version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Unfretted string instruments
@section Unfretted string instruments
-This section includes extra information for writing for unfretted
-string instruments.
+@lilypondfile[quote]
+{unfretted-headword.ly}
-@ignore
-The subsection on Bowed instruments is commmented out
-until we have something to say about them -td
-@end ignore
+@cindex orchestral strings
+@cindex strings, writing for
+
+This section provides information and references which are helpful
+when writing for unfretted string instruments, principally
+orchestral strings.
@menu
* Common notation for unfretted strings::
-@c * Bowed instruments::
-* Plucked instruments::
@end menu
@node Common notation for unfretted strings
@subsection Common notation for unfretted strings
+There is little specialist notation for unfretted string
+instruments. The music is notated on a single staff, and
+usually only a single voice is required. Two voices might
+be required for some double-stopped or divisi passages.
+
@menu
* References for unfretted strings::
+* Bowing indications::
+* Harmonics::
+* Snap (Bartok) pizzicato::
@end menu
@node References for unfretted strings
-@subsubsection References for unfretted strings
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for unfretted strings
-@c TODO Add refs to fingerings, \thumb, bowings
-@c TODO Add multiple fingering indications?
-@c TODO Add snippet showing pizzicato markings
-TBC
+Most of the notation which is useful for orchestral strings
+and other bowed instruments is covered elsewhere:
-@c TODO Decide whether to resurrect Bowed instruments subsection
-@c and if so which of the above should go there
-@ignore
+@itemize
-@node Bowed instruments
-@subsection Bowed instruments
+@item Texual indications such as @qq{pizz.} and @qq{arco} are
+added as simple text -- see @ref{Text scripts}.
-@menu
-* Artificial harmonics (strings)::
-@end menu
+@item Fingerings, including the thumb indication, are described
+in @ref{Fingering instructions}.
-@node Artificial harmonics (strings)
-@subsubsection Artificial harmonics (strings)
+@item Double stopping is normally indicated by writing a chord,
+see @ref{Chorded notes}. Directives for playing chords may be
+added, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
-@cindex artificial harmonics
+@item A template for a string quartet can be found in
+@rlearning{String quartet}. Others are shown in the snippets.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{String quartet}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Text scripts},
+@ref{Fingering instructions},
+@ref{Chorded notes},
+@ref{Arpeggio}.
-Artificial harmonics are notated with a different note head style. They
-are entered by marking the harmonic pitch with @code{\harmonic}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Unfretted strings}.
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote,fragment,relative=1]
-<c g'\harmonic>4
+@node Bowing indications
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Bowing indications
+
+@funindex \upbow
+@funindex \downbow
+@funindex \open
+
+@cindex bowing indications
+@cindex up bow indication
+@cindex down bow indication
+@cindex open string indication
+@cindex string, indicating open
+
+Bowing indications are created as articulations, which are
+described in @ref{Articulations and ornamentations}.
+
+The bowing commands, @code{\upbow} and @code{\downbow}, are used
+with slurs as follows:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4(\downbow d) e(\upbow f)
@end lilypond
-@end ignore
+@noindent
+and the following example shows three ways in which an open A
+string on a violin might be indicated:
-@node Plucked instruments
-@subsection Plucked instruments
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+a4 \open
+a^\markup { \teeny "II" }
+a2^\markup { \small "sul A" }
+@end lilypond
-@menu
-* Harp::
-@end menu
+@predefined
+@code{\downbow},
+@code{\upbow},
+@code{\open}.
+
+@seealso
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Articulations and ornamentations},
+@ref{Slurs}.
+
+@node Harmonics
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Harmonics
+
+@funindex \harmonic
+
+@strong{@i{Natural harmonics}}
+
+@cindex natural harmonics
+@cindex harmonics, natural
+
+Natural harmonics can be notated in several ways. A diamond-shaped
+note head generally means to touch the string where you would stop
+the note if it were not a diamond.
+
+@warning{Harmonics @strong{must} be defined inside a chord
+construct even if there is only a single note.}
+
+@c TODO If the default for harmonicDots is changed, change this
+Dotted harmonics indicated with @code{\harmonic} do not show the
+dots. The context property @code{harmonicDots} should be set if
+dots are required.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
+\set harmonicDots = ##t
+<d\harmonic>4 <e\harmonic>2.
+@end lilypond
+
+Alternatively a normal note head is shown at the pitch to be
+sounded together with a small circle to indicate it should be
+played as a harmonic:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+d2^\flageolet d_\flageolet
+@end lilypond
+
+A smaller circle may be created, see the snippet list in
+@ref{References for unfretted strings}.
+
+@strong{@i{Artificial harmonics}}
+
+@cindex artificial harmonics
+@cindex harmonics, artifical
+
+Artificial harmonics are notated with two notes, one with a normal
+note head indicating the stopped position and one with an open
+diamond note head to indicate the harmonic position.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+<e a\harmonic>2 <c g'\harmonic>
+@end lilypond
-@node Harp
-@subsubsection Harp
+@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{harmonics}.
-Sacred Harp notation uses four shaped note heads. In the major,
-the tonic is a triangle and then proceeding up the scale you
-have circle, square, triangle, circle, square, diamond. In the
-minor, the shapes should be assigned to keep the same interval
-relationships, e.g. you assign them for the relative major. (This
-means that the scale in the minor gives the tonic a square.)
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Special note heads},
+@ref{References for unfretted strings}.
-@c TODO add example of \sacredHarpHeads, or a ref?
+@node Snap (Bartok) pizzicato
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Snap (Bartók) pizzicato
+@cindex pizzicato, Bartók
+@cindex pizzicato, snap
+@cindex Bartók pizzicato
+@cindex snap pizzicato
-@knownissues
+@snippets
-The \sacredHarpHeads command gives the wrong shapes when the key
-is minor. A work-around is to switch the key to the relative
-major to obtain the right shapes.
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{snap-pizzicato-markup-bartok-pizzicato.ly}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff