Update the keyboard guidelines

[qmk_firmware.git] / docs / hardware_keyboard_guidelines.md

# QMK Keyboard Guidelines

Since starting QMK has grown by leaps and bounds, and it's thanks to people like you contributing to and maintaining our community keyboards. As we have grown we have discovered some patterns that work well, and ask that you conform to them to make it easier for other people to make use of your hard work.

## Naming Your Keyboard/Project

All keyboard names are in lower case, consisting only of letters, numbers, and underscore (`_`). Names may not begin with an underscore. The names `test`, `keyboard`, and `all` are reserved for make commands and may not be used as a keyboard or subfolder name.

Valid Examples:

* `412_64`
* `chimera_ortho`
* `clueboard/66/rev3`
* `planck`
* `v60_type_r`

## Sub-folders

QMK uses sub-folders both for organization and to share code between revisions of the same keyboard. You can nest folders up to 4 levels deep:

    qmk_firmware/keyboards/top_folder/sub_1/sub_2/sub_3/sub_4

If a sub-folder has a `rules.mk` file it will be considered a compilable keyboard. It will be available in QMK Configurator and tested with `make all`. If you are using a folder to organize several keyboards from the same maker you should not have a `rules.mk` file.

Example:

Clueboard uses sub-folders for both purposes, organization and keyboard revisions.

* [`qmk_firmware`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master)
  * [`keyboards`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards)
    * [`clueboard`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard)  <-- this is the organization folder, no `rules.mk` file
      * [`60`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard/60)  <-- this is a compilable keyboard, it has a `rules.mk` file.
      * [`66`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard/66)  <-- this is also compilable, it uses `DEFAULT_FOLDER` to specify `rev3` as the default revision
        * [`rev1`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard/66/rev1)  <-- compilable, `make clueboard/66/rev1`
        * [`rev2`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard/66/rev2)  <-- compilable, `make clueboard/66/rev2`
        * [`rev3`](https://github.com/qmk/qmk_firmware/tree/master/keyboards/clueboard/66/rev3)  <-- compilable, `make clueboard/66/rev3` and `make clueboard/66`

## Keyboard Folder Structure

Your keyboard should be located in `qmk_firmware/keyboards/` and the directory name should be your keyboard's name as described in the previous section. Inside this directory should be several files:

* `readme.md`
* `config.h`
* `rules.mk`
* `<keyboard_name>.c`
* `<keyboard_name>.h`

### `readme.md`

All projects need to have a `readme.md` file that explains what the keyboard is, who made it, where it is available, and links to more information. Please follow the [published template](documentation_templates.md#keyboard-readmemd-template).

### `config.h`

All projects need to have a `config.h` file to set things like the processor type, bootloader, USB VID/PID, and other default settings. In general you should use this file to set reasonable defaults for your keyboard that will always work.

### `rules.mk`

The prescence of this file means this folder is a keyboard target, and can be used in make commands. This is where you setup the build environment for your keyboard and configure the default set of features. You should turn on only those features you have a need for and leave the rest turned off, users can enable them in their keymap `rules.mk`.

### `<keyboard_name.c>`

This is where you will write custom code for your keyboard. Typically you will write code to initialize and interface with the hardware in your keyboard. If your keyboard consists of only a key matrix with no LEDs, speakers, or other auxillary hardware this file can be blank.

The following functions are typically defined in this file:

* `void matrix_init_kb(void)`
* `void matrix_scan_kb(void)`
* `bool process_record_kb(uint16_t keycode, keyrecord_t *record)`
* `void led_set_kb(uint8_t usb_led)`

### `<keyboard_name.h>`

This file is used to define the matrix for your keyboard. You should define at least one CPP macro named `LAYOUT` which translates an array into a matrix representing your switch matrix. If it's possible to build your keyboard with multiple layouts you may define additional macros.

When defining multiple layouts you should have a base layout, named `LAYOUT`, that supports all possible switch positions on your matrix, even if that layout is impossible to build physically. This is the macro you should use in your `default` keymap. You should then have additional keymaps named `default-<layout>` that use your other layout macros. This will make it easier for people to use the layouts you define.

Layout macro names are entirely lowercase, except for the word `LAYOUT` at the front.

As an example, if you have a 60% PCB that supports ANSI and ISO you might define the following layouts and keymaps:

| Layout Name | Keymap Name | Description |
|-------------|-------------|-------------|
| LAYOUT | default | A keymap that supports both ISO and ANSI |
| LAYOUT_ansi | default-ansi | An ANSI layout |
| LAYOUT_iso | default-iso | An ISO layout |

## Image/Hardware Files

In an effort to keep the repo size down, we're no longer accepting images of any format in the repo, with few exceptions. Hosting them elsewhere (imgur) and linking them in the `readme.md` is the preferred method.

Any sort of hardware file (plate, case, pcb) can't be stored in qmk_firmware, but we have the [qmk.fm repo](https://github.com/qmk/qmk.fm) where such files (as well as in-depth info) can be stored and viewed on [qmk.fm](http://qmk.fm). Downloadable files are stored in `/<keyboard>/` (name follows the same format as above) which are served at `http://qmk.fm/<keyboard>/`, and pages are generated from `/_pages/<keyboard>/` which are served at the same location (.md files are generated into .html files through Jekyll). Check out the `lets_split` directory for an example.

## Keyboard Defaults

Given the amount of functionality that QMK exposes it's very easy to confuse new users. When putting together the default firmware for your keyboard we recommend limiting your enabled features and options to the minimal set needed to support your hardware. Recommendations for specific features follow.

### Bootmagic and Command

[Bootmagic](feature_bootmagic.md) and [Command](feature_command.md) are two related features that allow a user to control their keyboard in non-obvious ways. We recommend you think long and hard about if you're going to enable either feature, and how you will expose this functionality. Keep in mind that users who want this functionality can enable it in their personal keymaps without affecting all the novice users who may be using your keyboard as their first programmable board.

By far the most common problem new users encounter is accidentally triggering Bootmagic while they're plugging in their keyboard. They're holding the keyboard by the bottom, unknowingly pressing in alt and spacebar, and then they find that these keys have been swapped on them. We recommend leaving this feature disabled by default, but if you do turn it on consider setting `BOOTMAGIC_KEY_SALT` to a key that is hard to press while plugging your keyboard in.

If your keyboard does not have 2 shift keys you should provide a working default for `IS_COMMAND`, even when you have set `COMMAND_ENABLE = no`. This will give your users a default to conform to if they do enable Command.

## Custom Keyboard Programming

As documented on [Customizing Functionality](custom_quantum_functions.md) you can define custom functions for your keyboard. Please keep in mind that your users may want to customize that behavior as well, and make it possible for them to do that. If you are providing a custom function, for example `process_record_kb()`, make sure that your function calls the `_user()` version of the call too. You should also take into account the return value of the `_user()` version, and only run your custom code if the user returns `true`.

## Keyboard Metadata

As QMK grows so does the ecosystem surrounding QMK. To make it easier for projects in that ecosystem to tie into QMK as we make changes we are developing a metadata system to expose information about keyboards in QMK.

You can create `info.json` files at every level under `qmk_firmware/keyboards/<name>` to specify this metadata. These files are combined, with more specific files overriding keys in less specific files. This means you do not need to duplicate your metadata information. For example, `qmk_firmware/keyboards/clueboard/info.json` specifies `manufacturer` and `maintainer`, while `qmk_firmware/keyboards/clueboard/66/info.json` specifies more specific information about Clueboard 66%.

### `info.json` Format

The `info.json` file is a JSON formatted dictionary with the following keys available to be set. You do not have to set all of them, merely the keys that apply to your keyboard.

* `keyboard_name`
  * A free-form text string describing the keyboard.
  * Example: `Clueboard 66%`
* `url`
  * A URL to the keyboard's product page, [QMK.fm/keyboards](https://qmk.fm/keyboards) page, or other page describing information about the keyboard.
* `maintainer`
  * GitHub username of the maintainer, or `qmk` for community maintained boards
* `width`
  * Width of the board in Key Units
* `height`
  * Height of the board in Key Units
* `layouts`
  * Physical Layout representations. See the next section for more detail.

#### Layout Format

Within our `info.json` file the `layouts` portion of the dictionary contains several nested dictionaries. The outer layer consists of QMK layout macros, for example `LAYOUT_ansi` or `LAYOUT_iso`. Within each layout macro are keys for `width`, `height`, and `key_count`, each of which should be self-explanatory.

* `width`
  * Optional: The width of the layout in Key Units
* `height`
  * Optional: The height of the layout in Key Units
* `key_count`
  * **Required**: The number of keys in this layout
* `layout`
  * A list of Key Dictionaries describing the physical layout. See the next section for more details.

#### Key Dictionary Format

Each Key Dictionary in a layout describes the physical properties of a key. If you are familiar with the Raw Code for <http://keyboard-layout-editor.com> you will find many of the concepts the same. We re-use the same key names and layout choices wherever possible, but unlike keyboard-layout-editor each key is stateless, inheriting no properties from the keys that came before it.

All key positions and rotations are specified in relation to the top-left corner of the keyboard, and the top-left corner of each key.

* `X`
  * **Required**: The absolute position of the key in the horizontal axis, in Key Units.
* `Y`
  * **Required**: The absolute position of the key in the vertical axis, in Key Units.
* `W`
  * The width of the key, in Key Units. Ignored if `ks` is provided. Default: `1`
* `H`
  * The height of the key, in Key Units. Ignored if `ks` is provided. Default: `1`
* `R`
  * How many degrees clockwise to rotate the key.
* `RX`
  * The absolute position of the point to rotate the key around in the horizontal axis. Default: `x`
* `RY`
  * The absolute position of the point to rotate the key around in the vertical axis. Default: `y`
* `KS`
  * Key Shape: define a polygon by providing a list of points, in Key Units.
  * **Important**: These are relative to the top-left of the key, not absolute.
  * Example ISO Enter: `[ [0,0], [1.5,0], [1.5,2], [0.25,2], [0.25,1], [0,1], [0,0] ]`

### How is the Metadata Exposed?

This metadata is primarily used in two ways:

* To allow web-based configurators to dynamically generate UI
* To support the new `make keyboard:keymap:qmk` target, which bundles this metadata up with the firmware to allow QMK Toolbox to be smarter.

Configurator authors can see the [QMK Compiler](https://docs.compile.qmk.fm/api_docs.html) docs for more information on using the JSON API.

## Non-Production/Handwired Projects

We're happy to accept any project that uses QMK, including prototypes and handwired ones, but we have a separate `/keyboards/handwired/` folder for them, so the main `/keyboards/` folder doesn't get overcrowded. If a prototype project becomes a production project at some point in the future, we'd be happy to move it to the main `/keyboards/` folder!

## Warnings as Errors

When developing your keyboard, keep in mind that all warnings will be treated as errors - these small warnings can build-up and cause larger errors down the road (and keeping them is generally a bad practice).

## Copyright Blurb

If you're adapting your keyboard's setup from another project, but not using the same code, but sure to update the copyright header at the top of the files to show your name, in this format:

    Copyright 2017 Your Name <your@email.com>

If you are modifying someone else's code and have made only trivial changes you should leave their name in the copyright statement. If you have done significant work on the file you should add your name to theirs, like so:

    Copyright 2017 Their Name <original_author@example.com> Your Name <you@example.com>

The year should be the first year the file is created. If work was done to that file in later years you can reflect that by appending the second year to the first, like so:

    Copyright 2015-2017 Your Name <you@example.com>

## License

The core of QMK is licensed under the [GNU General Public License](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/licenses.en.html). If you are shipping binaries for AVR processors you may choose either [GPLv2](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/old-licenses/gpl-2.0.html) or [GPLv3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html). If you are shipping binaries for ARM processors you must choose [GPL Version 3](https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html) to comply with the [ChibiOS](http://www.chibios.org) GPLv3 license.

If your keyboard makes use of the [uGFX](https://ugfx.io) features within QMK you must comply with the [uGFX License](https://ugfx.io/license.html), which requires a separate commercial license before selling a device containing uGFX.

## Technical Details

If you're looking for more information on making your keyboard work with QMK, [check out the hardware section](hardware.md)!