version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.12.0"
@node Percussion
@section Percussion
@menu
* References for percussion::
* Basic percussion notation::
+* Drum rolls::
+* Pitched percussion::
* Percussion staves::
+* Custom percussion staves::
* Ghost notes::
@end menu
@node References for percussion
-@subsubsection References for percussion
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for percussion
-@c TODO Add refs
-TBC
+TODO add more.
-@ignore
-TODO This section needs splitting.
- The part showing the rhythm of a melody should be moved to
- 1.2.3 Displaying rhythms, but the example should be changed
- to omit the drum roll.
- A better example of drum rolls should be devised and placed in
- Basic percussion notation. -td
-
-@node Showing melody rhythms
-@subsubsection Showing melody rhythms
-
-Sometimes you might want to show only the rhythm of a melody. This
-can be done with the rhythmic staff. All pitches of notes on such a
-staff are squashed, and the staff itself has a single line
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
-\new RhythmicStaff {
- \time 4/4
- c4 e8 f g2 | r4 g r2 | g1:32 | r1 |
-}
-@end lilypond
+@itemize
-@seealso
+@item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
+discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{RhythmicStaff}.
+@item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
-@end ignore
+@end itemize
+
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
@node Basic percussion notation
-@subsubsection Basic percussion notation
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Basic percussion notation
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
-
Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
-similar to the standard mode for entering notes. Each piece of
-percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can be used
-in input files
+similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
+to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
+which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
- hihat hh bassdrum bd
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
}
@end lilypond
-The complete list of drum names is in the init file
-@file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}.
-@c TODO: properly document this.
+This is shorthand for:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \drummode {
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
+and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
+note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in
+a @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message.
+Percussion clefs are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff}
+contex, but other clefs may also be used.
+
+There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
+instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}, @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+File: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Drum rolls
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Drum rolls
+
+Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
+quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
+eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
+third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
+supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
+@code{:32}, as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here is an
+example of some snare rolls:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\drums {
+ \time 2/4
+ sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
+ sn8 sn8 sn4:32 ~
+ sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16
+ sn4 r4
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Sticking can be indicated by placing @code{^"R"} or @code{^"L"}
+after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be
+overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\drums {
+ \repeat unfold 2 {
+ sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Pitched percussion
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Pitched percussion
+
+Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
+vibraphone, and timpani) are written using normal staves.
+This is covered in other sections of the manual.
+
+
+@seealso
+@c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
+@c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
+@c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{note-event}.
@node Percussion staves
-@subsubsection Percussion staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Percussion staves
+
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
-multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one piece
-of percussion.
-
+multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
+piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
+interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
-To typeset the music, the notes must be interpreted in a
-@internalsref{DrumStaff} and @internalsref{DrumVoice} contexts
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-up = \drummode { crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat }
-down = \drummode { bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4 }
- \new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
- >>
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+up = \drummode {
+ crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
+}
+down = \drummode {
+ bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
+}
+\new DrumStaff <<
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
+>>
@end lilypond
The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
-polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm seeing Voices},
-can also be used if the @internalsref{DrumVoice}s are instantiated
-by hand first. For example,
+polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
+can also be used if the voices are instantiated by hand first.
+For example,
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 }
- \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1*2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1*2 }
\drummode {
bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
- <<
- { \repeat unfold 16 hh16 }
- \\
- { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 }
- >>
+ << {
+ \repeat unfold 16 hh16
+ } \\ {
+ bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
+ } >>
}
>>
@end lilypond
-
There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
-property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @internalsref{DrumVoice}.
-The following variables have been predefined
+property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
+following variables have been predefined:
+@c FIXME: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
@table @code
+
@item drums-style
-This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff
+This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
+five-line staff:
@lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
nam = \lyricmode {
\remove Bar_engraver
\remove Time_signature_engraver
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
- \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f
+ \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
\override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-4.0 . 5.0)
} \mus
\new Lyrics \nam
}
@end lilypond
-The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms,
-simply select the toms that produce the desired result, i.e., to get toms
-on the three middle lines you use @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and
-@code{tomfh}.
+The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
+toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
+example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
+@code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
@item timbales-style
-This typesets timbales on a two line staff
+This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
\remove Bar_engraver
\remove Time_signature_engraver
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
- \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f
+ \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
\override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #2
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
\override VerticalAxisGroup #'minimum-Y-extent = #'(-3.0 . 4.0)
@end lilypond
@item congas-style
-This typesets congas on a two line staff
+This typesets congas on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
%% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
- \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f
+ \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
} \mus
\new Lyrics {
\override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
@end lilypond
@item bongos-style
-This typesets bongos on a two line staff
+This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
%% this sucks; it will lengthen stems.
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #2
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
- \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f
+ \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
} \mus
\new Lyrics {
\override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
@end lilypond
@item percussion-style
-To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves.
+To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
\override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #1
\remove Time_signature_engraver
\override Stem #'transparent = ##t
- \override Stem #'Y-extent-callback = ##f
+ \override Stem #'Y-extent = ##f
} \mus
\new Lyrics {
\override LyricText #'font-family = #'typewriter
@end lilypond
@end table
-If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own
-list at the top of your file
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@node Custom percussion staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Custom percussion staves
+
+If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
+own list at the top of your file.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
(bassdrum default #f -1)
(snare default #f 0)
@end lilypond
-@seealso
+@snippets
-Init files: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}.
+FIXME: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{DrumStaff}, @internalsref{DrumVoice}.
+Here are some examples:
-@knownissues
+Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
-Because general MIDI does not contain rim shots, the sidestick is used
-for this purpose instead.
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave;
+% if you like, you can change it or you can use special note heads
+% for the woodblocks.
+#(define mydrums '((hiwoodblock default #t 3)
+ (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
+
+woodstaff = {
+ % This defines a staff with only two lines.
+ % It also defines the positions of the two lines.
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
+
+ % This is neccessary; if not entered, the barline would be too short!
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+}
+
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+
+ % with this you load your new drum style table
+ \woodstaff
+
+ \drummode {
+ \time 2/4
+ wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh8-> wbl |
+ wbl8 wbl16 wbh-> ~ wbh wbl16 r8 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
+altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size #number}.
+Otherwise it would be too short. And you have also to define the
+positions of the two stafflines. For more information about these
+delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+A tambourine, entered with @q{tamb}:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '((tambourine default #t 0)))
+
+tambustaff = {
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tambourine"
+}
+
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \tambustaff
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+
+ \drummode {
+ \time 6/8
+ tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb |
+ tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb |
+ % the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest
+ % is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
+ tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Music for Tam-Tam (entered with @q{tt}):
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '((tamtam default #t 0)))
+
+tamtamstaff = {
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Tamtam"
+}
+
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \tamtamstaff
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+
+ \drummode {
+ tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Two different bells, entered with @q{cb} (cowbell) and @q{rb} (ridebell)
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '((ridebell default #t 3)
+ (cowbell default #t -2)))
+
+bellstaff = {
+ \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Different Bells"
+}
+
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \bellstaff
+ \drummode {
+ \time 2/4
+ rb8 rb cb cb16 rb-> ~ |
+ rb16 rb8 rb16 cb8 cb |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Here an short example by maestro Stravinsky (from @q{L'histoire du Soldat})
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '((bassdrum default #t 4)
+ (snare default #t -4)
+ (tambourine default #t 0)))
+
+global = {
+ \time 3/8 s4.
+ \time 2/4 s2*2
+ \time 3/8 s4.
+ \time 2/4 s2
+}
+
+drumsA = {
+ \context DrumVoice <<
+ { \global }
+ { \drummode {
+ \autoBeamOff
+ \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
+ sn4 \stemDown sn4 |
+ \stemUp tamb8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
+ \stemDown sn8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
+ \stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb
+ }
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+drumsB = {
+ \drummode {
+ s4 bd8 s2*2 s4 bd8 s4 bd8 s8
+ }
+}
+
+\layout {
+ indent = #40
+}
+
+\score {
+ \new StaffGroup <<
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = \markup {
+ \column {
+ "Tambourine"
+ "et"
+ "caisse claire s. timbre"
+ }
+ }
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \drumsA
+ }
+
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName = #"Grosse Caisse"
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \drumsB }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{DrumStaff}, @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
@c TODO: check name -gp
@node Ghost notes
-@subsubsection Ghost notes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Ghost notes
Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
-@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}. However,
-the default @code{\drummode} does
-not include the @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows
-this. You
-must add the plugin explicitly in the context definition as
-detailed in @ref{Changing context properties on the fly}.
+@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
+However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
+@code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\new DrumStaff \with {
\consists "Parenthesis_engraver"
-} <<
- \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 }
- \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 }
+}
+<<
+ \context DrumVoice = "1" { s1 }
+ \context DrumVoice = "2" { s1 }
\drummode {
<<
{
hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
- < \parenthesize sn > hh < \parenthesize
- sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
- } \\ {
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
+ } \\
+ {
bd4 r4 bd8 bd r8 bd
}
>>
around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.
-
+@seealso
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
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