version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.51"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
@lilypondfile[quote]{staff-headword.ly}
-
-This section explains how to influence the staff appearance,
-print scores with more than one staff, and
-how to apply specific performance marks to single staves.
+This section explains how to influence the staff appearance, print
+scores with more than one staff, and how to apply specific
+performance marks to single staves.
@menu
-* Displaying staves::
-* Modifying single staves::
-* Writing parts::
+* Displaying staves::
+* Modifying single staves::
+* Writing parts::
@end menu
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
-This section shows the different possibilities to create and group
-staves into groups, which can be marked in the beginning of each
-line with either a bracket or a brace.
+This section describes the different methods of creating and
+grouping staves.
@menu
* Instantiating new staves::
-* Grouping staves::
-* Deeper nested staff groups::
+* Grouping staves::
+* Nested staff groups::
@end menu
+
@node Instantiating new staves
-@subsubsection Instantiating new staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Instantiating new staves
@cindex new staff
@cindex staff initiation
@cindex tabstaff
@cindex tablature
-Staves (sg. staff) are created with the @code{\new} or
-@code{\context} commands. For an explanation on these commands,
-see @ref{Creating contexts}.
-
-There are different predefined staff contexts available in LilyPond:
+@notation{Staves} (singular: @notation{staff}) are created with
+the @code{\new} or @code{\context} commands. For details, see
+@ref{Creating contexts}.
-@itemize
-@item
-The default is @code{Staff}:
+The basic staff context is @code{Staff}:
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
-\new Staff { c d e f }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new Staff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond
-@item
-@code{DrumStaff} creates a five line staff set up for a typical drum set.
-It uses different names for each instrument. The instrument names have to
-be set using the @code{drummode}. See @ref{Percussion staves}.
+@code{DrumStaff} creates a five-line staff set up for a
+typical drum set. It uses different names for each instrument.
+The instrument names are set using the @code{\drummode} command.
+For details, see @ref{Percussion staves}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new DrumStaff {
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new DrumStaff {
\drummode { cymc hh ss tomh }
}
@end lilypond
@c FIXME: remove when mentioned in NR 2.8
-@item
-@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} sets up a staff to notate modern
-Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
+@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} creates a staff to notate
+modern Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
-\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c d e f }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f e d }
@end lilypond
-@item
-@code{RhythmicStaff} can be used to show the rhythm of some music. The
-notes are printed on one line regardless of their pitch, but the duration
-is preserved. See @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
+@code{RhythmicStaff} creates a single-line staff that only
+displays the rhythmic values of the input. Real durations are
+preserved. For details, see @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
-\new RhythmicStaff { c d e f }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new RhythmicStaff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond
-@item
-@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tablature with six strings in
-standard guitar tuning. See @ref{Guitar tablatures}.
+@code{TabStaff} creates a tablature with six strings in standard
+guitar tuning. For details, see @ref{Default tablatures}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
-\new TabStaff { c d e f }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new TabStaff { c4 d e f }
@end lilypond
-@end itemize
-
-@noindent
-Besides these staves there are two staff contexts specific for the notation
-of ancient music: @code{MensuralStaff} and @code{VaticanaStaff}. They are
+There are two staff contexts specific for the notation of ancient
+music: @code{MensuralStaff} and @code{VaticanaStaff}. They are
described in @ref{Pre-defined contexts}.
-Once a staff is instantiated it can be started or stopped at every point
-in the score. This is done with the commands @code{\startStaff} and
-@code{\stopStaff}. How to use it is explained in @ref{Staff symbol}.
+New single staff contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}.
-
-Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion staves},
-@ref{Guitar tablatures}, @ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
-@ref{Mensural contexts}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{staff},
+@rglos{staves}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Creating contexts},
+@ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
+@ref{Default tablatures},
+@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
+@ref{Staff symbol},
+@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
+@ref{Mensural contexts},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{DrumStaff},
-@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff}, @rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
-@rinternals{TabStaff}, @rinternals{MensuralStaff},
-@rinternals{VaticanaStaff}, @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
-
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{DrumStaff},
+@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff},
+@rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
+@rinternals{TabStaff},
+@rinternals{MensuralStaff},
+@rinternals{VaticanaStaff},
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@node Grouping staves
-@subsubsection Grouping staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Grouping staves
@cindex start of system
@cindex staff, multiple
@cindex system start delimiters
@cindex bracket, vertical
@cindex brace, vertical
+@cindex choir staff
@cindex grand staff
@cindex piano staff
@cindex staff group
@cindex staff, choir
-@cindex choir staff
+@cindex staff, piano
@cindex system
-LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single staves
-together. These contexts influence in the first place the appearance
-of the system start delimiter, but they have also influence on the
-behavior of the bar lines.
+Various contexts exist to group single staves together in order to
+form multi-stave systems. Each grouping context sets the style of
+the system start delimiter and the behavior of bar lines.
-@itemize
-@item
-If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
-will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
-bar lines are not connected. The name of the beginning bar line
-grob is @code{SystemStartBar}.
+If no context is specified, the default properties will be used:
+the group is started with a vertical line, and the bar lines are
+not connected.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
<<
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item
-In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through
-all the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.
+In the @code{StaffGroup} context, the group is started with a
+bracket and bar lines are drawn through all the staves.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item
-In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is
-started with a bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
+In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group starts with a bracket, but bar
+lines are not connected.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new ChoirStaff <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item
-In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
-at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
+In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group begins with a brace, and bar
+lines are connected between the staves.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new GrandStaff <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item
-The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but is
-optimized for setting piano music. In particular it supports the printing
-of an instrument name directly, see @ref{Instrument names}.
+The @code{PianoStaff} is identical to a @code{GrandStaff}, except
+that it supports printing the instrument name directly. For
+details, see @ref{Instrument names}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new PianoStaff <<
+ \set PianoStaff.instrumentName = "Piano"
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@end itemize
-
Each staff group context sets the property
-@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
-@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace},
-and @code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
-@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
-instantiated manually. The usage of this last delimiter is shown further
-down in the snippet section.
-
-According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists of
-staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of the system.
-In LilyPond this is produced grouping the @code{Staff} contexts with
-@code{<< ... >>}.
-
-Each instrument family is grouped inside of a @code{StaffGroup} with a
-starting bracket. A group of same instruments or an instrument using
-more than one staff is grouped with braces in a @code{GrandStaff}.
+@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the following values:
+@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace}, or
+@code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
+@code{SystemStartSquare}, is also available, but it must be
+explicitly specified.
-As the context names tell, @code{PianoStaff} is used for notating
-piano music and @code{ChoirStaff} for all kind of vocal ensemble music.
+New staff group contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system.ly}
@cindex mensurstriche layout
@cindex transcription of mensural music
@cindex mensural music, transcription of
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
@c FIXME: move to NR 2.8.x when sectioning is ready
+
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{brace},
-@rglos{bracket}, @rglos{grand staff}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{brace},
+@rglos{bracket},
+@rglos{grand staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{ChoirStaff},
-@rinternals{GrandStaff}, @rinternals{PianoStaff},
-@rinternals{StaffGroup}, @rinternals{systemStartDelimiter},
-@rinternals{SystemStartBar}, @rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
-@rinternals{SystemStartBracket}, @rinternals{systemStartSquare}.
-
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup},
+@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{GrandStaff},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{SystemStartSquare}.
-@node Deeper nested staff groups
-@subsubsection Deeper nested staff groups
-There are also two inner staff contexts named @code{InnerStaffGroup}
-and @code{InnerChoirStaffGroup} besides the grouping contexts mentioned
-in @ref{Grouping staves}. They behave in the same way as their simple
-counterparts, except that they are contained in another staff grouping
-context, thus producing one more bracket on top of the existing one.
-Note that @code{GrandStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} do not have any inner
-grouping contexts. They can both be inside any other staff context,
-including inner staff groups, though.
-
-Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings and nesting
-of these groupings. Note that the instrument names are omitted from the
-source code, for instructions how to set them see @ref{Instrument names}.
+@node Nested staff groups
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Nested staff groups
@cindex staff, nested
@cindex staves, nested
@cindex inner staff group
@cindex inner choir staff group
+Two additional staff-group contexts are available that can be
+nested within a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{ChoirStaff} context:
+@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaff}. These contexts
+create a new bracket adjacent to the bracket of their parent staff
+group.
-@example
-\score @{ <<
- \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
- <<
- \new Staff @{ c'1 d' @} %flute
- \new InnerStaffGroup <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %sax
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %oboe
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %English horn
- >>
- \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @} %bassoon
- >>
- \new StaffGroup %the brass group
- <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %trumpet
- \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @} %trombone
- \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
- <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @}
- >>
- >>
- \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
- <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- \new InnerChoirStaff <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- >>
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- >>
- \new PianoStaff %for the piano
- <<
- \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
- \new Staff @{\clef bass c d @}
- >>
->> @}
-@end example
+An @code{InnerStaffGroup} is treated similarly to a
+@code{StaffGroup}; bar lines are connected between each staff
+within the context:
-@c no verbatim so instrument names are only in the music
-@lilypond[ragged-right,quote]
-\score { <<
- \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
- <<
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "fl" c'1 d' } %flute
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new StaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff { c2 c | c2 c }
\new InnerStaffGroup <<
- \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "sax" c' d' } %sax 1
- \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ob" c' d' } %sax 2
- \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ca" c' d' }
- >>
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "bs" \clef bass c d } %bassoon
- >>
- \new StaffGroup %the brass group
- <<
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "tr" c' d' } %trumpet
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "tb" \clef bass c d } %trombone
- \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
- <<
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "cor1" c' d' }
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "cor2" \clef bass c d }
- >>
- >>
- \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
- <<
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "S" c' d' }
- \new InnerChoirStaff <<
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "A1" c' d' }
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "A2" c' d' }
- >>
- \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "T" c' d' }
+ \new Staff { g2 g | g2 g }
+ \new Staff { e2 e | e2 e }
>>
- \new PianoStaff %for the piano
- <<
- \new Staff { c' d' }
- \new Staff {\clef bass c d }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Bar lines are @emph{not} connected between staves of an
+@code{InnerChoirStaff}, just like a @code{ChoirStaff}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c2 c | c2 c }
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff { g2 g | g2 g }
+ \new Staff { e2 e | e2 e }
>>
->> }
+ \new Staff { c1 | c1 }
+>>
@end lilypond
+New nested staff group contexts can be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{nesting-staves.ly}
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Grouping staves},
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{InnerChoirStaffGroup},
-@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup}, @rinternals{SystemStartBar},
-@rinternals{SystemStartBrace}, @rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
-@rinternals{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
-
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup},
+@rinternals{InnerChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{SystemStartSquare}.
@node Modifying single staves
@subsection Modifying single staves
-This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
-staff like the staff lines, starting and stopping of staves, sizing
-of staves, and setting ossia sections.
+This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
+staff: for example, modifying the number of staff lines or the
+staff size. Methods to start and stop staves and set ossia
+sections are also described.
@menu
-* Staff symbol::
-* Ossia staves::
-* Hiding staves::
+* Staff symbol::
+* Ossia staves::
+* Hiding staves::
@end menu
+
@node Staff symbol
-@subsubsection Staff symbol
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff symbol
@cindex adjusting staff symbol
@cindex drawing staff symbol
@cindex spacing of ledger lines
@cindex number of staff lines
-The layout object which draws the lines of a staff is called
-@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in number,
-thickness and distance of lines, using properties. It may also
-be started and stopped at every point in the score.
-
-@itemize
-@item
-Changing the number of staff lines is done by overriding
-@code{line-count}. You may need to adjust the clef position
-and the position of the middle C to fit to the new staff. For
-an explanation, see the snippet section in @ref{Displaying pitches}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new Staff {
- \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
- d d d d
-}
-@end lilypond
+The lines of a staff belong to the @code{StaffSymbol} grob.
+@code{StaffSymbol} properties can be modified to change the
+appearance of a staff, but they must be modified before the staff
+is created.
+
+The number of staff lines may be changed. The clef position and
+the position of middle C may need to be modified to fit the new
+staff. For an explanation, refer to the snippet section in
+@ref{Clef}.
-@item
-The placement and amount of the staff lines can also set totally
-manually by defining their positions explicitly. The middle
-of the staff has the value of 0, each half staff space up and down
-adds an integer. The default values are 4 2 0 -2 -4. Bar lines
-are drawn according to the calculated width of the system, but
-they are always centered. As the
-example shows, the positions of the notes are not influenced
-by the position of the staff lines.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #' line-positions = #' ( 7 3 0 -4 -6 -7 )
- }{
- a e' f' b' d''
+ \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
}
+{ d4 d d d }
@end lilypond
-@item
-The staff line thickness can be set by overriding the @code{thickness}
-property. Note that it gets applied also to ledger lines and stems,
-since they depend on the staff line thickness. The argument of
-@code{thickness} is a factor of @code{line-thickness} which defaults
-to the normal staff line thickness.
+Staff line thickness can be modified. The thickness of ledger
+lines and stems are also affected, since they depend on staff line
+thickness.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
\override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #3
- }{
- d d d d
}
+{ e4 d c b }
@end lilypond
-@item
-The thickness of the ledger lines can also be set independent of the
-settings for staff lines. The setting is calculated from a pair of
-values which will be added for the final thickness. The first value
-is the staff line thickness multiplied by a factor, the second is
-the staff space multiplied by a factor. In the example the ledger
-lines get their thickness from one staff line thickness plus 1/5
-staff space, so they are heavier than a normal staff line.
+Ledger line thickness can be set independently of staff line
+thickness.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #' ledger-line-thickness = #' ( 1 . 0.2 ) }
- {
- d d d d
+ \override StaffSymbol #'ledger-line-thickness = #'(1 . 0.2)
}
+{ e4 d c b }
@end lilypond
-@item
-The distance of the stafflines can be changed with the
-@code{staff-space} property. Its argument is the amount
-of staff spaces that should be inserted between the lines.
-The default value is 1. Setting the distance has
-influence on the staff lines as well as on ledger lines.
+The distance between staff lines can be changed. This setting
+affects the spacing of ledger lines as well.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #' staff-space = #1.5
- }{
- a b c' d'
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #1.5
}
+{ a4 b c d }
@end lilypond
-@item
-The length of the staff line can also be adjusted
-manually. The unit is one staff space. Spacing
-of the objects inside the staff does not get influenced
-by this setting.
+Further details about the properties of @code{StaffSymbol} can be
+found in @rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #' width = #23
- }{
- a e' f' b' d''
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-@end itemize
+@funindex \startStaff
+@funindex \stopStaff
-These properties can only be set before instantiating the staff symbol.
-But it is possible to start and stop staves in the middle of a score,
-so each new setting will be applied to the newly instantiated staff.
+Modifications to staff properties in the middle of a score can be
+placed between @code{\stopStaff} and @code{\startStaff}:
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
-b4 b
-%Set here the overrides for the staff
-\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = 2
-\stopStaff \startStaff
-b b
-%Revert to the default
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c2 c
+\stopStaff
+\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
+\startStaff
+b2 b
+\stopStaff
\revert Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count
-\stopStaff \startStaff
-b b
+\startStaff
+a2 a
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex stopping a staff
+
+@noindent
+In general, @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} can be used
+to stop or start a staff in the middle of a score.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4 b a2
+\stopStaff
+b4 c d2
+\startStaff
+e4 d c2
@end lilypond
-
+
+
@predefined
-@code{\stopStaff}, @code{\startStaff}
+@code{\startStaff},
+@code{\stopStaff}.
+
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+
@seealso
-Glossary: @rglos{line}, @rglos{ledger line}, @rglos{staff}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{line},
+@rglos{ledger line},
+@rglos{staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Clef}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol},
+@rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@knownissues
-When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are
-always drawn centered on the position 0, so the
-maximum distance of the bar lines in either direction
-must be equal.
+When setting vertical staff line positions manually, bar lines are
+always centered on position 0, so the maximum distance between the
+outermost bar lines in either direction must be equal.
@node Ossia staves
-@subsubsection Ossia staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Ossia staves
@cindex staff, Frenched
@cindex ossia
@cindex staff, resizing of
@cindex resizing of staves
-Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:
+@notation{Ossia} staves can be set by creating a new simultaneous
+staff in the appropriate location:
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
- \new Staff \with {
- fontSize = #-3
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
- \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
- }
- {
- \clef bass
- c8 c c c c c c c
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new Staff \relative c'' {
+ c4 b d c
+ <<
+ { c4 b d c }
+ \new Staff { e4 d f e }
+ >>
+ c4 b c2
+}
@end lilypond
@noindent
-This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and
-the font size by the factor 3. You find a more precise explanation
-in @ref{Setting the staff size}.
+However, the above example is usually not the desired result. To
+create ossia staves that are above the original staff, have no
+time signature or clef, and have a smaller font size, tweaks must
+be used. The Learning Manual describes a specific technique to
+achieve this goal, beginning with
+@rlearning{Nesting music expressions}.
-The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
-to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets. The @emph{ossia}
-staff is stopped and started explicitely and white space is inserted
-with the @code{\skip} command.
+The following example uses the @code{alignAboveContext} property
+to align the ossia staff. This method is most appropriate when
+only a few ossia staves are needed.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new Staff = main \relative c'' {
+ c4 b d c
+ <<
+ { c4 b d c }
+
+ \new Staff \with {
+ \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ alignAboveContext = #"main"
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
+ firstClef = ##f
+ }
+ { e4 d f e }
+ >>
+ c4 b c2
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+If many isolated ossia staves are needed, creating an empty
+@code{Staff} context with a specific @emph{context id} may be more
+appropriate; the ossia staves may then be created by
+@emph{calling} this context and using @code{\startStaff} and
+@code{\stopStaff} at the desired locations. The benefits of this
+method are more apparent if the piece is longer than the following
+example.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
<<
- \new Staff \with
- {
- %No time signature in the ossia staff
+ \new Staff = ossia \with {
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
fontSize = #-3
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
- \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
- firstClef = ##f
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
}
- \relative c'' {
- \stopStaff
- \skip 2
+ { \stopStaff s1*6 }
- \startStaff
- \clef treble
- bes8[^"ossia" g bes g]
- \stopStaff
+ \new Staff \relative c' {
+ c4 b c2
+ <<
+ { e4 f e2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ \startStaff e4 g8 f e2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ g4 a g2 \break
+ c4 b c2
+ <<
+ { g4 a g2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ \startStaff g4 e8 f g2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ e4 d c2
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
- s2
+Using the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command to create ossia
+staves may be used as an alternative. This method is most
+convenient when ossia staves occur immediately following a line
+break. In this case, spacer rests do not need to be used at all;
+only @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} are necessary. For
+more information about @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext}, see
+@ref{Hiding staves}.
- \startStaff
- f8 d g4
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+<<
+ \new Staff = ossia \with {
+ \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
}
- \new Staff \relative c'' {
- \time 2/4
- c4 c g' g a a g2
+ \new Staff \relative c' {
+ c4 b c2
+ e4 f e2
+ g4 a g2 \break
+ <<
+ { c4 b c2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ c4 e8 d c2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ g4 a g2
+ e4 d c2
}
>>
+
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ }
+}
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@c lilypondfile{Making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
-@c snippet 277
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{vertically-aligning-ossias-and-lyrics.ly}
+
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{ossia}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{Frenched staff}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ossia},
+@rglos{staff},
+@rglos{Frenched staff}.
+
+Learning Manual:
+@rlearning{Nesting music expressions},
+@rlearning{Size of objects},
+@rlearning{Length and thickness of objects}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Hiding staves}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@node Hiding staves
-@subsubsection Hiding staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves
-@cindex Frenched scores
+@cindex Frenched score
+@cindex Frenched staff
@cindex staff, hiding
-@cindex staff, empty
+@cindex staff, empty
@cindex hiding of staves
@cindex empty staves
-@cindex Frenched staves
-
-In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
-removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French
-Score}. For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
-@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default. When
-the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
-process, they are removed.
-For normal staves this behaviour is called
-with the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command. It is set
-in the @code{\layout} block. As a result staves containing
-nothing or whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.
+Staff lines can be hidden by removing the
+@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context. As an
+alternative, @code{\stopStaff} may be used.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\layout {
- \context { \RemoveEmptyStaffContext }
-}
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
- >>
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver"
}
+\relative c''' { a8 f e16 d c b a2 }
@end lilypond
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
-To remove other types of contexts, use
-@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
-@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
-
-@cindex ossia
-
-Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
-make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
-piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See @ref{Ossia staves}.
+Empty staves can be hidden by setting the
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command in the @code{\layout}
+block. In orchestral scores, this style is known as @q{Frenched
+Score}. By default, this command hides and removes all empty
+staves in a score except for those in the first system.
-You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
-@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.
+@warning{An empty staff may only include multi-measure rests,
+skips, spacer rests, or a combination of these elements.}
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\score {
- \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
- \layout{
- \context {
- \Staff
- \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
}
}
+
+\relative c' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ e4 f g a \break
+ b1 \break
+ a4 b c2
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ c,4 d e f \break
+ R1 \break
+ f4 g c,2
+ }
+>>
@end lilypond
-@snippets
+@cindex ossia
-The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
-setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property. This can be done
-globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside the
-specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case,
-you have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
-current staff) in front of the property.
+@noindent
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} can also be used to create ossia
+sections for a staff. For details, see @ref{Ossia staves}.
-The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed,
-because the setting applies only to the specific staff inside
-of which it is written.
+@cindex hiding ancient staves
+@cindex hiding rhythmic staves
+@funindex \AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\layout {
- \context {
- \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
- %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
- %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
- }
-}
-\new StaffGroup
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff {
- e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff {
- %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
- \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
- R1 \break R1 }
- >>
-\new StaffGroup
- <<
- \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff { R \break R1 }
- >>
-@end lilypond
+The @code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} command may be used to
+hide empty staves in ancient music contexts. Similarly,
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext} may be used to hide empty
+@code{RhythmicStaff} contexts.
-@c FIXME not yet in master
-@c lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-@c {remove-the-first-empy-line.ly}
@predefined
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
-@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext},
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{removing-the-first-empty-line.ly}
+
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Staff symbol}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{Frenched staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Staff symbol},
+@ref{Ossia staves}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{ChordNames},
-@rinternals{FiguredBass}, @rinternals{Lyrics},
-@rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{ChordNames},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass},
+@rinternals{Lyrics},
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup},
+@rinternals{Staff_symbol_engraver}.
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Removing @code{Staff_symbol_engraver} also hides bar lines. If
+bar line visibility is forced, formatting errors may occur. In
+this case, use the following overrides instead of removing the
+engraver:
+
+@example
+\override StaffSymbol #'stencil = ##f
+\override NoteHead #'no-ledgers = ##t
+@end example
+
@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts
+This section explains how to insert tempo indications and
+instrument names into a score. Methods to quote other voices and
+format cue notes are also described.
+
@menu
-* Metronome marks::
-* Instrument names::
-* Quoting other voices::
-* Formatting cue notes::
+* Metronome marks::
+* Instrument names::
+* Quoting other voices::
+* Formatting cue notes::
@end menu
+
@node Metronome marks
-@subsubsection Metronome marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Metronome marks
-@cindex Tempo
+@cindex tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@cindex metronome marking
+@cindex metronome marking with text
+@funindex \tempo
-Metronome settings can be entered as follows
+A basic metronome mark is simple to write:
-@example
-\tempo @var{duration} = @var{per-minute}
-@end example
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\tempo 4 = 120
+c2 d
+e4. d8 c2
+@end lilypond
-In the MIDI output, they are interpreted as a tempo change. In
-the layout output, a metronome marking is printed
+Tempo indications with text can be used instead:
-@funindex \tempo
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo "Allegretto"
+c4 e d c
+b4. a16 b c4 r4
+@end lilypond
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-\tempo 8.=120 c''1
+Combining a metronome mark and text will automatically place the
+metronome mark within parentheses:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo "Allegro" 4 = 160
+g4 c d e
+d4 b g2
@end lilypond
+In general, the text can be any markup object:
-@snippets
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo \markup { \italic Faster } 4 = 132
+a8-. r8 b-. r gis-. r a-. r
+@end lilypond
+
+A parenthesized metronome mark with no textual indication may be
+written by including an empty string in the input:
-To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
-make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
-Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t @end example
-
-To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative,fragment]
-c4^\markup {
- (
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"16." #1
- =
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"8" #1
- ) }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo "" 8 = 96
+d4 g e c
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
+@snippets
-@seealso
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff.ly}
-Music Glossary: @rglos{metronome}, @rglos{metronomic indication},
-@rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome mark}.
+@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
-Notation Reference: @ref{Formatting text}.
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-tempo-without-a-metronome-mark.ly}
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-metronome-marks-in-markup-mode.ly}
+
+For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
-output}.
+@seealso
-@knownissues
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{metronome},
+@rglos{metronomic indication},
+@rglos{tempo indication},
+@rglos{metronome mark}.
-Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line
-of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
-the metronome marking may be printed on top of musical symbols.
-If this occurs, increase the padding of the metronome mark to
-place it further away from the staff.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Formatting text},
+@ref{MIDI output}.
-@example
-\override Score.MetronomeMark #'padding = #2.5
-@end example
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{MetronomeMark}.
@node Instrument names
-@subsubsection Instrument names
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names
@cindex instrument names
@cindex instrument names, short
-In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
-side of the staves.
-
-This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
-@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print text
-before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
-@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName} is
-used for the following staves.
+Instrument names can be printed on the left side of staves in the
+@code{Staff} and @code{PianoStaff} contexts. The value of
+@code{instrumentName} is used for the first staff, and the value
+of @code{shortInstrumentName} is used for all succeeding staves.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,relative=1,fragment]
-\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
-\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Plk "
-c1
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1]
+\set Staff.instrumentName = "Violin "
+\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Vln "
+c4.. g'16 c4.. g'16
\break
-c''
+c1
@end lilypond
-You can also use markup texts to construct more complicated
-instrument names, for example
+Markup mode can be used to create more complicated instrument
+names:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
\column { "Clarinetti"
\line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
-c''1
+c4 c,16 d e f g2
@end lilypond
@cindex instrument names, centering
-As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names
-are better entered using @code{\center-align}:
+When two or more staff contexts are grouped together, the
+instrument names and short instrument names are centered by
+default. To center multi-line instrument names,
+@code{\center-column} must be used:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-{ <<
-\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
- Clarinetti
- \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,indent=1.5\cm,relative=2]
+<<
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Flute"
+ f2 g4 f
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-column {
+ Clarinet
+ \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+ }
+ c4 b c2
}
- c''1
-}
-\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
- c''1
-}
>>
-}
@end lilypond
-For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
-@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
+@cindex indent
+@cindex short-indent
-Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the first
-one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is given by
-the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout} block.
+However, if the instrument names are longer, the instrument names
+in a staff group may not be centered unless the @code{indent} and
+@code{short-indent} settings are increased. For details about
+these settings, see @ref{Horizontal dimensions}.
-To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
-@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
-engraver must be added to that context.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\layout {
+ indent = 3.0\cm
+ short-indent = 1.5\cm
+}
-@example
-\layout@{
- \context @{\GrandStaff \consists "Instrument_name_engraver"@}
-@}
-@end example
+\relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Alto Flute in G"
+ \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Fl."
+ f2 g4 f \break
+ g4 f g2
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Clarinet"
+ \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Clar."
+ c,4 b c2 \break
+ c2 b4 c
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
-@noindent
-More information about adding and removing engravers can be found
-in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
+@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}),
+@code{Instrument_name_engraver} must be added to that context.
+For details, see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
@cindex instrument names, changing
-Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece,
+Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece:
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "First"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "one"
c1 c c c \break
c1 c c c \break
@end lilypond
+@cindex instrument switch
+@cindex switching instruments
+
+If an instrument @emph{switch} is needed,
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} may be used in combination with
+@code{\instrumentSwitch} to create a detailed list of the
+necessary changes for the switch. The
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} command has two arguments: an
+identifying string, and an association list of context properties
+and values to be used for the instrument. It must be placed in
+the toplevel scope. @code{\instrumentSwitch} is used in the music
+expression to declare the instrument switch:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\addInstrumentDefinition #"contrabassoon"
+ #`((instrumentTransposition . ,(ly:make-pitch -1 0 0))
+ (shortInstrumentName . "Cbsn.")
+ (clefGlyph . "clefs.F")
+ (middleCPosition . 6)
+ (clefPosition . 2)
+ (instrumentCueName . ,(make-bold-markup "cbsn."))
+ (midiInstrument . "bassoon"))
+
+\new Staff \with {
+ instrumentName = "Bassoon"
+}
+\relative c' {
+ \clef tenor
+ \compressFullBarRests
+ c2 g'
+ R1*16
+ \instrumentSwitch "contrabassoon"
+ c,,2 g \break
+ c,1 ~ | c1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Horizontal dimensions},
+@ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{InstrumentName},
-@rinternals{PianoStaff}, @rinternals{Staff}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{InstrumentName},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{Staff}.
@node Quoting other voices
-@subsubsection Quoting other voices
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Quoting other voices
@cindex cues
@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex fragments
@cindex cue notes
-With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a
-part directly. Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked
-especially as quotable. This is done with the @code{\addQuote}
-command.
+It is very common for one voice to double the some of the music from
+another voice. For example, the first and second violins may play the
+same notes during a passage of music. In LilyPond this is accomplished
+by letting one voice @emph{quote} the other voice without having to
+re-enter it.
+
+Before a part can be quoted, the @code{\addQuote} command must be used
+to initialize the quoted fragment. This command must be used in the
+toplevel scope. The first argument is an identifying string, and the
+second is a music expression:
@example
-\addQuote @var{name} @var{music}
+flute = \relative c'' @{
+ a4 gis g gis
+@}
+\addQuote "flute" @{ \flute @}
@end example
+The @code{\quoteDuring} command is used to indicate the point where the
+quotation begins. It is followed by two arguments: the name of the
+quoted voice, as defined with @code{\addQuote}, and a music expression
+that indicates the duration of the quote, usually spacer rests or
+multi-measure rests. The corresponding music from the quoted voice is
+inserted into the music expression:
-@noindent
-Here, @var{name} is an identifying string. The @var{music} is any
-kind of music. Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
-@example
-\addQuote clarinet \relative c' @{
- f4 fis g gis
-@}
-@end example
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"flute" { s2 }
+}
+@end lilypond
-This command must be entered at toplevel, i.e., outside any music
-blocks. Typically, one would use an already defined music event
-as the @var{music}:
+If the music expression used for @code{\quoteDuring} contains
+anything but a spacer rest or multi-measure rest, a polyphonic
+situation is created, which is often not desirable:
-@example
-clarinet = \relative c' @{
- f4 fis g gis
-@}
-\addQuote clarinet @{ \clarinet @}
-@end example
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"flute" { c4 b }
+}
+@end lilypond
-After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done
-with @code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},
+Quotations recognize instrument transposition settings for both
+the source and target instruments if the @code{\transposition}
+command is used. For details about @code{\transposition}, see
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-@example
-\quoteDuring #@var{name} @var{music}
-@end example
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+clarinet = \relative c'' {
+ \transposition bes
+ a4 gis g gis
+}
+\addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet }
-During a part, a piece of music can be quoted with the
-@code{\quoteDuring} command.
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
+}
+@end lilypond
-@example
-\quoteDuring #"clarinet" @{ s2. @}
-@end example
+It is possible to tag quotations with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
-This would cite three quarter notes (the duration of @code{s2.})
-of the previously added @code{clarinet} voice.
-More precisely, it takes the current time-step of the part being
-printed, and extracts the notes at the corresponding point of the
-@code{\addQuote}d voice. Therefore, the argument to
-@code{\addQuote} should be the entire part of the voice to be
-quoted, including any rests at the beginning.
+@snippets
-It is possible to use another music expression instead of
-@code{s}, thus creating a polyphonic section, but this may not
-always give the desired result.
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{quoting-another-voice-with-transposition.ly}
-Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
-target instruments, if they are specified using the
-@code{\transposition} command.
+@cindex note-event
+@cindex articulation-event
+@cindex dynamic-event
+@cindex rest-event
+@funindex quotedEventTypes
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\addQuote clarinet \relative c' {
- \transposition bes
- f4 fis g gis
-}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{quoting-another-voice.ly}
-{
- e'8 f'8 \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-The type of events that are present in the quoted music can be
-trimmed with the @code{quotedEventTypes} property. The default
-value is @code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only
-notes and rests of the quoted voice end up in the
-@code{\quoteDuring}. Setting
+@seealso
-@example
-\set Staff.quotedEventTypes =
- #'(note-event articulation-event dynamic-event)
-@end example
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Using tags}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{QuoteMusic},
+@rinternals{Voice}.
-@noindent
-will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
-dynamics.
@knownissues
Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
-@var{music} can not contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
+@var{music} cannot contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
statements that would switch to a different Voice.
Quoting grace notes is broken and can even cause LilyPond to
In earlier versions of LilyPond (pre 2.11), @code{addQuote} was
written entirely in lower-case letters: @code{\addquote}.
-@seealso
-
-Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{QuoteMusic}, @rinternals{Voice}.
-
@node Formatting cue notes
-@subsubsection Formatting cue notes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Formatting cue notes
@cindex cues
@cindex cue notes
@cindex cue notes, formatting
@cindex fragments
-@cindex quoting other voices
+@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex cues, formatting
-The previous section deals with inserting notes from another
-voice. There is a more advanced music function called
-@code{\cueDuring}, which makes formatting cue notes easier.
-
-The syntax is
+The previous section explains how to create quotations. The
+@code{\cueDuring} command is a more specialized form of
+@code{\quoteDuring}, being particularly useful for inserting cue
+notes into a part. The syntax is as follows:
@example
- \cueDuring #@var{name} #@var{updown} @var{music}
+\cueDuring #@var{partname} #@var{voice} @var{music}
@end example
-This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
-@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens
-simultaneously with @var{music}, which usually is a rest. When
-the cue notes start, the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a
-moment. The argument @var{updown} determines whether the cue
-notes should be notated as a first or second voice.
+This command copies the corresponding measures from @var{partname}
+into a @code{CueVoice} context. The @code{CueVoice} is created
+implicitly, and occurs simultaneously with @var{music}, which
+creates a polyphonic situation. The @var{voice} argument
+determines whether the cue notes should be notated as a first or
+second voice; @code{UP} corresponds to the first voice, and
+@code{DOWN} corresponds to the second.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right]
-smaller = {
- \set fontSize = #-2
- \override Stem #'length-fraction = #0.8
- \override Beam #'thickness = #0.384
- \override Beam #'length-fraction = #0.8
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+oboe = \relative c'' {
+ r2 r8 d16 f e g f a
+ g8 g16 g g2.
}
+\addQuote "oboe" { \oboe }
-\addQuote clarinet \relative {
- R1*20
- r2 r8 c' f f
+\new Voice \relative c'' {
+ \cueDuring #"oboe" #UP { R1 }
+ g2 c,
}
+@end lilypond
-\new Staff \relative <<
+@noindent
+In the above example, the @code{Voice} context had to be
+explicitly declared, or else the entire music expression would
+belong to the @code{CueVoice} context.
- % setup a context for cue notes.
- \new Voice = "cue" { \smaller \skip 1*21 }
+The name of the cued instrument can be printed by setting the
+@code{instrumentCueName} property in the @code{CueVoice} context.
- \set Score.skipBars = ##t
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+oboe = \relative c''' {
+ g4 r8 e16 f e4 d
+}
+\addQuote "oboe" { \oboe }
+\new Staff \relative c'' <<
+ \new CueVoice \with {
+ instrumentCueName = "ob."
+ }
\new Voice {
- R1*20
- \cueDuring #"clarinet" #UP {
- R1
- }
- g4 g2.
+ \cueDuring #"oboe" #UP { R1 }
+ g4. b8 d2
}
>>
@end lilypond
+In addition to printing the name of the cued instrument, when cue
+notes end, the name of the original instrument should be printed,
+and any other changes introduced by the cued part should be
+undone. This can be accomplished by using
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} and @code{\instrumentSwitch}. For
+an example and explanation, see @ref{Instrument names}.
-Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:
-
-@itemize
-@item
-Cue notes have smaller font sizes.
-
-@item
-The cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
-
-@item
-When the original part takes over again, this should be marked
-with the name of the original instrument.
+The @code{\killCues} command removes cue notes from a music
+expression. This can be useful if cue notes need to be removed
+from a part but may be restored at a later time.
-@item
-Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
-undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
-clef, the original clef should be stated once again.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c''' {
+ r2 cis2 r2 dis2
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
-@end itemize
+\new Voice \relative c'' {
+ \killCues {
+ \cueDuring #"flute" #UP { R1 }
+ g4. b8 d2
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
-The macro @code{\transposedCueDuring} is useful to add cues to
-instruments which use a completely different octave range (for
-example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within a contra bassoon
-part).
+The @code{\transposedCueDuring} command is useful for adding
+instrumental cues from a completely different register. The
+syntax is similar to @code{\cueDuring}, but it requires one extra
+argument to specify the transposition of the cued instrument. For
+more information about transposition, see
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-picc = \relative c''' {
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+piccolo = \relative c''' {
\clef "treble^8"
- R1 |
- c8 c c e g2 |
- a4 g g2 |
+ R1
+ c8 c c e g2
+ a4 g g2
}
-\addQuote "picc" { \picc }
+\addQuote "piccolo" { \piccolo }
-cbsn = \relative c, {
+cbassoon = \relative c, {
\clef "bass_8"
c4 r g r
- \transposedCueDuring #"picc" #UP c,, { R1 } |
- c4 r g r |
+ \transposedCueDuring #"piccolo" #UP c,, { R1 }
+ c4 r g r
}
<<
- \new Staff = "picc" \picc
- \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
+ \new Staff = "piccolo" \piccolo
+ \new Staff = "cbassoon" \cbassoon
>>
@end lilypond
+It is possible to tag cued parts with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
+
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Using tags}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Voice}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{CueVoice},
+@rinternals{Voice}.
+@knownissues
+
+Collisions can occur with rests, when using @code{\cueDuring},
+between @code{Voice} and @code{CueVoice} contexts.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff