]> git.donarmstrong.com Git - lilypond.git/blobdiff - lily/parser.yy
Merge branch 'master' into lilypond/translation
[lilypond.git] / lily / parser.yy
index 21f467746e281c8753263015637f6c6e76345f5c..22a45b279786e62e8fc0d5156d4b5647634fcc2e 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+/* -*- mode: c++; c-file-style: "linux" -*- */
 /*
   This file is part of LilyPond, the GNU music typesetter.
 
-  Copyright (C) 1997--2011 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
+  Copyright (C) 1997--2012 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
                  Jan Nieuwenhuizen <janneke@gnu.org>
 
   LilyPond is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   along with LilyPond.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
+/* Mode and indentation are at best a rough approximation based on TAB
+ * formatting (reasonable for compatibility with unspecific editor
+ * modes as Bison modes are hard to find) and need manual correction
+ * frequently.  Without a reasonably dependable way of formatting a
+ * Bison file sensibly, there is little point in trying to fix the
+ * inconsistent state of indentation.
+ */
+
 %{
 
 #define YYDEBUG 1
 #define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
-#define YYPARSE_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define YYLEX_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define PARSER ((Lily_parser *) my_lily_parser)
 
-#define yyerror PARSER->parser_error
+#define yyerror Lily_parser::parser_error
 
 /* We use custom location type: Input objects */
 #define YYLTYPE Input
 
 %}
 
+%parse-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+%lex-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+
 /* We use SCMs to do strings, because it saves us the trouble of
-deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesnt trigger a move
+deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesn't trigger a move
 of the parse stack onto the heap. */
 
 %left PREC_BOT
 %nonassoc REPEAT
 %nonassoc ALTERNATIVE
-%left ADDLYRICS
-%left PREC_TOP
-
 
 /* The above precedences tackle the shift/reduce problem
 
@@ -59,6 +65,41 @@ or
     \repeat { \repeat } \alternative
 */
 
+%nonassoc COMPOSITE
+%left ADDLYRICS
+
+ /* ADDLYRICS needs to have lower precedence than argument scanning,
+  * or we won't be able to tell music apart from closed_music without
+  * lookahead in the context of function calls.
+  */
+
+%nonassoc DEFAULT
+
+ /* \default is only applied after exhausting function arguments */
+
+%nonassoc FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+
+ /* expressions with units are permitted into argument lists */
+
+%right PITCH_IDENTIFIER NOTENAME_PITCH TONICNAME_PITCH
+      UNSIGNED REAL DURATION_IDENTIFIER ':'
+
+ /* The above are the symbols that can start optional function arguments
+    that are recognized in the grammar rather than by predicate
+ */
+
+%nonassoc NUMBER_IDENTIFIER '/'
+
+ /* Number-unit expressions, where permitted, are concatenated into
+  * function arguments, just like fractions and tremoli.  Tremoli must
+  * not have higher precedence than UNSIGNED, or Lilypond will not
+  * join ':' with a following optional number.
+  */
+
+%left PREC_TOP
+
+
+
 
 %pure_parser
 %locations
@@ -96,15 +137,46 @@ using namespace std;
 #include "main.hh"
 #include "misc.hh"
 #include "music.hh"
-#include "music.hh"
 #include "output-def.hh"
 #include "paper-book.hh"
-#include "program-option.hh"
 #include "scm-hash.hh"
 #include "score.hh"
 #include "text-interface.hh"
 #include "warn.hh"
 
+void
+Lily_parser::parser_error (Input const *i, Lily_parser *parser, string s)
+{
+       parser->parser_error (*i, s);
+}
+
+#define MYBACKUP(Token, Value, Location)                               \
+do                                                                     \
+       if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
+       {                                                               \
+               if (Token)                                              \
+                       parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value); \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (BACKUP);              \
+       } else {                                                        \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
+                       (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
+       }                                                               \
+while (0)
+
+
+#define MYREPARSE(Location, Pred, Token, Value)                                \
+do                                                                     \
+       if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
+       {                                                               \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value);        \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (REPARSE,              \
+                                                 Pred);                \
+       } else {                                                        \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
+                       (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
+       }                                                               \
+while (0)
+
 %}
 
 
@@ -113,7 +185,6 @@ using namespace std;
        Output_def *outputdef;
        SCM scm;
        std::string *string;
-       Music *music;
        Score *score;
        int i;
 }
@@ -130,7 +201,11 @@ using namespace std;
   scm_apply_0 (proc, args)
 /* Syntactic Sugar. */
 #define MAKE_SYNTAX(name, location, ...)       \
-  LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (PARSER->self_scm (), make_input (location), __VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED));
+  LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (parser->self_scm (), make_input (location) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED))
+#define START_MAKE_SYNTAX(name, ...)                                   \
+       scm_list_n (ly_lily_module_constant (name) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)
+#define FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX(start, location, ...)                       \
+       LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (scm_car (start), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (location), scm_append_x (scm_list_2 (scm_cdr (start), scm_list_n (__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)))))
 
 SCM get_next_unique_context_id ();
 SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
@@ -145,16 +220,15 @@ SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
 
 
 static Music *make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where);
-SCM make_music_relative (Pitch start, SCM music, Input loc);
-SCM run_music_function (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc, SCM func, SCM args);
-SCM get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m);
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
+                     SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred);
+SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg);
 SCM make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
 SCM make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter);
 SCM make_simple_markup (SCM a);
 bool is_duration (int t);
 bool is_regular_identifier (SCM id);
-bool ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x);
-int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v);
+int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser);
 void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 
 %}
@@ -186,24 +260,19 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token DRUMS "\\drums"
 %token FIGUREMODE "\\figuremode"
 %token FIGURES "\\figures"
-%token GROBDESCRIPTIONS "\\grobdescriptions"
 %token HEADER "\\header"
 %token INVALID "\\version-error"
-%token KEY "\\key"
 %token LAYOUT "\\layout"
 %token LYRICMODE "\\lyricmode"
 %token LYRICS "\\lyrics"
 %token LYRICSTO "\\lyricsto"
-%token MARK "\\mark"
 %token MARKUP "\\markup"
-%token MARKUPLINES "\\markuplines"
+%token MARKUPLIST "\\markuplist"
 %token MIDI "\\midi"
 %token NAME "\\name"
 %token NOTEMODE "\\notemode"
-%token ONCE "\\once"
 %token OVERRIDE "\\override"
 %token PAPER "\\paper"
-%token RELATIVE "\\relative"
 %token REMOVE "\\remove"
 %token REPEAT "\\repeat"
 %token REST "\\rest"
@@ -213,13 +282,11 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token SET "\\set"
 %token SIMULTANEOUS "\\simultaneous"
 %token TEMPO "\\tempo"
-%token TIMES "\\times"
 %token TYPE "\\type"
 %token UNSET "\\unset"
 %token WITH "\\with"
 
 /* Keyword token exceptions.  */
-%token TIME_T "\\time"
 %token NEWCONTEXT "\\new"
 
 
@@ -261,15 +328,17 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 
 
 %token <i> E_UNSIGNED
-%token <i> UNSIGNED
+%token <scm> UNSIGNED
 
 /* Artificial tokens, for more generic function syntax */
 %token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_MUSIC "ly:music?"
 %token <i> EXPECT_PITCH "ly:pitch?"
 %token <i> EXPECT_DURATION "ly:duration?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
+%token <scm> EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
+%token <scm> BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
+%token <scm> REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
 %token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
+%token <scm> EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
 /* After the last argument. */
 %token <i> EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
 
@@ -289,11 +358,12 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %token <scm> EVENT_FUNCTION
 %token <scm> FRACTION
 %token <scm> LYRICS_STRING
+%token <scm> LYRIC_ELEMENT
 %token <scm> LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
 %token <scm> MARKUP_FUNCTION
 %token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
 %token <scm> MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUPLINES_IDENTIFIER
+%token <scm> MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
 %token <scm> MUSIC_FUNCTION
 %token <scm> MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
 %token <scm> NOTENAME_PITCH
@@ -332,7 +402,11 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> braced_music_list
 %type <scm> closed_music
 %type <scm> music
-%type <scm> prefix_composite_music
+%type <scm> music_bare
+%type <scm> music_arg
+%type <scm> complex_music
+%type <scm> complex_music_prefix
+%type <scm> mode_changed_music
 %type <scm> repeated_music
 %type <scm> sequential_music
 %type <scm> simple_music
@@ -354,7 +428,6 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> post_event
 %type <scm> post_event_nofinger
 %type <scm> re_rhythmed_music
-%type <scm> relative_music
 %type <scm> simple_element
 %type <scm> simple_music_property_def
 %type <scm> start_symbol
@@ -367,11 +440,11 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <outputdef> output_def
 %type <outputdef> paper_block
 
-%type <scm> generic_prefix_music_scm
+%type <scm> music_function_call
 %type <scm> music_list
-%type <scm> absolute_pitch
 %type <scm> assignment_id
 %type <scm> bare_number
+%type <scm> bare_number_closed
 %type <scm> unsigned_number
 %type <scm> bass_figure
 %type <scm> figured_bass_modification
@@ -390,10 +463,11 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> direction_less_char
 %type <scm> duration_length
 %type <scm> embedded_scm
+%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg
+%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg_closed
 %type <scm> embedded_scm_bare
+%type <scm> embedded_scm_bare_arg
 %type <scm> embedded_scm_closed
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_chord_body
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_event
 %type <scm> event_function_event
 %type <scm> figure_list
 %type <scm> figure_spec
@@ -401,13 +475,26 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> full_markup
 %type <scm> full_markup_list
 %type <scm> function_arglist
+%type <scm> function_arglist_optional
+%type <scm> function_arglist_backup
+%type <scm> function_arglist_nonbackup
+%type <scm> function_arglist_skip
 %type <scm> function_arglist_bare
 %type <scm> function_arglist_closed
+%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_optional
+%type <scm> function_arglist_common
+%type <scm> function_arglist_common_lyric
+%type <scm> function_arglist_common_minus
+%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_common
+%type <scm> function_arglist_keep
+%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_keep
 %type <scm> identifier_init
 %type <scm> lilypond
 %type <scm> lilypond_header
 %type <scm> lilypond_header_body
 %type <scm> lyric_element
+%type <scm> lyric_element_arg
+%type <scm> lyric_element_music
 %type <scm> lyric_markup
 %type <scm> markup
 %type <scm> markup_braced_list
@@ -424,9 +511,7 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> mode_changing_head_with_context
 %type <scm> multiplied_duration
 %type <scm> music_function_event
-%type <scm> music_function_event_arglist
 %type <scm> music_function_chord_body
-%type <scm> music_function_chord_body_arglist
 %type <scm> new_chord
 %type <scm> new_lyrics
 %type <scm> number_expression
@@ -442,7 +527,6 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %type <scm> property_operation
 %type <scm> property_path property_path_revved
 %type <scm> scalar
-%type <scm> scalar_bare
 %type <scm> scalar_closed
 %type <scm> scm_function_call
 %type <scm> scm_function_call_closed
@@ -474,11 +558,11 @@ prec levels in different prods */
 start_symbol:
        lilypond
        | EMBEDDED_LILY {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
        } embedded_lilypond {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("parseStringResult"), $3);
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("parseStringResult"), $3);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -488,49 +572,49 @@ lilypond: /* empty */ { }
        | lilypond assignment {
        }
        | lilypond error {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        | lilypond INVALID      {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        ;
 
 
 toplevel_expression:
        lilypond_header {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $1);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $1);
        }
        | book_block {
                Book *book = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), book->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), book->self_scm ());
                book->unprotect ();
        }
        | bookpart_block {
                Book *bookpart = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
                bookpart->unprotect ();
        }
        | score_block {
                Score *score = $1;
 
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
                score->unprotect ();
        }
        | composite_music {
                Music *music = unsmob_music ($1);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
        }
        | full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
        }
        | full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $1);
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | output_def {
                SCM id = SCM_EOL;
@@ -543,16 +627,49 @@ toplevel_expression:
                else if ($1->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultlayout");
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (id, od->self_scm ());
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (id, od->self_scm ());
                od->unprotect();
        }
        ;
 
 embedded_scm_bare:
        SCM_TOKEN
+       {
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->eval_scm ($1);
+       }
        | SCM_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
+embedded_scm_bare_arg:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       | STRING
+       | STRING_IDENTIFIER
+       | full_markup
+       | full_markup_list
+       | context_modification
+       | score_block
+       {
+               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
+               $1->unprotect ();
+       }
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       | book_block
+       {
+               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
+               $1->unprotect ();
+       }
+       | bookpart_block
+       {
+               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
+               $1->unprotect ();
+       }
+       | output_def
+       {
+               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
+               $1->unprotect ();
+       }
+       ;
+
 /* The generic version may end in music, or not */
 
 embedded_scm:
@@ -560,33 +677,42 @@ embedded_scm:
        | scm_function_call
        ;
 
+embedded_scm_arg:
+       embedded_scm_bare_arg
+       | scm_function_call
+       | music_arg
+       ;
+
 scm_function_call:
        SCM_FUNCTION function_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
 embedded_lilypond:
-       { $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @$, SCM_UNDEFINED); }
+       /* empty */
+       {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @$);
+       }
        | identifier_init
        | music music music_list {
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$,       
                                  scm_cons2 ($1, $2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
        }
        | error {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        | INVALID embedded_lilypond {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        ;
 
 
 lilypond_header_body:
        {
-               $$ = get_header (PARSER);
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$);
+               $$ = get_header (parser);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($$);
        }
        | lilypond_header_body assignment  {
 
@@ -595,7 +721,7 @@ lilypond_header_body:
 
 lilypond_header:
        HEADER '{' lilypond_header_body '}'     {
-               $$ = PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -609,11 +735,11 @@ assignment_id:
 
 assignment:
        assignment_id '=' identifier_init  {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
        }
        | assignment_id property_path '=' identifier_init {
                SCM path = scm_cons (scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $2);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
        ;
 /*
  TODO: devise standard for protection in parser.
@@ -648,16 +774,7 @@ identifier_init:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | music  {
-               /* Hack: Create event-chord around standalone events.
-                  Prevents the identifier from being interpreted as a post-event. */
-               Music *mus = unsmob_music ($1);
-               bool is_event = mus &&
-                       (scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                               != SCM_BOOL_F);
-               if (!is_event)
-                       $$ = $1;
-               else
-                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$, scm_list_1 ($1));
+               $$ = $1;
        }
        | post_event_nofinger {
                $$ = $1;
@@ -698,15 +815,16 @@ context_def_spec_body:
                $$ = $1;
                unsmob_context_def ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
-       | context_def_spec_body GROBDESCRIPTIONS embedded_scm {
-               Context_def*td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
+       | context_def_spec_body embedded_scm {
+               if (Context_mod *cm = unsmob_context_mod ($2)) {
+                       SCM p = cm->get_mods ();
+                       Context_def*td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
 
-               for (SCM p = $3; scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p)) {
-                       SCM tag = scm_caar (p);
-
-                       /* TODO: should make new tag "grob-definition" ? */
-                       td->add_context_mod (scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("assign"),
-                                                       tag, scm_cons (scm_cdar (p), SCM_EOL)));
+                       for (; scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p)) {
+                               td->add_context_mod (scm_car (p));
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a context mod"));
                }
        }
        | context_def_spec_body context_mod {
@@ -726,8 +844,8 @@ context_def_spec_body:
 book_block:
        BOOK '{' book_body '}'  {
                $$ = $3;
-               pop_paper (PARSER);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               pop_paper (parser);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -737,50 +855,50 @@ book_block:
 book_body:
        {
                $$ = new Book;
-               init_papers (PARSER);
+               init_papers (parser);
                $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               $$->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
+               $$->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
                $$->paper_->unprotect ();
-               push_paper (PARSER, $$->paper_);
-               $$->header_ = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultheader");
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$->self_scm ());
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-output-suffix"), SCM_BOOL_F);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-filename"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               push_paper (parser, $$->paper_);
+               $$->header_ = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultheader");
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$->self_scm ());
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-output-suffix"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-filename"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
                $$->protect ();
                $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
        }
        | book_body paper_block {
                $$->paper_ = $2;
                $2->unprotect ();
-               set_paper (PARSER, $2);
+               set_paper (parser, $2);
        }
        | book_body bookpart_block {
                Book *bookpart = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
                bookpart->unprotect ();
        }
        | book_body score_block {
                Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
                score->unprotect ();
        }
        | book_body composite_music {
                Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
        }
        | book_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | book_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
        }
        | book_body lilypond_header {
@@ -797,7 +915,7 @@ book_body:
 bookpart_block:
        BOOKPART '{' bookpart_body '}' {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -805,13 +923,13 @@ bookpart_body:
        {
                $$ = new Book;
                $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$->self_scm ());
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$->self_scm ());
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
                $$->protect ();
                $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_body paper_block {
                $$->paper_ = $2;
@@ -819,21 +937,21 @@ bookpart_body:
        }
        | bookpart_body score_block {
                Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
                score->unprotect ();
        }
        | bookpart_body composite_music {
                Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
                scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body lilypond_header {
@@ -856,7 +974,7 @@ score_body:
        music {
                SCM m = $1;
                SCM scorify = ly_lily_module_constant ("scorify-music");
-               SCM score = scm_call_2 (scorify, m, PARSER->self_scm ());
+               SCM score = scm_call_2 (scorify, m, parser->self_scm ());
 
                // pass ownernship to C++ again.
                $$ = unsmob_score (score);
@@ -874,7 +992,7 @@ score_body:
        | score_body output_def {
                if ($2->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
 
                }
                else
@@ -898,9 +1016,9 @@ paper_block:
                $$ = $1;
                if ($$->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
                        $1->unprotect ();
-                       $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
+                       $$ = get_paper (parser);
                }
        }
        ;
@@ -910,33 +1028,33 @@ output_def:
        output_def_body '}' {
                $$ = $1;
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head:
        PAPER {
-               $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
+               $$ = get_paper (parser);
                $$->input_origin_ = @$;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$->scope_);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope ($$->scope_);
        }
        | MIDI    {
-               Output_def *p = get_midi (PARSER);
+               Output_def *p = get_midi (parser);
                $$ = p;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
        }
        | LAYOUT        {
-               Output_def *p = get_layout (PARSER);
+               Output_def *p = get_layout (parser);
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
                $$ = p;
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head_with_mode_switch:
        output_def_head {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
                $$ = $1;
        }
        ;
@@ -953,8 +1071,8 @@ output_def_body:
                o->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
                $$ = o;
                $$->protect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
        }
        | output_def_body assignment  {
 
@@ -1008,12 +1126,15 @@ braced_music_list:
        }
        ;
 
-music:
-       simple_music
-       | composite_music
-       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+music: simple_music
+       | lyric_element_music
+       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
        ;
 
+music_arg:
+       simple_music
+       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
+       ;
 
 repeated_music:
        REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number music
@@ -1051,9 +1172,9 @@ simple_music:
        ;
 
 context_modification:
-        WITH { PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state (); } '{' context_mod_list '}'
+        WITH { parser->lexer_->push_initial_state (); } '{' context_mod_list '}'
         {
-                PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+                parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                 $$ = $4;
         }
         | WITH CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
@@ -1064,6 +1185,15 @@ context_modification:
         {
                 $$ = $1;
         }
+       | WITH embedded_scm_closed
+       {
+               if (unsmob_context_mod ($2))
+                       $$ = $2;
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a context mod"));
+                       $$ = Context_mod ().smobbed_copy ();
+               }
+       }
         ;
 
 optional_context_mod:
@@ -1088,16 +1218,32 @@ context_mod_list:
                  if (md)
                      unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods (md->get_mods ());
         }
+       | context_mod_list embedded_scm {
+               Context_mod *md = unsmob_context_mod ($2);
+               if (md)
+                       unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods (md->get_mods ());
+               else
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a context mod"));
+        }
         ;
 
 composite_music:
-       prefix_composite_music { $$ = $1; }
-       | grouped_music_list { $$ = $1; }
+       complex_music
+       | music_bare
        ;
 
-/* Music that can't be followed by additional events or durations */
+/* Music that can be parsed without lookahead */
 closed_music:
-       MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+       music_bare
+       | complex_music_prefix closed_music
+       {
+               $$ = FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX ($1, @$, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+music_bare:
+       mode_changed_music
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
        | grouped_music_list
        ;
 
@@ -1106,28 +1252,431 @@ grouped_music_list:
        | sequential_music              { $$ = $1; }
        ;
 
-/* An argument list. If a function \foo expects scm scm music, then the lexer expands \foo into the token sequence:
- MUSIC_FUNCTION EXPECT_MUSIC EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS
+/* An argument list. If a function \foo expects scm scm pitch, then the lexer expands \foo into the token sequence:
+ MUSIC_FUNCTION EXPECT_PITCH EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS
 and this rule returns the reversed list of arguments. */
 
+function_arglist_skip:
+       function_arglist_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_skip
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_skip
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+       ;
+
+
+function_arglist_nonbackup:
+       EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist pitch_also_in_chords {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed duration_length {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed bare_number_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed FRACTION
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $3);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, n, $3, $2);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+
+function_arglist_keep:
+       function_arglist_common
+       | function_arglist_backup
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed_keep:
+       function_arglist_closed_common
+       | function_arglist_backup
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_backup:
+       EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_keep embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (SCM_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (EVENT_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_keep lyric_element
+       {
+               // There is no point interpreting a lyrics string as
+               // an event, since we don't allow music possibly
+               // followed by durations or postevent into closed
+               // music, and we only accept closed music in optional
+               // arguments at the moment.  If this changes, more
+               // complex schemes might become interesting here as
+               // well: see how we do this at the mandatory argument
+               // point.
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (LYRICS_STRING, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep UNSIGNED
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, UNSIGNED, $4);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep REAL
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (REAL, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (NUMBER_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep FRACTION
+       {
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+               } else {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                       MYBACKUP (FRACTION, $4, @4);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $3);
+                       else {
+                               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                               MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $5, @5);
+                               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token ('-');
+                       }
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' REAL
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       MYBACKUP (REAL, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               } else {
+                       MYBACKUP (NUMBER_IDENTIFIER, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_keep pitch_also_in_chords
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed_keep duration_length
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_backup BACKUP
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+               MYBACKUP(0, SCM_UNDEFINED, @3);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE fraction
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
 
 function_arglist:
+       function_arglist_common
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_common:
        function_arglist_bare
-       | EXPECT_MUSIC function_arglist music {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional fraction
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_minus
+       | function_arglist_common_lyric
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_common_lyric:
+       EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional lyric_element
+       {
+               // We check how the predicate thinks about a lyrics
+               // event or about a markup.  If it accepts neither, we
+               // backup the original token.  Otherwise we commit to
+               // taking the token.  Depending on what the predicate
+               // is willing to accept, we interpret as a string, as
+               // a lyric event, or ambiguously (meaning that if
+               // something looking like a duration or post event
+               // follows, we take the event, otherwise the string).
+               SCM lyric_event = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @3, $3,
+                                              parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $3)))
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, lyric_event)))
+                       {
+                               $$ = $2;
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRICS_STRING, $3);
+                       } else {
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+                       }
+               else if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, lyric_event)))
+               {
+                       $$ = $2;
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
+               } else {
+                       // This is going to flag a syntax error, we
+                       // know the predicate to be false.
+                       check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                         $3, $2, $1);
+               }
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_lyric REPARSE lyric_element_arg
+       {
+               // This should never be false
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_common_minus:
+       EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, n))) {
+                       $$ = $2;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @4);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $4);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $2);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, n, $2, $1);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, n, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_minus REPARSE bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
 function_arglist_closed:
+       function_arglist_closed_common
+       | function_arglist_nonbackup
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed_common:
        function_arglist_bare
-       | EXPECT_MUSIC function_arglist closed_music {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, n))) {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $2);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @4);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $4);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $2);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, n, $2, $1);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional fraction
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional lyric_element
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $2, $1);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_optional:
+       function_arglist_keep %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+       | function_arglist_backup BACKUP
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_optional
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_closed {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_optional
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_closed_optional:
+       function_arglist_closed_keep %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
+       | function_arglist_backup BACKUP
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_closed_optional
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed_optional
+       {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1136,39 +1685,43 @@ embedded_scm_closed:
        | scm_function_call_closed
        ;
 
+embedded_scm_arg_closed:
+       embedded_scm_bare_arg
+       | scm_function_call_closed
+       | closed_music
+       ;
+
 scm_function_call_closed:
        SCM_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
-       }
+       } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
        ;
 
 function_arglist_bare:
        EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
-               /* This is for 0-ary functions, so they don't need to
-                  read a lookahead token */
                $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | EXPECT_MARKUP function_arglist full_markup {
+       | EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_optional pitch_also_in_chords {
                $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
-       | EXPECT_MARKUP function_arglist simple_string {
+       | EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed_optional duration_length {
                $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
-       | EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist pitch_also_in_chords {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_skip DEFAULT {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
-       | EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed duration_length {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_skip DEFAULT {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist simple_string {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip DEFAULT {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
        ;
 
-generic_prefix_music_scm:
+music_function_call:
        MUSIC_FUNCTION function_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
        }
        ;
@@ -1181,29 +1734,35 @@ optional_id:
        }
        ;
 
+complex_music:
+       music_function_call
+       | repeated_music                { $$ = $1; }
+       | re_rhythmed_music     { $$ = $1; }
+       | complex_music_prefix music
+       {
+               $$ = FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX ($1, @$, $2);
+       }
+       ;
 
-prefix_composite_music:
-       generic_prefix_music_scm
-       | CONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod music {
+complex_music_prefix:
+       CONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod {
                 Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($4);
                 SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
                 if (ctxmod)
                         mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $2, $3, $5, mods, SCM_BOOL_F);
+               $$ = START_MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", $2, $3, mods, SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
-       | NEWCONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod music {
+       | NEWCONTEXT simple_string optional_id optional_context_mod {
                 Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($4);
                 SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
                 if (ctxmod)
                         mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $2, $3, $5, mods, SCM_BOOL_T);
+               $$ = START_MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", $2, $3, mods, SCM_BOOL_T);
        }
+       ;
 
-       | TIMES fraction music {
-                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("time-scaled-music", @$, $2, $3);
-       }
-       | repeated_music                { $$ = $1; }
-       | mode_changing_head grouped_music_list {
+mode_changed_music:
+       mode_changing_head grouped_music_list {
                if ($1 == ly_symbol2scm ("chords"))
                {
                  $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("unrelativable-music", @$, $2);
@@ -1212,120 +1771,106 @@ prefix_composite_music:
                {
                  $$ = $2;
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | mode_changing_head_with_context optional_context_mod grouped_music_list {
                 Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($2);
                 SCM mods = SCM_EOL;
                 if (ctxmod)
                         mods = ctxmod->get_mods ();
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $1, SCM_EOL, $3, mods, SCM_BOOL_T);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("context-specification", @$, $1, SCM_EOL, mods, SCM_BOOL_T, $3);
                if ($1 == ly_symbol2scm ("ChordNames"))
                {
                  $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("unrelativable-music", @$, $$);
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
-       | relative_music        { $$ = $1; }
-       | re_rhythmed_music     { $$ = $1; }
        ;
 
 mode_changing_head:
        NOTEMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("notes");
        }
        | DRUMMODE
                {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("drums");
        }
        | FIGUREMODE {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("figures");
        }
        | CHORDMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("chords");
 
        }
        | LYRICMODE
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
 mode_changing_head_with_context:
        DRUMS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("DrumStaff");
        }
        | FIGURES {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("FiguredBass");
        }
        | CHORDS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("ChordNames");
        }
        | LYRICS
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("Lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
-
-relative_music:
-       RELATIVE absolute_pitch music {
-               Pitch start = *unsmob_pitch ($2);
-               $$ = make_music_relative (start, $3, @$);
-       }
-       | RELATIVE composite_music {
-               Pitch middle_c (0, 0, 0);
-               $$ = make_music_relative (middle_c, $2, @$);
-       }
-       ;
-
 new_lyrics:
-       ADDLYRICS { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
+       ADDLYRICS { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
        /*cont */
-       closed_music {
+       composite_music {
        /* Can also use music at the expensive of two S/Rs similar to
            \repeat \alternative */
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
 
                $$ = scm_cons ($3, SCM_EOL);
        }
        | new_lyrics ADDLYRICS {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
-       } closed_music {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+       } composite_music {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 re_rhythmed_music:
-       closed_music new_lyrics {
+       composite_music new_lyrics {
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("add-lyrics", @$, $1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
-       }
+       } %prec COMPOSITE
        | LYRICSTO simple_string {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
        } music {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-combine", @$, $2, $4);
        }
        ;
@@ -1395,7 +1940,7 @@ context_mod:
           if (ly_symbol2scm ("consists") != $1)
           {
             $$ = SCM_EOL;
-             PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("only \\consists takes non-string argument."));
+             parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("only \\consists takes non-string argument."));
           }
           else
           {
@@ -1449,10 +1994,7 @@ simple_music_property_def:
 
 music_property_def:
        simple_music_property_def {
-               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons (PARSER->self_scm (), scm_cons2 (make_input (@$), SCM_BOOL_F, $1)));
-       }
-       | ONCE simple_music_property_def {
-               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons (PARSER->self_scm (), scm_cons2 (make_input (@$), SCM_BOOL_T, $2)));
+               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (@$), $1));
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1479,40 +2021,27 @@ simple_string: STRING {
        }
        ;
 
-scalar_bare:
-       string {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | lyric_element {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | bare_number {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | embedded_scm_bare {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       ;
-
 scalar:
-       scalar_bare |
-       scm_function_call
+       embedded_scm_arg
+       | bare_number
+       | lyric_element
        ;
 
 scalar_closed:
-       scalar_bare |
-       scm_function_call_closed
+       embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       | bare_number
+       | lyric_element
        ;
 
 
 event_chord:
-       /* TODO: Create a special case that avoids the creation of
-          EventChords around simple_elements that have no post_events?
-        */
-       simple_chord_elements post_events       {
+       simple_element post_events {
+               // Let the rhythmic music iterator sort this mess out.
+               if (scm_is_pair ($2))
+                       unsmob_music ($1)->set_property ("articulations",
+                                                        scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+       }
+       | simple_chord_elements post_events     {
                SCM elts = ly_append2 ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
 
                Input i;
@@ -1525,8 +2054,8 @@ event_chord:
                Input i;
                i.set_location (@1, @3);
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repetition-chord", i,
-                                 PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_,
-                                 PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.repetition_function_,
+                                 parser->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_,
+                                 parser->lexer_->chord_repetition_.repetition_function_,
                                  $2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        | MULTI_MEASURE_REST optional_notemode_duration post_events {
@@ -1537,11 +2066,11 @@ event_chord:
        }
        | command_element
        /* note chord elements are memorized into
-          PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_ so that the chord repetition
+          parser->lexer_->chord_repetition_ so that the chord repetition
           mechanism copy them when a chord repetition symbol is found
        */
        | note_chord_element    {
-               PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_ = $$;
+               parser->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_ = $$;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1574,7 +2103,8 @@ chord_body:
 chord_body_elements:
        /* empty */             { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
        | chord_body_elements chord_body_element {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1616,75 +2146,41 @@ chord_body_element:
                $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
        | music_function_chord_body
-       ;
-
-/* We can't accept a music argument, not even a closed one,
- * immediately before chord_body_elements, otherwise a function \fun
- * with a signature of two music arguments can't be sorted out
- * properly in a construct like
- * <\fun { c } \fun { c } c>
- * The second call could be interpreted either as a chord constituent
- * or a music expression.
- */
+       {
+               Music *m = unsmob_music ($1);
 
-music_function_chord_body_arglist:
-       function_arglist_bare
-       | EXPECT_MUSIC music_function_chord_body_arglist chord_body_element {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
-       }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_chord_body {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
-       }
-       ;
+               while (m && m->is_mus_type ("music-wrapper-music")) {
+                       $$ = m->get_property ("element");
+                       m = unsmob_music ($$);
+               }
 
-embedded_scm_chord_body:
-       embedded_scm_bare
-       | SCM_FUNCTION music_function_chord_body_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
-                                        $1, $2);
+               if (!(m && m->is_mus_type ("rhythmic-event"))) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@$, _ ("not a rhythmic event"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               }
        }
        ;
 
 music_function_chord_body:
-       MUSIC_FUNCTION music_function_chord_body_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
-                                        $1, $2);
-       }
-       ;
-
-/* We could accept a closed music argument before the post events
- * indicated by a trailing argument list.  For symmetry with chord
- * bodies and in order to avoid too tricky and complex behavior, we
- * refrain from doing so.
- */
-music_function_event_arglist:
-       function_arglist_bare
-       | EXPECT_MUSIC music_function_event_arglist post_event {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
-       }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_event {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
-       }
+       music_function_call
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
-embedded_scm_event:
-       embedded_scm_bare
-       | SCM_FUNCTION music_function_event_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
-                                        $1, $2);
-       }
-       ;
+// Event functions may only take closed arglists, otherwise it would
+// not be clear whether a following postevent should be associated
+// with the last argument of the event function or with the expression
+// for which the function call acts itself as event.
 
 music_function_event:
-       MUSIC_FUNCTION music_function_event_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
+       MUSIC_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
 event_function_event:
-       EVENT_FUNCTION music_function_event_arglist {
-               $$ = run_music_function (PARSER, @$,
+       EVENT_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
        }
        ;
@@ -1704,10 +2200,10 @@ command_element:
                $$ = m->unprotect ();
        }
        | E_BACKSLASH {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("voice-separator", @$, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("voice-separator", @$);
        }
        | '|'      {
-               SCM pipe = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pipeSymbol");
+               SCM pipe = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pipeSymbol");
 
                Music *m = unsmob_music (pipe);
                if (m)
@@ -1717,48 +2213,18 @@ command_element:
                        $$ = m->unprotect ();
                }
                else
-                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("bar-check", @$, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("bar-check", @$);
 
        }
-       | TIME_T fraction  {
-               SCM proc = ly_lily_module_constant ("make-time-signature-set");
-
-               $$ = scm_apply_2   (proc, scm_car ($2), scm_cdr ($2), SCM_EOL);
-       }
-       | MARK scalar {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("make-mark-set", @$, $2);
-       }
        ;
 
 command_event:
        E_TILDE {
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("PesOrFlexaEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
-       | MARK DEFAULT  {
-               Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("MarkEvent", @$);
-               $$ = m->unprotect ();
-       }
        | tempo_event {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | KEY DEFAULT {
-               Music *key = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("KeyChangeEvent", @$);
-               $$ = key->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | KEY NOTENAME_PITCH SCM_IDENTIFIER     {
-
-               Music *key = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("KeyChangeEvent", @$);
-               if (scm_ilength ($3) > 0)
-               {
-                       key->set_property ("pitch-alist", $3);
-                       key->set_property ("tonic", Pitch (0, 0, 0).smobbed_copy ());
-                       key->transpose (* unsmob_pitch ($2));
-               } else {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@3, _ ("second argument must be pitch list"));
-               }
-
-               $$ = key->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
 
@@ -1784,13 +2250,13 @@ post_event_nofinger:
                }
        }
        | HYPHEN {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("HyphenEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | EXTENDER {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ExtenderEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | script_dir direction_reqd_event {
@@ -1810,16 +2276,21 @@ post_event_nofinger:
                $$ = $2;
        }
        | string_number_event
+       | '^' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (UP));
+       }
+       | '_' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (DOWN));
+       }                       
        ;
 
 post_event:
        post_event_nofinger
-       | script_dir fingering {
-               if ($1)
-               {
-                       Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
-               }
+       | '-' fingering {
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
@@ -1867,7 +2338,7 @@ direction_less_char:
 
 direction_less_event:
        direction_less_char {
-               SCM predefd = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier_symbol ($1);
+               SCM predefd = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier_symbol ($1);
                Music *m = 0;
                if (unsmob_music (predefd))
                {
@@ -1896,11 +2367,11 @@ direction_reqd_event:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | script_abbreviation {
-               SCM s = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
+               SCM s = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ArticulationEvent", @$);
                if (scm_is_string (s))
                        a->set_property ("articulation-type", s);
-               else PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
+               else parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
@@ -1985,7 +2456,7 @@ gen_text_def:
                t->set_property ("text", $1);
                $$ = t->unprotect ();
        }
-       | string {
+       | simple_string {
                Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TextScriptEvent", @$);
                t->set_property ("text",
                        make_simple_markup ($1));
@@ -1996,7 +2467,7 @@ gen_text_def:
 fingering:
        UNSIGNED {
                Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @$);
-               t->set_property ("digit", scm_from_int ($1));
+               t->set_property ("digit", $1);
                $$ = t->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
@@ -2031,13 +2502,6 @@ script_dir:
        | '-'   { $$ = CENTER; }
        ;
 
-
-absolute_pitch:
-       pitch   {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       ;
-
 duration_length:
        multiplied_duration {
                $$ = $1;
@@ -2046,12 +2510,12 @@ duration_length:
 
 optional_notemode_duration:
        {
-               Duration dd = PARSER->default_duration_;
+               Duration dd = parser->default_duration_;
                $$ = dd.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | multiplied_duration   {
                $$ = $1;
-               PARSER->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
+               parser->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2059,7 +2523,7 @@ steno_duration:
        bare_unsigned dots              {
                int len = 0;
                if (!is_duration ($1))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", $1));
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", $1));
                else
                        len = intlog2 ($1);
 
@@ -2091,7 +2555,7 @@ multiplied_duration:
 fraction:
        FRACTION { $$ = $1; }
        | UNSIGNED '/' UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_cons (scm_from_int ($1), scm_from_int ($3));
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2110,15 +2574,13 @@ tremolo_type:
        }
        | ':' bare_unsigned {
                if (!is_duration ($2))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", $2));
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", $2));
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
 
 bass_number:
-       UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
-       }
+       UNSIGNED { $$ = $1; }
        | STRING { $$ = $1; }
        | full_markup { $$ = $1; }
        ;
@@ -2230,8 +2692,8 @@ optional_rest:
 
 simple_element:
        pitch exclamations questions octave_check optional_notemode_duration optional_rest {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_note_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_note_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
 
                Music *n = 0;
                if ($6)
@@ -2275,24 +2737,12 @@ simple_element:
                ev->set_property ("duration", $2);
                $$ = ev->unprotect ();
        }
-       | lyric_element optional_notemode_duration      {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
-
-               Music *levent = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("LyricEvent", @$);
-               levent->set_property ("text", $1);
-               levent->set_property ("duration",$2);
-               $$= levent->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
 simple_chord_elements:
-       simple_element  {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
-       }
-       | new_chord {
-                if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
-                        PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
+       new_chord {
+                if (!parser->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
+                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
                 $$ = $1;
        }
        | figure_spec optional_notemode_duration {
@@ -2313,6 +2763,38 @@ lyric_element:
        }
        ;
 
+lyric_element_arg:
+       lyric_element
+       | lyric_element multiplied_duration post_events {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       }
+       | lyric_element post_event post_events {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1,
+                                 parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                       ("articulations", scm_cons ($2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+       }
+       | LYRIC_ELEMENT optional_notemode_duration post_events {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       }
+       ;
+
+
+lyric_element_music:
+       lyric_element optional_notemode_duration post_events {
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
+       }
+       ;
+
 new_chord:
        steno_tonic_pitch optional_notemode_duration   {
                $$ = make_chord_elements ($1, $2, SCM_EOL);
@@ -2424,35 +2906,30 @@ number_factor:
 
 
 bare_number:
-       UNSIGNED        {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
-       }
-       | REAL          {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER             {
-               $$ = $1;
+       bare_number_closed
+       | UNSIGNED NUMBER_IDENTIFIER    {
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
        }
        | REAL NUMBER_IDENTIFIER        {
-               $$ = scm_from_double (scm_to_double ($1) *scm_to_double ($2));
-       }
-       | UNSIGNED NUMBER_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $$ = scm_from_double ($1 *scm_to_double ($2));
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
+bare_number_closed:
+       UNSIGNED
+       | REAL
+       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       ;
 
 bare_unsigned:
        UNSIGNED {
-                       $$ = $1;
+               $$ = scm_to_int ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 unsigned_number:
-       bare_unsigned  { $$ = scm_from_int ($1); }
-       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
+       UNSIGNED
+       | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
 exclamations:
@@ -2474,22 +2951,22 @@ lyric_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | LYRIC_MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_top {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 full_markup_list:
-       MARKUPLINES_IDENTIFIER {
+       MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | MARKUPLINES
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+       | MARKUPLIST
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_list {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2498,10 +2975,10 @@ full_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_top {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2517,8 +2994,23 @@ markup_top:
        }
        ;
 
+markup_scm:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a markup"));
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, scm_string (SCM_EOL), @1);
+               }
+       } BACKUP
+       ;
+                       
+
 markup_list:
-       MARKUPLINES_IDENTIFIER {
+       MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | markup_composed_list {
@@ -2530,6 +3022,10 @@ markup_list:
        | markup_command_list {
                $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
        }
+       | markup_scm MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 markup_composed_list:
@@ -2566,7 +3062,7 @@ markup_command_basic_arguments:
          $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
        | EXPECT_SCM markup_command_list_arguments embedded_scm_closed {
-         $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+         $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $2, $1);
        }
        | EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
          $$ = SCM_EOL;
@@ -2609,17 +3105,21 @@ simple_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | SCORE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
        } '{' score_body '}' {
                Score * sc = $4;
                $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), sc->self_scm ());
                sc->unprotect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | MARKUP_FUNCTION markup_command_basic_arguments {
                $$ = scm_cons ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
+       | markup_scm MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 markup:
@@ -2643,7 +3143,7 @@ Lily_parser::set_yydebug (bool x)
 void
 Lily_parser::do_yyparse ()
 {
-       yyparse ((void*)this);
+       yyparse (this);
 }
 
 
@@ -2694,9 +3194,7 @@ Lily_lexer::try_special_identifiers (SCM *destination, SCM sid)
                unsmob_music (*destination)->
                        set_property ("origin", make_input (last_input_));
 
-               bool is_event = scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                       != SCM_BOOL_F;
-
+               bool is_event = mus->is_mus_type ("post-event");
                mus->unprotect ();
                return is_event ? EVENT_IDENTIFIER : MUSIC_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (unsmob_pitch (sid)) {
@@ -2719,7 +3217,7 @@ Lily_lexer::try_special_identifiers (SCM *destination, SCM sid)
                return MARKUP_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list (sid)) {
                *destination = sid;
-               return MARKUPLINES_IDENTIFIER;
+               return MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER;
        }
 
        return -1;
@@ -2741,38 +3239,27 @@ get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ()
        return scm_from_locale_string (s);
 }
 
-
-SCM
-run_music_function (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc, SCM func, SCM args)
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
+                     SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred)
 {
-       SCM sig = scm_object_property (func, ly_symbol2scm ("music-function-signature"));
-
-       SCM type_check_proc = ly_lily_module_constant ("type-check-list");
-
-       args = scm_reverse_x (args, SCM_EOL);
-
-       SCM fallback = SCM_BOOL_F;
-       SCM pred = scm_car (sig);
-
-       if (scm_is_pair (pred))
-       {
-               fallback = scm_cdr (pred);
-               if (Music *m = unsmob_music (fallback)) {
-                       m = m->clone ();
-                       m->set_spot (loc);
-                       fallback = m->unprotect ();
-               }
-               pred = scm_car (pred);
-       }
+       args = scm_cons (arg, args);
+       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, arg)))
+               return args;
+       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_EOL);
+       MAKE_SYNTAX ("argument-error", loc, scm_length (args), pred, arg);
+       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_BOOL_F);
+       return args;
+}
 
-       if (!to_boolean (scm_call_3  (type_check_proc, make_input (loc), scm_cdr (sig), args)))
+SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg)
+{
+       if (Music *m = unsmob_music (arg))
        {
-               parser->error_level_ = 1;
-               return fallback;
+               m = m->clone ();
+               m->set_spot (loc);
+               return m->unprotect ();
        }
-
-       SCM syntax_args = scm_list_n (parser->self_scm (), make_input (loc), pred, fallback, func, args, SCM_UNDEFINED);
-       return LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("music-function"), syntax_args);
+       return arg;
 }
 
 bool
@@ -2802,19 +3289,6 @@ make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where)
        return m;
 }
 
-SCM
-get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m)
-{
-       SCM id = m->get_property ("context-id");
-       if (SCM_BOOL_T == scm_equal_p (m->get_property ("context-type"), type)
-           && scm_is_string (m->get_property ("context-id"))
-           && scm_c_string_length (id) > 0)
-       {
-               return id;
-       }
-       return SCM_EOL;
-}
-
 SCM
 make_simple_markup (SCM a)
 {
@@ -2855,35 +3329,12 @@ make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list)
        return scm_call_3 (chord_ctor, pitch, dur, modification_list);
 }
 
-
-/* Todo: actually also use apply iso. call too ...  */
-bool
-ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x)
-{
-       return ly_is_procedure (x)
-               || (scm_is_pair (x) && ly_is_procedure (scm_car (x)));
-}
-
-SCM
-make_music_relative (Pitch start, SCM music, Input loc)
-{
-       Music *relative = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RelativeOctaveMusic", loc);
-       relative->set_property ("element", music);
-
-       Music *m = unsmob_music (music);
-       Pitch last = m->to_relative_octave (start);
-       if (lily_1_8_relative)
-               m->set_property ("last-pitch", last.smobbed_copy ());
-       return relative->unprotect ();
-}
-
 int
-yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v)
+yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser)
 {
-       Lily_parser *pars = (Lily_parser*) v;
-       Lily_lexer *lex = pars->lexer_;
+       Lily_lexer *lex = parser->lexer_;
 
-       lex->lexval_ = (void*) s;
+       lex->lexval_ = s;
        lex->lexloc_ = loc;
        lex->prepare_for_next_token ();
        return lex->yylex ();