version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.57"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
-This section shows the different possibilities of creating and
-grouping staves, which are marked at the beginning of each line
-with either a bracket or a brace.
+This section describes the different methods of creating and
+grouping staves.
@menu
* Instantiating new staves::
* Grouping staves::
-* Deeper nested staff groups::
+* Nested staff groups::
@end menu
modern Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f }
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f e d }
@end lilypond
@code{RhythmicStaff} creates a single-line staff that only
music: @code{MensuralStaff} and @code{VaticanaStaff}. They are
described in @ref{Pre-defined contexts}.
-Staves can be started or stopped at any point in the score. The
-commands @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} are used for
-this purpose. For details, see @ref{Staff symbol}.
+New single staff contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
@seealso
@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
@ref{Staff symbol},
@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
-@ref{Mensural contexts}.
+@ref{Mensural contexts},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@code{SystemStartSquare}, is also available, but it must be
explicitly specified.
+New staff group contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
@snippets
@rglos{grand staff}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Instrument names}.
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@rinternals{SystemStartSquare}.
-@node Deeper nested staff groups
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Deeper nested staff groups
+@node Nested staff groups
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Nested staff groups
@cindex staff, nested
@cindex staves, nested
Two additional staff-group contexts are available that can be
nested within a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{ChoirStaff} context:
@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaff}. These contexts
-create a bracket next to the original bracket of their parent
-staff group.
+create a new bracket adjacent to the bracket of their parent staff
+group.
An @code{InnerStaffGroup} is treated similarly to a
-@code{StaffGroup}; bar lines are connected between each stave
+@code{StaffGroup}; bar lines are connected between each staff
within the context:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
>>
@end lilypond
+New nested staff group contexts can be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
@snippets
Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
-@ref{Instrument names}.
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
{ d4 d d d }
@end lilypond
-The vertical position of staff lines and the number of staff lines
-can be defined at the same time. As the following example shows,
-note positions are not influenced by the staff line positions.
-
-@warning{The @code{'line-positions} property overrides the
-@code{'line-count} property. The number of staff lines is
-implicitly defined by the number of elements in the list of values
-for @code{'line-positions}}
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(7 3 0 -4 -6 -7)
-}
-{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
-@end lilypond
-
Staff line thickness can be modified. The thickness of ledger
lines and stems are also affected, since they depend on staff line
thickness.
{ e4 d c b }
@end lilypond
-The distance between staff lines can be changed. This setting has
-influence on ledger lines as well.
+The distance between staff lines can be changed. This setting
+affects the spacing of ledger lines as well.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
{ a4 b c d }
@end lilypond
-The width of a staff can be modified. The unit is one staff
-space. The spacing of objects inside the staff is not influenced
-by this setting.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #'width = #23
-}
-{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
-@end lilypond
-
Further details about the properties of @code{StaffSymbol} can be
-found here: @rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
+found in @rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
@funindex \startStaff
@funindex \stopStaff
a2 a
@end lilypond
+@cindex stopping a staff
+
+@noindent
+In general, @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} can be used
+to stop or start a staff in the middle of a score.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4 b a2
+\stopStaff
+b4 c d2
+\startStaff
+e4 d c2
+@end lilypond
+
@predefined
@rglos{staff}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Displaying pitches}.
+@ref{Clef}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
}
@end lilypond
+@noindent
However, the above example is usually not the desired result. To
create ossia staves that are above the original staff, have no
time signature or clef, and have a smaller font size, tweaks must
<<
\new Staff = ossia \with {
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- \remove "Clef_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
fontSize = #-3
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
\override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
>>
@end lilypond
-@c The following is the legacy "ossia.ly" example
-@c
-@c I don't think this method is very efficient.
-@c I'm commenting it out for now. -pm
-
-@ignore
-
-@ lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-<<
- \new Staff \with
- {
- %No time signature in the ossia staff
- \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- fontSize = #-3
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
- \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
- firstClef = ##f
- }
- \relative c'' {
- \stopStaff
- \skip 2
-
- \startStaff
- \clef treble
- bes8[^"ossia" g bes g]
- \stopStaff
-
- s2
-
- \startStaff
- f8 d g4
- }
- \new Staff \relative c'' {
- \time 2/4
- c4 c g' g a a g2
- }
->>
-@ end lilypond
-
-@end ignore
-
Using the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command to create ossia
staves may be used as an alternative. This method is most
convenient when ossia staves occur immediately following a line
<<
\new Staff = ossia \with {
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- \remove "Clef_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
fontSize = #-3
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
\override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
@rlearning{Length and thickness of objects}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Setting the staff size}.
+@ref{Hiding staves}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Empty staves can be hidden by setting the
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command in the @code{\layout}
block. In orchestral scores, this style is known as @q{Frenched
-Score}. By default, this command hides all empty staves in a
-score except for those in the first system.
+Score}. By default, this command hides and removes all empty
+staves in a score except for those in the first system.
@warning{An empty staff may only include multi-measure rests,
-skips, spacer rests, or a combination of these.}
+skips, spacer rests, or a combination of these elements.}
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\layout {
\RemoveEmptyStaffContext
}
}
+
\relative c' <<
\new Staff {
e4 f g a \break
@cindex ossia
+@noindent
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} can also be used to create ossia
sections for a staff. For details, see @ref{Ossia staves}.
@rinternals{FiguredBass},
@rinternals{Lyrics},
@rinternals{Staff},
-@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
+@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup},
+@rinternals{Staff_symbol_engraver}.
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Removing @code{Staff_symbol_engraver} also hides bar lines. If
+bar line visibility is forced, formatting errors may occur. In
+this case, use the following overrides instead of removing the
+engraver:
+
+@example
+\override StaffSymbol #'stencil = ##f
+\override NoteHead #'no-ledgers = ##t
+@end example
@node Writing parts
@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
-@c TODO add snippet to LSR -pm
-To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
-make the metronome marking invisible
-
-@example
-\once \override Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t
-@end example
-
-@c TODO add snippet to LSR -pm
-To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-tempo-without-a-metronome-mark.ly}
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-c4^\markup {
- (
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"16." #1
- =
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"8" #1
- ) }
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-metronome-marks-in-markup-mode.ly}
For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
@cindex instrument names
@cindex instrument names, short
-Instrument names can be printed on the left side of staves for the
+Instrument names can be printed on the left side of staves in the
@code{Staff} and @code{PianoStaff} contexts. The value of
@code{instrumentName} is used for the first staff, and the value
of @code{shortInstrumentName} is used for all succeeding staves.
default. To center multi-line instrument names,
@code{\center-column} must be used:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,indent=1.5\cm,relative=2]
<<
\new Staff {
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Flute"
}
\new Staff {
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-column {
- Clarinetti
+ Clarinet
\line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
}
c4 b c2
However, if the instrument names are longer, the instrument names
in a staff group may not be centered unless the @code{indent} and
-@code{short-indent} settings are increased. The @code{indent} and
-@code{short-indent} settings are modified in the @code{\layout}
-block and specify the level of indentation for the first system
-and all succeeding systems, respectively.
+@code{short-indent} settings are increased. For details about
+these settings, see @ref{Horizontal dimensions}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\layout {
- indent = 2.5\cm
+ indent = 3.0\cm
short-indent = 1.5\cm
}
\relative c'' <<
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = "Flute"
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Alto Flute in G"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Fl."
f2 g4 f \break
g4 f g2
c1 c c c \break
@end lilypond
+@cindex instrument switch
+@cindex switching instruments
+
+If an instrument @emph{switch} is needed,
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} may be used in combination with
+@code{\instrumentSwitch} to create a detailed list of the
+necessary changes for the switch. The
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} command has two arguments: an
+identifying string, and an association list of context properties
+and values to be used for the instrument. It must be placed in
+the toplevel scope. @code{\instrumentSwitch} is used in the music
+expression to declare the instrument switch:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\addInstrumentDefinition #"contrabassoon"
+ #`((instrumentTransposition . ,(ly:make-pitch -1 0 0))
+ (shortInstrumentName . "Cbsn.")
+ (clefGlyph . "clefs.F")
+ (middleCPosition . 6)
+ (clefPosition . 2)
+ (instrumentCueName . ,(make-bold-markup "cbsn."))
+ (midiInstrument . "bassoon"))
+
+\new Staff \with {
+ instrumentName = "Bassoon"
+}
+\relative c' {
+ \clef tenor
+ \compressFullBarRests
+ c2 g'
+ R1*16
+ \instrumentSwitch "contrabassoon"
+ c,,2 g \break
+ c,1 ~ | c1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@seealso
Notation Reference:
+@ref{Horizontal dimensions},
@ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
Snippets:
@cindex fragments
@cindex cue notes
-Quotations allow fragments of other parts to be inserted directly
-into a music expression. Before a part can be quoted, the
-@code{\addQuote} command must be used to initialize the quoted
-fragment. This command must be used in the toplevel scope. The
-first argument is an identifying string, and the second is a music
-expression:
+It is very common for one voice to double the some of the music from
+another voice. For example, the first and second violins may play the
+same notes during a passage of music. In LilyPond this is accomplished
+by letting one voice @emph{quote} the other voice without having to
+re-enter it.
+
+Before a part can be quoted, the @code{\addQuote} command must be used
+to initialize the quoted fragment. This command must be used in the
+toplevel scope. The first argument is an identifying string, and the
+second is a music expression:
@example
-flute = \relative c' @{
- f4 fis g gis
+flute = \relative c'' @{
+ a4 gis g gis
@}
\addQuote "flute" @{ \flute @}
@end example
-The @code{\quoteDuring} command may then be used to indicate when
-the quotation should take place. The corresponding measures from
-the quotation are inserted into the music expression. The syntax
-is similar to @code{\addQuote}:
+The @code{\quoteDuring} command is used to indicate the point where the
+quotation begins. It is followed by two arguments: the name of the
+quoted voice, as defined with @code{\addQuote}, and a music expression
+that indicates the duration of the quote, usually spacer rests or
+multi-measure rests. The corresponding music from the quoted voice is
+inserted into the music expression:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-flute = \relative c' {
- f4 fis g gis
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
}
\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
situation is created, which is often not desirable:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-flute = \relative c' {
- f4 fis g gis
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
}
\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
@end lilypond
Quotations recognize instrument transposition settings for both
-the source and target instruments if they are specified using the
-@code{\transposition} command:
+the source and target instruments if the @code{\transposition}
+command is used. For details about @code{\transposition}, see
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-clarinet = \relative c' {
+clarinet = \relative c'' {
\transposition bes
- f4 fis g gis
+ a4 gis g gis
}
\addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet }
}
@end lilypond
-@c add to snippets, possibly. It might already be there. -pm
-@c
-@c The type of events that are present in the quoted music can be
-@c trimmed with the @code{quotedEventTypes} property. The default
-@c value is @code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only
-@c notes and rests of the quoted voice end up in the
-@c @code{\quoteDuring}. Setting
-@c
-@c @example
-@c \set Staff.quotedEventTypes =
-@c #'(note-event articulation-event dynamic-event)
-@c @end example
-@c
-@c @noindent
-@c will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
-@c dynamics.
+It is possible to tag quotations with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{quoting-another-voice-with-transposition.ly}
+@cindex note-event
+@cindex articulation-event
+@cindex dynamic-event
+@cindex rest-event
+@funindex quotedEventTypes
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{quoting-another-voice.ly}
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Using tags}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex cues, formatting
-The previous section explains how to quote other voices. The
+The previous section explains how to create quotations. The
@code{\cueDuring} command is a more specialized form of
@code{\quoteDuring}, being particularly useful for inserting cue
notes into a part. The syntax is as follows:
@example
- \cueDuring #@var{partname} #@var{voice} @var{music}
+\cueDuring #@var{partname} #@var{voice} @var{music}
@end example
This command copies the corresponding measures from @var{partname}
}
@end lilypond
+@noindent
In the above example, the @code{Voice} context had to be
explicitly declared, or else the entire music expression would
belong to the @code{CueVoice} context.
The name of the cued instrument can be printed by setting the
-@code{instrumentCueName} property.
+@code{instrumentCueName} property in the @code{CueVoice} context.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
oboe = \relative c''' {
g4 r8 e16 f e4 d
}
-\addQuote oboe { \oboe }
+\addQuote "oboe" { \oboe }
\new Staff \relative c'' <<
\new CueVoice \with {
>>
@end lilypond
-The @code{\killCues} command is used to remove the cue notes from
-a music expression.
+In addition to printing the name of the cued instrument, when cue
+notes end, the name of the original instrument should be printed,
+and any other changes introduced by the cued part should be
+undone. This can be accomplished by using
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} and @code{\instrumentSwitch}. For
+an example and explanation, see @ref{Instrument names}.
+
+The @code{\killCues} command removes cue notes from a music
+expression. This can be useful if cue notes need to be removed
+from a part but may be restored at a later time.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
flute = \relative c''' {
r2 cis2 r2 dis2
}
-\addQuote flute { \flute }
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
\new Voice \relative c'' {
\killCues {
}
@end lilypond
-When typesetting cue notes, some guidelines should be followed:
-
-@itemize
-@item
-The instrument playing the cue should be clearly marked on the
-score.
-
-@item
-When the cue notes end, the name of the original instrument should
-be indicated.
-
-@item
-Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
-undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
-clef, the original clef should be stated once again.
-
-@end itemize
-
-The @code{\transposedCueDuring} command is useful to add cues for
-instruments in a completely different register. The syntax is
-similar to @code{\cueDuring}, but it requires one more argument to
-specify the transposition of the cued instrument. For more
-information about transposition, see
+The @code{\transposedCueDuring} command is useful for adding
+instrumental cues from a completely different register. The
+syntax is similar to @code{\cueDuring}, but it requires one extra
+argument to specify the transposition of the cued instrument. For
+more information about transposition, see
@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
>>
@end lilypond
+It is possible to tag cued parts with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
+
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Using tags}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@knownissues
-Collisions are not checked between @code{Voice} and
-@code{CueVoice} contexts.
+Collisions can occur with rests, when using @code{\cueDuring},
+between @code{Voice} and @code{CueVoice} contexts.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff