version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
-@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
-{repeats-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
-exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of
+repeats:
@table @code
@item volta
The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
-line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
-printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
-for repeats with alternatives.
+line is only printed at the end of the repeat. Alternative endings
+(volte) are printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard
+notation for repeats with alternatives.
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
@cindex seconda volta
@cindex volta, prima
@cindex volta, seconda
+@cindex repeat, normal
+@cindex normal repeat
+@cindex repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate endings
@funindex \repeat
+@funindex \alternative
+@funindex \partial
@node Normal repeats
-@subsubsection Normal repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
The syntax for a normal repeat is
@end example
where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
-produced using @code{\alternative}. If there are more repeats than
-there are alternate endings, the earliest repeats are given the first
-alternative.
+produced using @code{\alternative}. In order to delimit the alternate
+endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
+braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
+the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
Normal repeats without alternate endings:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
c2 d
\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
Normal repeats with alternate endings:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\repeat volta 2 { g4 f e d }
- \alternative {
- { cis2 g' }
- { cis,2 b }
- }
-\repeat volta 3 { c4 d e f }
- \alternative {
- { d2 e }
- { f2 g }
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { d2 e }
+ { f2 g }
+}
c1
@end lilypond
+@cindex repeat with upbeat
+@cindex upbeat in a repeat
+@cindex anacrucis in a repeat
+@cindex repeat with anacrucis
+@cindex repeat with pickup
+@cindex pickup in a repeat
+@funindex \partial
+
Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4
- e |
- \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
- \alternative {
- { g4 g g e }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+e |
+\repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { g4 g g e }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
or
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4
- \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
- \alternative {
- { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
- { a4 a a a | b2. }
- }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+\repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex repeats with ties
+@cindex alternative endings with ties
+@cindex ties in repeats
+@cindex ties in alternative endings
@funindex \repeatTie
Ties may be added to a second ending:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
-\repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f ~ }
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ }
\alternative {
- {f2 d}
- {f2\repeatTie f,}
+ { f2 d }
+ { f2\repeatTie f, }
}
@end lilypond
{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
-@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
-@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
-@c It could be done by overriding
-@c the BreakAlignment property. Want a separate example?
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
-double bar at the end of the previous line, use @code{\bar}. For more
-information, see @ref{Bar lines}.
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c4 c c c
-\bar "||:" \break
-\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
-@end lilypond
-
-
@seealso
Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
@knownissues
@cindex repeat, ambiguous
+@cindex nested repeat
+@cindex repeat, nested
+@cindex repeat timing information
+@cindex repeat and measure number
+@cindex timing information and repeats
+@cindex measure number and repeats
+@cindex repeat and slur
+@cindex slur and repeat
A nested repeat like
@node Manual repeat marks
-@subsubsection Manual repeat marks
-
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
+
+@cindex manual repeat mark
+@cindex repeat, manual
+@cindex start repeat
+@cindex repeat, start
+@cindex end repeat
+@cindex repeat, end
+@cindex repeat number, changing
+@cindex repeat volta, changing
+@cindex volta bracket
+@cindex bracket, volta
@funindex repeatCommands
+@funindex start-repeat
@warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
-constructs. In most cases, repeats should be created using the
-standard @code{\\repeat} command or by printing the relevant bar
-lines. For more information, see @ref{Bar lines}.}
+constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
+repeats should be created using the standard @code{\\repeat} command
+or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
+@ref{Bar lines}.}
The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
@item start-repeat
Print a @code{|:} bar line.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( start-repeat )
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat)
d4 e f g
c1
@end lilypond
@item end-repeat
Print a @code{:|} bar line:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
d4 e f g
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( end-repeat )
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat)
c1
@end lilypond
-@item (volta @var{number})
-Create a new volta with the specified number:
+@item (volta @var{number}) ... (volta #f)
+Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must
+be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
f4 g a b
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2" ) )
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2"))
g4 a g a
-c1
-@end lilypond
-
-@item (volta #f)
-Stops a running volta bracket:
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
-c1
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2" ) )
-f4 g a b
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) )
-a4 g f e
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
c1
@end lilypond
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
f4 g a b
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "2, 5" ) end-repeat )
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat)
g4 a g a
c1
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) ( volta "95" ) end-repeat )
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat)
b1
@end lilypond
+@cindex volta bracket with text
+@cindex text in volta bracket
+
Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
\relative c'' {
c1
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list (list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
c4 b d e
\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
f1
@snippets
-@c FIXME: send these to Neil or Valentin to be added as snippets,
-@c delete them.
-Manual control of the volte, including a @code{|:} bar line at the
-beginning and explicit volta numbers:
-
-@c FIXME: I can't believe this is right.
-@c TODO: I think it is. I plan
-@c to delete this example, since it's
-@c already been given at L238. rp
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-s1*1/10
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( start-repeat )
-c1*9/10
-d4 e f g
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta "1, 2, 5" ) )
-f4 g a b
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) ( volta "95" ) end-repeat )
-g4 a g a
-\set Score.repeatCommands = #'( ( volta #f ) )
-c1
-@end lilypond
-
-In order to print a @code{|:} bar line at the beginning of a piece,
-the @code{BreakAlignment} property must be overridden:
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
-\once \override Score.BreakAlignment #'break-align-orders =
-#(make-vector 3 '(
-instrument-name
-left-edge
-ambitus
-span-bar
-breathing-sign
-clef
-key-signature
-time-signature
-staff-bar
-custos
-span-bar
-))
-\bar "|:"
-c1
-d1
-d4 e f g
-@end lilypond
-
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
@seealso
@node Written-out repeats
-@subsubsection Written-out repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
@cindex written-out repeats
@cindex repetitious music
@cindex repeats, written-out
+@cindex repeat, unfold
+@cindex unfold music
+@cindex unfold repeat
+@cindex unfold repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex unfold music with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate ending in written-out repeats
+@funindex unfold
By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
@end example
-where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Unfold repeats can be
-made with or without alternate endings. If there are more repeats
-than there are alternate endings, the first alternative ending is
-applied to the earliest endings. Unfold repeats without alternate
-endings:
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression and @var{repeatcount} is
+the number of times @var{musicexpr} is repeated.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
c1
@end lilypond
-Unfold repeats with alternate endings:
+Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are
+more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
+alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
\alternative {
{ cis,2 b }
}
c1
-\repeat unfold 3 { d4 c b2 }
- \alternative {
- { c4 d e f }
- { d4 c b a }
- }
-c1
@end lilypond
@seealso
@end menu
@node Percent repeats
-@subsubsection Percent repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Percent repeats
@cindex percent repeats
@cindex measure repeats
+@cindex repeat, percent
+@cindex repeat, measure
+@cindex repeat, short
+@funindex \repeat percent
+@funindex percent
Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { b'4 a g f }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+\repeat percent 2 { b4 a g f }
+\repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
@end lilypond
-Measure repeats of more than two repeats get a counter if you switch
-on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
+@snippets
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{percent-repeat-counter.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function:
+@seealso
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
-@end lilypond
+Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
+@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
@knownissues
durations, are supported.
-@seealso
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
-
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
-
-Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
-@rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
-@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-
@node Tremolo repeats
-@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
-
-Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
-notes, and rapid repetition of a single
-note or chord. Tremolos consisting of an alternation are indicated by
-adding beams between the notes or chords being alternated, while
-tremolos consisting of the rapid repetition of a single note are
-indicated by adding beams or slashes to a single note.
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
@cindex tremolo beams
+@cindex tremolo
+@cindex repeat, tremolo
+@funindex \repeat tremolo
+@funindex tremolo
+
+Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
+notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
+consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
+notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
+rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
+slashes to a single note.
To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
tremolo style:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\relative c' {
- \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
- \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d }
- \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
-}
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
@end lilypond
The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
@cindex tremolo marks
@funindex tremoloFlags
+@funindex :
The same output can be obtained by adding
@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
@code{tremoloFlags}) is used
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c2:8 c:32
+c: c:
@end lilypond
+@seealso
-@knownissues
-
-
-Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} do not carry over
-into the MIDI output.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+@cindex tremolo, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff tremolo
-@seealso
+@knownissues
-Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Cross-staff tremolos do not work well.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff