version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Vocal music
@section Vocal music
-TODO
-CLARIFY
-http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248
-http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329
+@c TODO: inspirational headword
+
+This section explains how to typeset vocal music, and make sure
+that the lyrics will be aligned with the notes of their melody.
+
+@menu
+* Common notation for vocal music::
+* Entering lyrics::
+* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
+* Specific uses of lyrics::
+* Stanzas::
+@end menu
+
+@node Common notation for vocal music
+@subsection Common notation for vocal music
+This section discusses issues related to vocal music in general, and
+to some particular styles of vocal music.
-> I think the issue here is that changing the associatedVoice
-> happens one step
-> later than expected. I could be wrong, but I don't think this
-> is obviously
-> documented.
+@menu
+* References for vocal music and lyrics::
+* Opera::
+* Song books::
+* Chants::
+* Spoken music::
+* Ancient vocal music::
+@end menu
-If you read section "Switching the melody associated with a lyrics
-line"
-it indeed says "Again, the command must be one syllable too
-early,..."!
-One problem with the current formulation is that the "Again"
-refers to what's described 2 subsections earlier in "Lyrics to
-multiple notes of a melisma", which isn't obvious unless you have
-read all the sections
-sequentially.
+@node References for vocal music and lyrics
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for vocal music and lyrics
+@c TODO: split this section in two parts? -vv
-Since LilyPond input files are text, there are two issues to
-consider when working with vocal music:
+Various issues may arise when engraving vocal music. Some of these
+are discussed in this section, while others are explained elsewhere:
@itemize
@item
-Song texts must be entered as text, not notes. For example, the
-input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable, not the
-note@tie{}D.
+Most styles of vocal music use written text as lyrics. An introduction
+to this notation is to be found in @rlearning{Setting simple songs}.
@item
-Song texts must be aligned with the notes of their melody.
-@end itemize
+Vocal music is likely to require the use of @code{markup} mode, either
+for lyrics of for other text elements (character's names, etc.).
+This syntax is described in @ref{Text markup introduction}.
-There are a few different ways to define lyrics; we shall begin
-by examining the simplest method, and gradually increase complexity.
+@item
+Lead sheets may be printed by combining vocal parts and @q{chord mode};
+this syntax is explained in @ref{Chord notation}.
-@menu
-* Common notation for vocals::
-* Aligning lyrics to a melody::
-* Placement of lyrics::
-* Stanzas::
-@end menu
+@item
+@q{Ambitus} may be added at the beginning of vocal staves, as explained
+in @ref{Ambitus}.
-@snippets
+@item
+Vocal parts may be printed using traditional clefs, as shown in @ref{Clef}.
-Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is
-a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does
-not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use
+@item
+Ancient vocal music is supported, as explained in @ref{Ancient notation}.
+@end itemize
-@example
-\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
-@end example
-To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use
+@node Opera
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Opera
-@example
-\layout @{
- \context @{
- \Lyrics
- \consists "Bar_engraver"
- \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
- \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
- @}
-@}
-@end example
+@c TODO
+TBC
-@node Common notation for vocals
-@subsection Common notation for vocals
+@c add characters names snippet -vv
-@menu
-* References for vocal music::
-* Setting simple songs::
-* Entering lyrics::
-* Working with lyrics and variables::
-@end menu
-
-@node References for vocal music
-@subsubsection References for vocal music
+@node Song books
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Song books
+@c TODO
TBC
-@c TODO Add @refs
-@q{Parlato} is spoken without pitch but still with rhythm; it is
-notated by cross note heads. This is demonstrated in
-@ref{Special note heads}.
+@snippets
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{simple-lead-sheet.ly}
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Chord notation}.
+
+@node Spoken music
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Spoken music
+@cindex parlato
+@cindex Sprechgesang
+Such effects as @q{parlato} or @q{Sprechgesang} require perfomers to speak
+without pitch but still with rhythm; these are notated by cross
+note heads, as demonstrated in @ref{Special note heads}.
+
+@c TODO add "marking-notes-on-spoken-parts" snippet -vv
+@c add "showing the rhythm of a melody" snip
+@c add "one staff-line notation"
+@c add "improvisation" ref
+@c add "lyrics independents of notes" ref
-@node Setting simple songs
-@subsubsection Setting simple songs
+@node Chants
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Chants
-@cindex \addlyrics
+@c TODO Add text from lsr and -user
+TBC
-The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
+@node Ancient vocal music
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Ancient vocal music
-@example
-\addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
-@end example
+@c TODO
+TBC
-@noindent
-to a melody. Here is an example,
+@c Add "Printing both the ancient and the modern clef in vocal music" snippet,
+@c and "Transcription of Ancient music with incipit" snippet. -vv
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-\time 3/4
-\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
-\addlyrics { play the game }
-@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Ancient notation}.
-More stanzas can be added by adding more
-@code{\addlyrics} sections
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
-\time 3/4
-\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
-\addlyrics { play the game }
-\addlyrics { speel het spel }
-\addlyrics { joue le jeu }
-@end lilypond
+@node Entering lyrics
+@subsection Entering lyrics
-The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. For these
-cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
-introduced in @ref{Entering lyrics}.
+@c TODO add one sentence here. -vv
+@menu
+* Lyrics explained::
+* Setting simple songs::
+* Working with lyrics and variables::
+@end menu
-@node Entering lyrics
-@subsubsection Entering lyrics
+@node Lyrics explained
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics explained
@cindex lyrics
@funindex \lyricmode
@cindex spaces, in lyrics
@cindex quotes, in lyrics
+@c FIXME: this section is to be rewritten.
+Since LilyPond input files are text, there is at least one
+issue to consider when working with vocal music:
+song texts must be interpreted as text, not notes. For example, the
+input@tie{}@code{d} should be interpreted as a one letter syllable,
+not the note@tie{}D.
+Therefore, a special lyric mode has to be used, either explicitely
+or using some abbreviated methods.
+
Lyrics are entered in a special input mode, which can be introduced
by the keyword @code{\lyricmode}, or by using @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}. In this mode you can enter lyrics,
\addlyrics { pu- ro~y~ho- nes- to }
@end lilypond
-The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character U+203F, so be
-sure to have a font (Like DejaVuLGC) installed that includes this
-glyph.
+@noindent
+The lyric tie is implemented with the Unicode character
+@code{U+203F}; therefore a font that includes this glyph
+(such as DejaVuLGC) has to be used. More explanations about
+text and non-text fonts can be found in @ref{Fonts}.
To enter lyrics with characters from non-English languages, or with
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricText}, @rinternals{LyricSpace}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Fonts}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{LyricText},
+@rinternals{LyricSpace}.
+
+@c FIXME: this title has to be changed (possible confusion with LM) -vv
+@node Setting simple songs
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting simple songs
+
+@cindex \addlyrics
+
+The easiest way to add lyrics to a melody is to append
+
+@example
+\addlyrics @{ @var{the lyrics} @}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+to a melody. Here is an example,
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+\time 3/4
+\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
+\addlyrics { play the game }
+@end lilypond
+
+More stanzas can be added by adding more
+@code{\addlyrics} sections
+
+@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,quote]
+\time 3/4
+\relative c' { c2 e4 g2. }
+\addlyrics { play the game }
+\addlyrics { speel het spel }
+\addlyrics { joue le jeu }
+@end lilypond
+
+The command @code{\addlyrics} cannot handle polyphony settings. For these
+cases you should use @code{\lyricsto} and @code{\lyricmode}, as will be
+introduced in @ref{Lyrics explained}.
+
+@c TODO: one additional section may be needed here,
+@c such as "advanced lyric syntax" or whatever -vv
@node Working with lyrics and variables
-@subsubsection Working with lyrics and variables
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Working with lyrics and variables
@cindex lyrics, variables
>>
@end example
+@ignore
+@c FIXME
+http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=329
+The problem cannot be reproduced.
+The following has no sense, because the issue seems to be fixed.
+A comment is in tracker waiting for response ---FV
+
+
+Be careful when defining a variable with lyrics that creates a new
+context, for example, using the deprecated @code{\lyrics} command. See
+the next erroneous example:
+
+@example
+words = \lyrics{ %warning: this creates a new context
+ one two
+}
+<<
+ \new Voice = "sop" { c1 }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricsto "sop" { \words }
+ \new Voice = "alt" { c2 c }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricsto "alt" { \words }
+>>
+@end example
+
+the problem is that \lyricsto will try to connect the "sop" melody with the context
+created by "\new Lyrics".
+
+Then \lyrics in \words creates another context, and the original "\new Lyrics" one
+remains empty.
+
+@end ignore
+
@seealso
@c TODO: document \new Staff << Voice \lyricsto >> bug
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricCombineMusic},
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic},
@rinternals{Lyrics}.
@funindex \addlyrics
@funindex \lyricsto
+@c FIXME: this stuff is to be rewritten. -vv
+
+Aligning of text with melodies can be made automatically, but if you
+specify the durations of the syllables it can also be made manually.
+Lyrics aligning and typesetting are prepared with the help of skips,
+hyphens and extender lines.
Lyrics are printed by interpreting them in the context called
@rinternals{Lyrics}.
@end menu
@node Automatic syllable durations
-@subsubsection Automatic syllable durations
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic syllable durations
@cindex automatic syllable durations
@cindex lyrics and melodies
\time 2/4
c4 b8. a16 g4. f8 e4 d c2
}
+
+% not recommended: left aligns syllables
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy4 to8. the16 world!4. the8 Lord4 is come.2 }
+
+% wrong: durations needed
\new Lyrics \lyricmode { Joy to the earth! the Sa -- viour reigns. }
+
+%correct
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "one" { No more let sins and sor -- rows grow. }
>>
@end lilypond
@end example
@node Manual syllable durations
-@subsubsection Manual syllable durations
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual syllable durations
Lyrics can also be entered without @code{\addlyrics} or
@code{\lyricsto}. In this case,
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Lyrics}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Lyrics}.
@node Multiple syllables to one note
-@subsubsection Multiple syllables to one note
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Multiple syllables to one note
@funindex _
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{LyricCombineMusic}.
@c Here come the section which used to be "Melismata"
@c the new title might be more self-explanatory
@node Multiple notes to one syllable
-@subsubsection Multiple notes to one syllable
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Multiple notes to one syllable
@cindex melisma
@cindex melismata
@c it might be better to present it first - vv
You can define melismata entirely in the lyrics, by entering @code{_}
-for every note
-that is part of the melisma.
+for every extra note that has to be added to the the melisma.
+@c FIXME: clarify: __ is used to crate a lyric extender,
+@c _ is used to add a note to a melisma, so both __ and _ are needed.
+
+@c verbose! --FV
+@c duplicated: TODO fix
+Additionaly, you can make an extender line to be typeset to indicate
+the melisma in the score, writing a double underscore next to the
+first syllable of the melisma. This example shows the three elements
+that are used for this purpose (all of them surrounded by spaces):
+double hyphens to separate syllables in a word, underscores to add
+notes to a melisma, and a double underscore to put an extender line.
+
+@c wrong: extender line only on last syllable of a word. Change example
@lilypond[relative=1,verbatim,fragment,quote]
{ \set melismaBusyProperties = #'()
c d( e) f f( e) e e }
beamed, and automatic beaming (see @ref{Setting automatic beam
behavior}) is switched off.
-@c TODO: there might be some more relevant place for
-@c the following link (?)
+@c FIXME: this now links to LM -vv
@cindex SATB
@cindex choral score
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Melisma_translator}.
-
@c @lsr{vocal,lyric@/-combine.ly}.
@knownissues
inserted by hand.
@node Skipping notes
-@subsubsection Skipping notes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Skipping notes
Making a lyric line run slower than the melody can be achieved by
inserting @code{\skip}s into the lyrics. For every @code{\skip},
-the text will be delayed another note.
+the text will be delayed another note. The @code{\skip} command
+must be followed by a valid duration, but this is ignored when
+@code{\skip} is used in lyrics.
For example,
@node Extenders and hyphens
-@subsubsection Extenders and hyphens
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Extenders and hyphens
@cindex melisma
@cindex extender
@c leave this as samp. -gp
-Melismata are indicated with a horizontal line centered between a syllable
-and the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is entered
-as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two underscore
-characters).
+In the last syllable of a word, melismata are sometimes indicated with
+a long horizontal line starting in the melisma syllable, and ending in
+the next one. Such a line is called an extender line, and it is
+entered as @samp{ __ } (note the spaces before and after the two
+underscore characters).
+
+@warning{Melismata are indicated in the score with extender lines,
+which are entered as one double underscore; but short melismata can
+also be entered by skipping individual notes, which are entered as
+single underscore characters; these do not make an extender line to be
+typeset by default.}
@cindex hyphens
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricExtender},
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{LyricExtender},
@rinternals{LyricHyphen}
@node Lyrics and repeats
-@subsubsection Lyrics and repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics and repeats
@c TODO New section. Add text
TBC
-@node Placement of lyrics
-@subsection Placement of lyrics
+@node Specific uses of lyrics
+@subsection Specific uses of lyrics
+
+@c FIXME This whole section is to be reorganized. -vv
Often, different stanzas of one song are put to one melody in slightly
differing ways. Such variations can still be captured with
@menu
* Divisi lyrics::
* Lyrics independent of notes::
-* Chants::
* Spacing out syllables::
* Centering lyrics between staves::
@end menu
@node Divisi lyrics
-@subsubsection Divisi lyrics
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Divisi lyrics
You can display alternate (or divisi) lyrics by naming voice
contexts and attaching lyrics to those specific contexts.
@node Lyrics independent of notes
-@subsubsection Lyrics independent of notes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Lyrics independent of notes
+
+@cindex Devnull context
In some complex vocal music, it may be desirable to place
lyrics completely independently of notes. Music defined
>>
@end lilypond
-@node Chants
-@subsubsection Chants
+This method is recommended only if the music in the @code{Devnull}
+context does not contain melismata. Melismata are defined by the
+@code{Voice} context. Connecting lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context
+makes the voice/lyrics links to get lost, and so does the info on
+melismata. Therefore, if you link lyrics to a @code{Devnull} context,
+the implicit melismata get ignored.
-@c TODO Add text from lsr and -user
-TBC
+@c Conclusion: do not use devnull for lyrics -FV
+
+@c this clarifies http://code.google.com/p/lilypond/issues/detail?id=248
@node Spacing out syllables
-@subsubsection Spacing out syllables
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Spacing out syllables
@cindex Spacing lyrics
@cindex Lyrics, increasing space between
}
@end lilypond
+@c @snippets
+@c This snippet has been renamed to "lyrics-alignment.ly"
+@c update as soon as lsr/is updated -vv
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {lyrics-alignment.ly}
+
+@c TODO: move to LSR -vv
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{aligning-lyrics.ly}
+
+Checking to make sure that text scripts and lyrics are within the margins is
+a relatively large computational task. To speed up processing, LilyPond does
+not perform such calculations by default; to enable it, use
+
+@example
+\override Score.PaperColumn #'keep-inside-line = ##t
+@end example
+
+To make lyrics avoid bar lines as well, use
+
+@example
+\layout @{
+ \context @{
+ \Lyrics
+ \consists "Bar_engraver"
+ \consists "Separating_line_group_engraver"
+ \override BarLine #'transparent = ##t
+ @}
+@}
+@end example
@c TODO Create and add lsr example of lyricMelismaAlignment
@c It's used like this to center-align all lyric syllables,
}
@end ignore
+
@node Centering lyrics between staves
-@subsubsection Centering lyrics between staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Centering lyrics between staves
@c TODO Add text from -user
TBC
@node Adding stanza numbers
-@subsubsection Adding stanza numbers
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding stanza numbers
@cindex stanza number
\set stanza = \markup { "1. " \leftbrace }
\lyricmode { Child, you're mine and I love you.
Lend thine ear to what I say.
- ...
+
}
}
% \set stanza = \markup { " "}
\lyricmode { Child, I have no great -- er joy
Than to have you walk in truth.
-...
+
}
}
+
+\new Voice {
+ \repeat volta 2 { c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4
+ c'8 c' c' c' c' c' c'4 }
+} \addlyrics { \stanzaOneOne }
+ \addlyrics { \stanzaOneThree }
+
@end ignore
@node Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
-@subsubsection Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding dynamics marks to stanzas
Stanzas differing in loudness may be indicated by putting a
dynamics mark before each stanza. In LilyPond, everything coming in
@end lilypond
@node Adding singers' names to stanzas
-@subsubsection Adding singers' names to stanzas
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Adding singers' names to stanzas
@cindex singer name
@cindex name of singer
@end lilypond
@node Stanzas with different rhythms
-@subsubsection Stanzas with different rhythms
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Stanzas with different rhythms
@subsubheading Ignoring melismata
in the text, as shown here,
@c TODO: breaks compile
+@c seems to be fixed, does not break compile anymore --FV
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-%{
<<
\relative c' \new Voice = "lahlah" {
\set Staff.autoBeaming = ##f
still
}
>>
-%}
@end lilypond
Here, @code{alternative} is the name of the @code{Voice} context
containing the triplet.
-Again, the command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in
-this case.
+@c FIXME: make this easier to understand -vv
+This command must be one syllable too early, before @q{Ty} in this
+case. In other words, changing the associatedVoice happens one step
+later than expected. This is for technical reasons, and it is not a
+bug.
@example
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "lahlah" @{
@node Printing stanzas at the end
-@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end
Sometimes it is appropriate to have one stanza set
to the music, and the rest added in verse form at
@node Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
-@subsubsection Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Printing stanzas at the end in multiple columns
When a piece of music has many verses, they are often printed in
multiple columns across the page. An outdented verse number often
\markup {
\fill-line {
- \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin; can be removed if
- % space on the page is tight
+ \hspace #0.1 % moves the column off the left margin;
+ % can be removed if space on the page is tight
\column {
\line { \bold "2."
\column {
}
}
}
- \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns; if they are
- % still too close, add more " " pairs until the result
- % looks good
+ \hspace #0.1 % adds horizontal spacing between columns;
+ % if they are still too close, add more " " pairs
+ % until the result looks good
\column {
\line { \bold "4."
\column {
}
}
}
- \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin; can
- % be removed if page space is tight
+ \hspace #0.1 % gives some extra space on the right margin;
+ % can be removed if page space is tight
}
}
@end lilypond
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{LyricText}, @rinternals{StanzaNumber},
-@rinternals{VocalName}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{LyricText},
+@rinternals{StanzaNumber}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff