version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
-@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
-{repeats-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
-exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of
+repeats:
@table @code
@item volta
The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
-line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
-printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
-for repeats with alternatives.
+line is only printed at the end of the repeat. Alternative endings
+(volte) are printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard
+notation for repeats with alternatives.
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
entering repetitious music.
@item percent
-These are beat or measure repeats. They look like percent signs.
-Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
+These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
+percent signs.
@item tremolo
This is used to write tremolo beams.
@end table
-@ignore
-LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different
-types of repeats. The syntax is
-
-@example
-\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
-@end example
-
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
-
-
-Alternative endings are entered with
-@funindex \alternative
-@example
-\alternative @{
- @var{alternative1}
- @var{alternative2}
- @var{alternative3}
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-after a @code{\repeat volta} or @code{unfold} block, where each
-@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give fewer
-alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative is assumed
-to be played more than once.
-@end ignore
-
@menu
* Long repeats::
@menu
* Normal repeats::
* Manual repeat marks::
-* Written-out repeats using unfold::
+* Written-out repeats::
@end menu
@cindex volta
@cindex seconda volta
@cindex volta, prima
@cindex volta, seconda
+@cindex repeat, normal
+@cindex normal repeat
+@cindex repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate endings
@funindex \repeat
+@funindex \alternative
+@funindex \partial
@node Normal repeats
-@subsubsection Normal repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
The syntax for a normal repeat is
\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can
-be produced using @code{\alternative}.
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
+produced using @code{\alternative}. In order to delimit the alternate
+endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
+braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
+the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
Normal repeats without alternate endings:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
c2 d
\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
Normal repeats with alternate endings:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\repeat volta 2 { g4 f e d }
- \alternative {
- { cis2 g' }
- { cis,2 b }
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { d2 e }
+ { f2 g }
+}
c1
@end lilypond
-Repeats with upbeats:
+@cindex repeat with upbeat
+@cindex upbeat in a repeat
+@cindex anacrucis in a repeat
+@cindex repeat with anacrucis
+@cindex repeat with pickup
+@cindex pickup in a repeat
+@funindex \partial
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4
- e |
- \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
- \alternative {
- { g4 g g e }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
- }
+Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+e |
+\repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { g4 g g e }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
or
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4
- \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
- \alternative {
- { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+\repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex repeats with ties
+@cindex alternative endings with ties
+@cindex ties in repeats
+@cindex ties in alternative endings
@funindex \repeatTie
Ties may be added to a second ending:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
-\repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f ~ }
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ }
\alternative {
- {f2 d}
- {f2\repeatTie f,}
+ { f2 d }
+ { f2\repeatTie f, }
}
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
-@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
-@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
-double bar at the end of the previous line, use @code{\bar}. For more
-information, see @ref{Bar lines}.
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4 c c c
-\bar "||:" \break
-\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
-@end lilypond
-
-
@seealso
Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
@knownissues
@cindex repeat, ambiguous
+@cindex nested repeat
+@cindex repeat, nested
+@cindex repeat timing information
+@cindex repeat and measure number
+@cindex timing information and repeats
+@cindex measure number and repeats
+@cindex repeat and slur
+@cindex slur and repeat
A nested repeat like
Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
-@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not repeated.
+@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
@node Manual repeat marks
-@subsubsection Manual repeat marks
-
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
+
+@cindex manual repeat mark
+@cindex repeat, manual
+@cindex start repeat
+@cindex repeat, start
+@cindex end repeat
+@cindex repeat, end
+@cindex repeat number, changing
+@cindex repeat volta, changing
+@cindex volta bracket
+@cindex bracket, volta
@funindex repeatCommands
+@funindex start-repeat
-@c FIXME: Markup does not work in the "text" field
-@c And how does one change the font?
-@c On the whole, this section needs better documentation (why the
-@c double parentheses around the volta expressions?)
+@warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
+constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
+repeats should be created using the standard @code{\\repeat} command
+or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
+@ref{Bar lines}.}
The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
-@table @asis
-@item @code{start-repeat}
+@table @code
+@item start-repeat
Print a @code{|:} bar line.
-@item @code{end-repeat}
-Print a @code{:|} bar line.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat)
+d4 e f g
+c1
+@end lilypond
-@item @code{(volta @var{text})}
-Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be specified as
-a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. Do not
-forget to change the font, as the default number font does not contain
-alphabetic characters;
+As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed
+at the beginning of a piece.
+@item end-repeat
+Print a @code{:|} bar line:
-@item @code{(volta #f)}
-Stop a running volta bracket.
-@end table
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+d4 e f g
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat)
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+@item (volta @var{number}) ... (volta #f)
+Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must
+be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
-c4
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
-c4 b
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+f4 g a b
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2"))
+g4 a g a
\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
-d4 e
+c1
@end lilypond
-@c FIXME: improve visibility of bar lines link?
+@end table
+
+Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+f4 g a b
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat)
+g4 a g a
+c1
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat)
+b1
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex volta bracket with text
+@cindex text in volta bracket
+
+Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
+number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
+simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
+then include the the markup in a Scheme list.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
+\relative c'' {
+ c1
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
+ c4 b d e
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
+ f1
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Formatting text}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Bar lines},
+@ref{Formatting text}.
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
-@rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
-@node Written-out repeats using unfold
-@subsubsection Written-out repeats using unfold
+@node Written-out repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
@cindex written-out repeats
@cindex repetitious music
@cindex repeats, written-out
+@cindex repeat, unfold
+@cindex unfold music
+@cindex unfold repeat
+@cindex unfold repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex unfold music with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate ending in written-out repeats
+@funindex unfold
By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Unfold repeats can be
-made with or without alternate endings. Unfold repeats without
-alternate endings:
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression and @var{repeatcount} is
+the number of times @var{musicexpr} is repeated.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
c1
@end lilypond
-Unfold repeats with alternate endings:
+Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are
+more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
+alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
\alternative {
@end menu
@node Percent repeats
-@subsubsection Percent repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Percent repeats
@cindex percent repeats
@cindex measure repeats
+@cindex repeat, percent
+@cindex repeat, measure
+@cindex repeat, short
+@funindex \repeat percent
+@funindex percent
Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
-one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. Percent
-repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context. The syntax is
+one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
@example
@code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { b'4 a g f }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+\repeat percent 2 { b4 a g f }
+\repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
@end lilypond
-Measure repeats of more than two repeats get a counter if you switch
-on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
-
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function:
+@snippets
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{percent-repeat-counter.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
@seealso
+Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
+
Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-@node Tremolo repeats
-@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
+@knownissues
+
+Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
+representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
+notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
+two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
+measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
+consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
+representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
+durations, are supported.
-Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
-notes, and rapid repetition of a single
-note or chord. Tremolos consisting of an alternation are indicated by
-adding beams between the notes or chords being alternated, while
-tremolos consisting of the rapid repetition of a single note are
-indicated by adding beams or slashes to a single note.
+
+@node Tremolo repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
@cindex tremolo beams
+@cindex tremolo
+@cindex repeat, tremolo
+@funindex \repeat tremolo
+@funindex tremolo
+
+Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
+notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
+consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
+notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
+rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
+slashes to a single note.
To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
tremolo style:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
- \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d }
- \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
-}
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
@end lilypond
The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
@cindex tremolo marks
@funindex tremoloFlags
+@funindex :
The same output can be obtained by adding
@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
@code{tremoloFlags}) is used
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c2:8 c:32
+c: c:
@end lilypond
-
-@knownissues
-
-
-Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} do not carry over
-into the MIDI output.
-
-
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{Beam}, @rinternals{StemTremolo}.
-
Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
-Elsewhere: @rinternals{StemTremolo}.
+@cindex tremolo, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff tremolo
+
+@knownissues
+Cross-staff tremolos do not work well.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff