Guide, node Updating translation committishes..
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.19.2"
+@c \version "2.19.20"
@node Rhythms
@section Rhythms
@funindex tuplet
Tuplets are made from a music expression with the @code{\tuplet}
-command, multiplying the speed of the music expression by a
-fraction:
+command, multiplying the speed of the music expression by a fraction:
@example
\tuplet @var{fraction} @{ @var{music} @}
@end example
@noindent
-The fraction's numerator will be printed over or
-under the notes, optionally with a bracket. The most common
-tuplets are triplets: 3@tie{}notes sound within the duration
-normally allowed for@tie{}2:
+The fraction's numerator will be printed over or under the notes,
+optionally with a bracket. The most common tuplets are triplets
+(3@tie{}notes sound within the duration normally allowed for@tie{}2).
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
a2 \tuplet 3/2 { b4 4 4 }
@cindex tuplet grouping
@noindent
When entering long passages of tuplets, having to write a separate
-@code{\tuplet} command for each group is inconvenient. It is
-possible to specify the duration of one tuplet group directly
-before the music in order to have the tuplets grouped
-automatically:
+@code{\tuplet} command for each group is inconvenient. It is possible
+to specify the duration of one tuplet group directly before the music
+in order to have the tuplets grouped automatically:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
g2 r8 \tuplet 3/2 8 { cis16 d e e f g g f e }
@funindex \tupletNeutral
@funindex tupletNeutral
-Tuplet brackets may be manually placed above or below the staff;
-see @ref{Direction and placement}.
+Tuplet brackets may be manually placed above or below the staff:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\tupletUp \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e }
+\tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { c8 d e }
+\tupletDown \tuplet 3/2 { f,8 g a }
+\tupletNeutral \tuplet 3/2 { f8 g a }
+@end lilypond
Tuplets may be nested:
c4 \tuplet 5/4 { f8 e f \tuplet 3/2 { e[ f g] } } f4
@end lilypond
-Modifying nested tuplets which begin at the same musical moment
-must be done with @code{\tweak}.
-
-To modify the duration of notes without printing a tuplet bracket,
-see @ref{Scaling durations}.
+Modifying nested tuplets which begin at the same musical moment must be
+done with @code{\tweak}.
+To modify the duration of notes without printing a tuplet bracket, see
+@ref{Scaling durations}.
@predefined
@code{\tupletUp},
@funindex tupletSpannerDuration
@lilypondfile[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--times-command.ly}
+{entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--tuplet-command.ly}
@cindex Tuplet number changes
@rlearning{Tweaking methods}.
Notation Reference:
+@ref{Direction and placement},
@ref{Time administration},
@ref{Scaling durations},
@ref{The tweak command},
@rinternals{TupletNumber},
@rinternals{TimeScaledMusic}.
-@cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
-
-@knownissues
-Grace notes may be placed within tuplet brackets, @emph{except}
-when a staff begins with a grace note followed by a tuplet. In this
-particular case, the grace note must be placed before the @code{\tuplet}
-command to avoid errors.
-
-@cindex tempo marks within tuplet brackets
-
-When using a tuplet at the beginning of a piece with a @code{\tempo}
-mark, the music must be explicitly entered in a @code{\new Voice}
-block, as discussed in @rlearning{Voices contain music}.
-
@node Scaling durations
@unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
@cindex whole rest for a full measure
@cindex rest, whole for a full measure
+@funindex compressMMRests
+@funindex \compressMMRests
@funindex R
Rests for one or more full measures are entered like notes with
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
% Rest measures contracted to single measure
-\compressFullBarRests
-R1*4
-R1*24
-R1*4
-b2^"Tutti" b4 a4
+\compressMMRests {
+ R1*4
+ R1*24
+ R1*4
+ b2^"Tutti" b4 a4
+}
@end lilypond
The duration of full-measure rests is identical to the duration
or fractions must often be used:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\compressFullBarRests
-\time 2/4
-R1 | R2 |
-\time 3/4
-R2. | R2.*2 |
-\time 13/8
-R1*13/8 | R1*13/8*12 |
-\time 10/8
-R4*5*4 |
+\compressMMRests {
+ \time 2/4
+ R1 | R2 |
+ \time 3/4
+ R2. | R2.*2 |
+ \time 13/8
+ R1*13/8 | R1*13/8*12 |
+ \time 10/8
+ R4*5*4 |
+}
@end lilypond
A full-measure rest is printed as either a whole or breve rest,
@cindex multi-measure rest, expanding
@cindex multi-measure rest, contracting
-@funindex \expandFullBarRests
-@funindex expandFullBarRests
-@funindex \compressFullBarRests
-@funindex compressFullBarRests
-
By default a multi-measure rest is expanded in the printed score to
show all the rest measures explicitly. Alternatively, a multi-measure
rest can be shown as a single measure containing a multi-measure rest
\time 2/4 R2 |
\time 4/4
% Rest measures contracted to single measure
-\compressFullBarRests
-r1 | R1*17 | R1*4 |
-% Rest measures expanded
-\expandFullBarRests
+\compressMMRests {
+ r1 | R1*17 | R1*4 |
+}
+% Rest measures expanded again
\time 3/4
R2.*2 |
@end lilypond
is provided for adding fermatas.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\compressFullBarRests
-\time 3/4
-R2.*10^\markup { \italic "ad lib." }
-R2.^\fermataMarkup
+\compressMMRests {
+ \time 3/4
+ R2.*10^\markup { \italic "ad lib." }
+ R2.^\fermataMarkup
+}
@end lilypond
@warning{Markups attached to a multi-measure rest are objects of type
@funindex textLengthOff
@funindex \fermataMarkup
@funindex fermataMarkup
-@funindex \compressFullBarRests
-@funindex compressFullBarRests
-@funindex \expandFullBarRests
-@funindex expandFullBarRests
+@funindex \compressMMRests
+@funindex compressMMRests
@predefined
@code{\textLengthOn},
@code{\textLengthOff},
@code{\fermataMarkup},
-@code{\compressFullBarRests},
-@code{\expandFullBarRests}.
+@code{\compressMMRests}.
@endpredefined
\time 3/4 c2.
@end lilypond
-@cindex time signature, visibility of
+Mid-measure time signature changes are covered in @ref{Upbeats}.
+
+@cindex time signature visibility
Time signatures are printed at the beginning of a piece
and whenever the time signature changes. If a change takes place
for horizontal spacing.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=0]
-\compressFullBarRests
-\markLengthOn
-\tempo "Molto vivace"
-R1*12
-\tempo "Meno mosso"
-R1*16
-\markLengthOff
-\tempo "Tranquillo"
-R1*20
+\compressMMRests {
+ \markLengthOn
+ \tempo "Molto vivace"
+ R1*12
+ \tempo "Meno mosso"
+ R1*16
+ \markLengthOff
+ \tempo "Tranquillo"
+ R1*20
+}
@end lilypond
@snippets
Notation Reference:
@ref{Formatting text},
-@ref{MIDI output}.
+@ref{Creating MIDI output}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@cindex measure, partial
@cindex measure, pickup
@cindex pickup measure
+@cindex time signature, mid-measure
@funindex measurePosition
@funindex \partial
@funindex partial
Partial or pick-up measures, such as an @emph{anacrusis} or an
-@emph{upbeat}, are entered using the @code{\partial} command,
+@emph{upbeat}, are entered using the @code{\partial} command:
@example
\partial @var{duration}
@end example
-@noindent
-where @code{@var{duration}} is the @emph{remaining} length of the
-partial measure @emph{before} the start of the next full measure.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-\time 3/4
-\partial 8
-e8 | a4 c8 b c4 |
-@end lilypond
-
-The @var{duration} can be any value less than a full measure:
+When @code{\partial} is used at the beginning of a score,
+@code{@var{duration}} is the length of the music preceding the
+first bar.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\time 3/4
r4 e8 | a4 c8 b c4 |
@end lilypond
-@code{\partial @var{duration}} can also be written as:
-
-@example
-\set Timing.measurePosition -@var{duration}
-@end example
-
-So the first example above could be written:
+When @code{\partial} is used after the beginning of a score,
+@code{@var{duration}} is the @emph{remaining} length of the
+current measure. It does not create a new numbered bar.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
-\time 3/4
-\set Timing.measurePosition = #(ly:make-moment -1/8)
-e8 | a4 c8 b c4 |
+\set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible
+\override Score.BarNumber.break-visibility =
+ #end-of-line-invisible
+\time 9/8
+d'4.~ 4 d8 d( c) b | c4.~ 4. \bar "||"
+\time 12/8
+\partial 4.
+c8( d) e | f2.~ 4 f8 a,( c) f |
@end lilypond
-The property @code{measurePosition} contains a rational number,
-which is usually positive and indicates how much of the measure
-has passed at this point. @code{\partial @var{duration}} is
-defined such that no numbered bar gets created: when used at the
-beginning of a score, @code{measurePosition} is set to a
-negative number, implying that the current bar will be
-@emph{preceded} by additional material. When used elsewhere, it
-moves the requested distance before the @emph{end} of the bar.
+The @code{\partial} command is @emph{required} when the time
+signature changes in mid measure, but it may also be used alone.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\set Score.barNumberVisibility = #all-bar-numbers-visible
c8 b[ c b] |
@end lilypond
+The @code{\partial} command sets the @code{Timing.measurePosition}
+property, which is a rational number that indicates how much of
+the measure has passed.
@seealso
Music Glossary:
@cindex double time signatures
@cindex signatures, polymetric
-@cindex time signatures, polymetric
-@cindex time signatures, double
+@cindex time signature, polymetric
+@cindex time signature, double
@cindex polymetric signatures
@cindex meter, polymetric
over the denominator of the time signature. By default, each unit of
length @code{baseMoment} is a single beat.
+Note that there are separate @code{beatStructure} and @code{baseMoment}
+values for each time signature. Changes to these variables apply only
+to the time signature that is currently in force, hence those changes
+must be placed after the @code{\time} command which starts a new time
+signature section, not before it. New values given to a particular
+time signature are retained and reinstated whenever that time signature
+is re-established.
+
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
\time 5/16
c16^"default" c c c c |
\time 3/4
\set Timing.baseMoment = #(ly:make-moment 1/8)
\set Timing.beatStructure = #'(1 5)
+ \set Timing.beamExceptions = #'()
\repeat unfold 6 { a8 }
}
\new Staff {
\time 3/4 c2 e4 | g2 |
@end example
-Bar checks can also be used in lyrics:
-
-@example
-\lyricmode @{
- \time 2/4
- Twin -- kle | Twin -- kle |
-@}
-@end example
-
An incorrect duration can result in a completely garbled score,
especially if the score is polyphonic, so a good place to start
correcting input is by scanning for failed bar checks and
only the first warning message is displayed. This allows the
warning to focus on the source of the timing error.
+Bar checks can also be inserted in lyrics:
+
+@example
+\lyricmode @{
+ \time 2/4
+ Twin -- kle | Twin -- kle |
+@}
+@end example
+
+Note that bar check marks in lyrics are evaluated at the musical
+moment when the syllable @emph{following} the check mark is processed.
+If the lyrics are associated with the notes of a voice which has a
+rest at the beginning of a bar, then no syllable can be located at the
+start of that bar and a warning will be issued if a bar check mark is
+placed in the lyrics at that position.
+
@funindex |
@funindex "|"
be printed, connecting the invisible grace note with the following
note.
-The use of grace notes within voice contexts confuses the way the voice
-is typeset. This can be overcome by inserting a rest or note between the
-voice command and the grace note.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
-accMusic = {
- \acciaccatura { f8 } e8 r8 \acciaccatura { f8 } e8 r4
-}
-
-\new Staff {
- <<
- \new Voice {
- \relative c'' {
- r8 r8 \voiceOne \accMusic \oneVoice r8 |
- r8 \voiceOne r8 \accMusic \oneVoice r8 |
- }
- }
- \new Voice {
- \relative c' {
- s8 s8 \voiceTwo \accMusic \oneVoice s8 |
- s8 \voiceTwo r8 \accMusic \oneVoice s8 |
- }
- }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
Grace sections should only be used within sequential music expressions.
Nesting or juxtaposing grace sections is not supported, and might
produce crashes or other errors.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff