repeat begins with the initial partial measure of
189 a score and has no alternate endings, the same conditions apply as
190 in the above example, except that in this case the @code{\partial}
191 command is required at the beginning of the score:
193 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
194 \partial 4 % required
199 g4 g g % no bar check here
207 When alternate endings are added to a repeat that begins with an
208 incomplete measure, it becomes necessary to set the
209 @code{Timing.measureLength} context property manually, in the
210 following specific places:
214 at the start of any incomplete measures in the @code{\alternative}
215 block, which normally occur at the end of each alternative, except
216 (in most cases) the last.
219 at the start of each alternative, except the first.
222 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
224 \repeat volta 2 { e4 | c2 e | }
228 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 3 4)
229 g4 g g % optional bar check is allowed here
232 \set Timing.measureLength = #(ly:make-moment 4 4)
239 The @code{measureLength} property is described in @ref{Time
242 @funindex \inStaffSegno
244 The @code{\inStaffSegno} command can be used to place the segno
245 symbol in cooperation with the @code{\repeat volta} command.
246 Alternative bar line symbols can be set in a Score context by
247 overriding the properties @code{segnoType},
248 @code{startRepeatSegnoType}, @code{endRepeatSegnoType} or
249 @code{doubleRepeatSegnoType} as required.
251 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
260 @cindex repeats, with ties
261 @cindex alternative endings, with ties
262 @cindex ties, in repeats
263 @cindex ties, alternative endings
266 Ties may be added to a second ending:
268 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
270 \repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f~ }
278 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
279 {shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
281 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
282 {adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
284 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
285 {setting-the-double-repeat-default-for-volte.ly}
287 @cindex repeats, bar numbers letters
288 @cindex repeats, alternative bar numbers
290 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
291 {alternative-bar-numbering.ly}
300 @ref{Modifying context plug-ins},
301 @ref{Time administration}.
307 @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
308 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
309 @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
310 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
313 @cindex repeat, ambiguous
314 @cindex nested repeat
315 @cindex repeat, nested
316 @cindex repeat timing information
317 @cindex repeat and measure number
318 @cindex timing information and repeats
319 @cindex measure number and repeats
320 @cindex repeat and slur
321 @cindex slur and repeat
323 Slurs that span from a @code{\repeat} block into an
324 @code{\alternative} block will only work for the first alternate
325 ending. Also, slurs cannot wrap around from the end of one
326 alternative back to the beginning of the repeat.
328 If a repeat that begins with an incomplete measure has an
329 @code{\alternative} block that contains modifications to the
330 @code{measureLength} property, using @code{\unfoldRepeats} will
331 result in wrongly-placed bar lines and bar check warnings.
342 is ambiguous, since it is not clear to which @code{\repeat} the
343 @code{\alternative} belongs. This ambiguity is resolved by always
344 having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
345 For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
348 @node Manual repeat marks
349 @unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
351 @cindex manual repeat mark
352 @cindex repeat, manual
354 @cindex repeat, start
357 @cindex repeat number, changing
358 @cindex repeat volta, changing
359 @cindex volta bracket
360 @cindex bracket, volta
361 @funindex repeatCommands
362 @funindex start-repeat
364 @warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
365 constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
366 repeats should be created using the standard @code{@bs{}repeat} command
367 or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
370 The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
371 layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
375 Print a @code{|:} bar line.
377 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
379 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat)
384 As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed
385 at the beginning of a piece.
388 Print a @code{:|} bar line:
390 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
393 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat)
397 @item (volta @var{number}) ... (volta #f)
398 Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must
399 be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
401 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
403 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2"))
405 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
411 Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
413 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
415 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat)
418 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat)
420 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
423 @cindex volta bracket with text
424 @cindex text in volta bracket
426 Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
427 number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
428 simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
429 then include the markup in a Scheme list.
431 @lilypond[verbatim,quote]
432 voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
435 \set Score.repeatCommands =
436 #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
438 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
440 \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
447 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
448 {printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
453 @ref{Formatting text}.
459 @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
460 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
461 @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
464 @node Written-out repeats
465 @unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
467 @cindex written-out repeats
468 @cindex repeats, written-out
469 @cindex repeats, unfold
470 @cindex repeats, alternative
471 @cindex unfold repeat
472 @cindex unfold repeat, alternate endings
473 @cindex alternate repeats
474 @cindex alternate endings, repeats
477 By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify the
478 writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
481 \repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
485 where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression and
486 @code{@var{repeatcount}} is the number of times
487 @code{@var{musicexpr}} is repeated.
489 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
490 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
494 In some cases, especially in a @code{\relative} context, the
495 @code{\repeat unfold} function is not the same as writing out the
496 music expression multiple times. E.g,
499 \repeat unfold 2 @{ a'4 b c @}
508 Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings.
510 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
511 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
519 If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
520 alternative is applied multiple times until the remaining alternatives
521 make up the total number of repeats.
523 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
524 \repeat unfold 4 { c4 d e f }
533 If there are more alternate endings than repeats then only the first
534 alternatives are applied. The remaining alternatives will be ignored
537 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
538 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
547 It is also possible to nest multiple @code{unfold} functions (with or
548 without alternate endings).
550 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
552 \repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
561 Chord constructs can be repeated by the chord repetition symbol
562 @code{q}. See @ref{Chord repetition}.
564 @warning{If you include @code{@bs{}relative} inside a @code{@bs{}repeat}
565 without explicitly instantiating the @code{Voice} context, extra
566 (unwanted) staves will appear. See @rprogram{An extra staff appears}.}
570 @ref{Chord repetition}.
576 @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
577 @rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
581 @subsection Short repeats
583 This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
584 take two forms: slashes or percent signs to represent repeats of a
585 single note, a single measure or two measures, and tremolos otherwise.
592 @node Percent repeats
593 @unnumberedsubsubsec Percent repeats
595 @cindex percent repeats
596 @cindex measure repeats
597 @cindex repeat, percent
598 @cindex repeat, measure
599 @cindex repeat, short
600 @funindex \repeat percent
603 Repeated short patterns are printed once, and the repeated pattern
604 is replaced with a special sign.
609 \repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}
613 where @code{@var{musicexpr}} is a music expression.
615 Patterns that are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes.
617 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
618 \repeat percent 4 { c128 d e f }
619 \repeat percent 4 { c64 d e f }
620 \repeat percent 5 { c32 d e f }
621 \repeat percent 4 { c16 d e f }
622 \repeat percent 4 { c8 d }
623 \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
624 \repeat percent 2 { c2 }
627 Patterns of one or two measures are replaced by percent-like symbols.
629 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
630 \repeat percent 2 { c4 d e f }
631 \repeat percent 2 { c2 d }
632 \repeat percent 2 { c1 }
635 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
636 \repeat percent 3 { c4 d e f | c2 g' }
639 Patterns that are shorter than one measure but contain mixed durations
640 use a double-percent symbol.
642 @lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
643 \repeat percent 4 { c8. <d f>16 }
644 \repeat percent 2 { \times 2/3 { r8 c d } e4 }
649 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
650 {percent-repeat-counter.ly}
652 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
653 {percent-repeat-count-visibility.ly}
655 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
656 {isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
660 @rglos{percent repeat},
667 @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
668 @rinternals{RepeatSlashEvent},
669 @rinternals{DoubleRepeatSlash},
670 @rinternals{PercentRepeat},
671 @rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter},
672 @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic},
673 @rinternals{Percent_repeat_engraver},
674 @rinternals{DoublePercentEvent},
675 @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
676 @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
677 @rinternals{Double_percent_repeat_engraver},
678 @rinternals{Slash_repeat_engraver}.
681 @node Tremolo repeats
682 @unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
684 @cindex tremolo beams
686 @cindex repeat, tremolo
687 @funindex \repeat tremolo
690 Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
691 notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
692 consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
693 notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
694 rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
695 slashes to a single note.
697 To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
700 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
701 \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
702 \repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d }
703 \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
706 The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
707 the braces, and the number of repetitions must correspond to a
708 note value that can be expressed with plain or dotted notes. Thus,
709 @code{\repeat tremolo 7} is valid and produces a double dotted
710 note, but @code{\repeat tremolo 9} is not.
712 The duration of the tremolo equals the duration of the
713 braced expression multiplied by the number of repeats:
714 @code{\repeat tremolo 8 @{ c16 d16 @}} gives a whole note tremolo,
715 notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
717 There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
718 @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
719 the note should not be surrounded by braces:
721 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
722 \repeat tremolo 4 c'16
725 @cindex tremolo marks
726 @funindex tremoloFlags
729 The same output can be obtained by adding @code{:@var{N}} after
730 the note, where @code{@var{N}} indicates the duration of the
731 subdivision (it must be at least 8). If @code{@var{N}} is 8, one
732 beam is added to the note's stem. If @code{@var{N}} is omitted,
733 the last value (stored in @code{tremoloFlags}) is used:
735 @lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
742 @lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,texidoc,doctitle]
743 {cross-staff-tremolos.ly}
749 @cindex tremolo, cross-staff
750 @cindex cross-staff tremolo