]> git.donarmstrong.com Git - lilypond.git/blobdiff - lily/parser.yy
Issue 2853: Set up indent-tabs-mode for Emacs in lexer.ll and parser.yy
[lilypond.git] / lily / parser.yy
index f7309876a44b0a8a6aeeaca865530a9f7aa93ffa..19c0d90624c52eaa0bcb0083df5ded045eabf2f5 100644 (file)
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
+/* -*- mode: c++; c-file-style: "linux"; indent-tabs-mode: t -*- */
 /*
   This file is part of LilyPond, the GNU music typesetter.
 
-  Copyright (C) 1997--2011 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
+  Copyright (C) 1997--2012 Han-Wen Nienhuys <hanwen@xs4all.nl>
                  Jan Nieuwenhuizen <janneke@gnu.org>
 
   LilyPond is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
   along with LilyPond.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
 
-%{
+/* Mode and indentation are at best a rough approximation based on TAB
+ * formatting (reasonable for compatibility with unspecific editor
+ * modes as Bison modes are hard to find) and need manual correction
+ * frequently.  Without a reasonably dependable way of formatting a
+ * Bison file sensibly, there is little point in trying to fix the
+ * inconsistent state of indentation.
+ */
 
-#define YYDEBUG 1
-#define YYERROR_VERBOSE 1
-#define YYPARSE_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define YYLEX_PARAM my_lily_parser
-#define PARSER ((Lily_parser *) my_lily_parser)
+%{
 
-#define yyerror PARSER->parser_error
+#define yyerror Lily_parser::parser_error
 
 /* We use custom location type: Input objects */
 #define YYLTYPE Input
+#define YYSTYPE SCM
 #define YYLLOC_DEFAULT(Current,Rhs,N) \
        ((Current).set_location ((Rhs)[1], (Rhs)[N]))
 
+#define YYPRINT(file, type, value)                                      \
+        do {                                                            \
+                if (scm_is_eq (value, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))                 \
+                        break;                                          \
+                char *p = scm_to_locale_string                          \
+                        (scm_simple_format (SCM_BOOL_F,                 \
+                                            scm_from_locale_string ("~S"), \
+                                            scm_list_1 (value)));       \
+                fputs (p, file);                                        \
+                free (p);                                               \
+        } while (0)
 
 %}
 
+%parse-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+%parse-param {SCM *retval}
+%lex-param {Lily_parser *parser}
+%error-verbose
+%debug
+
 /* We use SCMs to do strings, because it saves us the trouble of
-deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesnt trigger a move
+deleting them.  Let's hope that a stack overflow doesn't trigger a move
 of the parse stack onto the heap. */
 
 %left PREC_BOT
@@ -135,33 +156,35 @@ using namespace std;
 #include "text-interface.hh"
 #include "warn.hh"
 
+void
+Lily_parser::parser_error (Input const *i, Lily_parser *parser, SCM *, string s)
+{
+       parser->parser_error (*i, s);
+}
+
 #define MYBACKUP(Token, Value, Location)                               \
 do                                                                     \
        if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
        {                                                               \
                if (Token)                                              \
-                       PARSER->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value); \
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_extra_token (BACKUP);              \
+                       parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value); \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (BACKUP);              \
        } else {                                                        \
-               PARSER->parser_error                                    \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
                        (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
        }                                                               \
 while (0)
 
 
-#define MYREPARSE(Location, Default, Pred, Token, Value)               \
+#define MYREPARSE(Location, Pred, Token, Value)                                \
 do                                                                     \
        if (yychar == YYEMPTY)                                          \
        {                                                               \
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value);        \
-               if (Default != SCM_UNDEFINED)                           \
-                       PARSER->lexer_->push_extra_token (REPARSE,      \
-                                                         scm_cons (Default, Pred)); \
-               else                                                    \
-                       PARSER->lexer_->push_extra_token (REPARSE,      \
-                                                         Pred);        \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (Token, Value);        \
+               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token (REPARSE,              \
+                                                 Pred);                \
        } else {                                                        \
-               PARSER->parser_error                                    \
+               parser->parser_error                                    \
                        (Location, _("Too much lookahead"));            \
        }                                                               \
 while (0)
@@ -169,15 +192,6 @@ while (0)
 %}
 
 
-%union {
-       Book *book;
-       Output_def *outputdef;
-       SCM scm;
-       std::string *string;
-       Score *score;
-       int i;
-}
-
 %{
 
 #define MY_MAKE_MUSIC(x, spot)  make_music_with_input (ly_symbol2scm (x), spot)
@@ -190,11 +204,11 @@ while (0)
   scm_apply_0 (proc, args)
 /* Syntactic Sugar. */
 #define MAKE_SYNTAX(name, location, ...)       \
-  LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (PARSER->self_scm (), make_input (location) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED));
+  LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant (name), scm_list_n (parser->self_scm (), make_input (location) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED))
 #define START_MAKE_SYNTAX(name, ...)                                   \
        scm_list_n (ly_lily_module_constant (name) , ##__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)
 #define FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX(start, location, ...)                       \
-       LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (scm_car (start), scm_cons2 (PARSER->self_scm (), make_input (location), scm_append_x (scm_list_2 (scm_cdr (start), scm_list_n (__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)))))
+       LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (scm_car (start), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (location), scm_append_x (scm_list_2 (scm_cdr (start), scm_list_n (__VA_ARGS__, SCM_UNDEFINED)))))
 
 SCM get_next_unique_context_id ();
 SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
@@ -209,18 +223,15 @@ SCM get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ();
 
 
 static Music *make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where);
-SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc, SCM fallback,
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
                      SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred);
 SCM loc_on_music (Input loc, SCM arg);
-SCM get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m);
-SCM make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
-SCM make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter);
+SCM make_chord_elements (Input loc, SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list);
+SCM make_chord_step (SCM step, Rational alter);
 SCM make_simple_markup (SCM a);
-SCM try_unpack_lyrics (SCM pred, SCM arg);
 bool is_duration (int t);
 bool is_regular_identifier (SCM id);
-bool ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x);
-int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v);
+int yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser);
 void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 
 %}
@@ -233,6 +244,7 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 */
 
 /* Keyword tokens with plain escaped name.  */
+%token END_OF_FILE 0 "end of input"
 %token ACCEPTS "\\accepts"
 %token ADDLYRICS "\\addlyrics"
 %token ALIAS "\\alias"
@@ -252,7 +264,6 @@ void set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a);
 %token DRUMS "\\drums"
 %token FIGUREMODE "\\figuremode"
 %token FIGURES "\\figures"
-%token GROBDESCRIPTIONS "\\grobdescriptions"
 %token HEADER "\\header"
 %token INVALID "\\version-error"
 %token LAYOUT "\\layout"
@@ -320,226 +331,57 @@ If we give names, Bison complains.
 %token MULTI_MEASURE_REST
 
 
-%token <i> E_UNSIGNED
-%token <scm> UNSIGNED
+%token E_UNSIGNED
+%token UNSIGNED
 
 /* Artificial tokens, for more generic function syntax */
-%token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_PITCH "ly:pitch?"
-%token <i> EXPECT_DURATION "ly:duration?"
-%token <scm> EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
-%token <scm> BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
-%token <scm> REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
-%token <i> EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
-%token <scm> EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP "markup?"
+%token EXPECT_PITCH "ly:pitch?"
+%token EXPECT_DURATION "ly:duration?"
+%token EXPECT_SCM "scheme?"
+%token BACKUP "(backed-up?)"
+%token REPARSE "(reparsed?)"
+%token EXPECT_MARKUP_LIST "markup-list?"
+%token EXPECT_OPTIONAL "optional?"
 /* After the last argument. */
-%token <i> EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
+%token EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS;
 
 /* An artificial token for parsing embedded Lilypond */
-%token <i> EMBEDDED_LILY "#{"
-
-%token <scm> BOOK_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> CHORDMODIFIER_PITCH
-%token <scm> CHORD_MODIFIER
-%token <scm> CHORD_REPETITION
-%token <scm> CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> DRUM_PITCH
-%token <scm> PITCH_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> DURATION_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> EVENT_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> EVENT_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> FRACTION
-%token <scm> LYRICS_STRING
-%token <scm> LYRIC_ELEMENT
-%token <scm> LYRIC_ELEMENT_P
-%token <scm> LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUP_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> MUSIC_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> NOTENAME_PITCH
-%token <scm> NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> REAL
-%token <scm> RESTNAME
-%token <scm> SCM_FUNCTION
-%token <scm> SCM_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> SCM_TOKEN
-%token <scm> SCORE_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> STRING
-%token <scm> STRING_IDENTIFIER
-%token <scm> TONICNAME_PITCH
-
-
-%type <book> book_block
-%type <book> book_body
-%type <book> bookpart_block
-%type <book> bookpart_body
-
-%type <i> bare_unsigned
-%type <scm> figured_bass_alteration
-%type <i> dots
-%type <i> exclamations
-%type <i> optional_rest
-%type <i> questions
-%type <i> script_dir
-%type <i> sub_quotes
-%type <i> sup_quotes
-%type <i> tremolo_type
-
-/* Music */
-%type <scm> composite_music
-%type <scm> grouped_music_list
-%type <scm> braced_music_list
-%type <scm> closed_music
-%type <scm> music
-%type <scm> music_bare
-%type <scm> music_arg
-%type <scm> complex_music
-%type <scm> complex_music_prefix
-%type <scm> mode_changed_music
-%type <scm> repeated_music
-%type <scm> sequential_music
-%type <scm> simple_music
-%type <scm> simultaneous_music
-%type <scm> chord_body
-%type <scm> chord_body_element
-%type <scm> command_element
-%type <scm> command_event
-%type <scm> context_modification
-%type <scm> context_change
-%type <scm> direction_less_event
-%type <scm> direction_reqd_event
-%type <scm> embedded_lilypond
-%type <scm> event_chord
-%type <scm> fingering
-%type <scm> gen_text_def
-%type <scm> music_property_def
-%type <scm> note_chord_element
-%type <scm> post_event
-%type <scm> post_event_nofinger
-%type <scm> re_rhythmed_music
-%type <scm> simple_element
-%type <scm> simple_music_property_def
-%type <scm> start_symbol
-%type <scm> string_number_event
-%type <scm> tempo_event
-
-%type <outputdef> output_def_body
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head
-%type <outputdef> output_def_head_with_mode_switch
-%type <outputdef> output_def
-%type <outputdef> paper_block
-
-%type <scm> music_function_call
-%type <scm> music_list
-%type <scm> assignment_id
-%type <scm> bare_number
-%type <scm> bare_number_closed
-%type <scm> unsigned_number
-%type <scm> bass_figure
-%type <scm> figured_bass_modification
-%type <scm> br_bass_figure
-%type <scm> bass_number
-%type <scm> chord_body_elements
-%type <scm> chord_item
-%type <scm> chord_items
-%type <scm> chord_separator
-%type <scm> context_def_mod
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_block
-%type <scm> context_def_spec_body
-%type <scm> context_mod
-%type <scm> context_mod_list
-%type <scm> context_prop_spec
-%type <scm> direction_less_char
-%type <scm> duration_length
-%type <scm> embedded_scm
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_arg_closed
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_bare
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_bare_arg
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_closed
-%type <scm> embedded_scm_chord_body
-%type <scm> event_function_event
-%type <scm> figure_list
-%type <scm> figure_spec
-%type <scm> fraction
-%type <scm> full_markup
-%type <scm> full_markup_list
-%type <scm> function_arglist
-%type <scm> function_arglist_optional
-%type <scm> function_arglist_backup
-%type <scm> function_arglist_nonbackup
-%type <scm> function_arglist_skip
-%type <scm> function_arglist_bare
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_optional
-%type <scm> function_arglist_common
-%type <scm> function_arglist_common_lyric
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_common
-%type <scm> function_arglist_keep
-%type <scm> function_arglist_closed_keep
-%type <scm> identifier_init
-%type <scm> lilypond
-%type <scm> lilypond_header
-%type <scm> lilypond_header_body
-%type <scm> lyric_element
-%type <scm> lyric_element_arg
-%type <scm> lyric_element_music
-%type <scm> lyric_markup
-%type <scm> markup
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list
-%type <scm> markup_braced_list_body
-%type <scm> markup_composed_list
-%type <scm> markup_command_list
-%type <scm> markup_command_list_arguments
-%type <scm> markup_command_basic_arguments
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_item
-%type <scm> markup_head_1_list
-%type <scm> markup_list
-%type <scm> markup_top
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head
-%type <scm> mode_changing_head_with_context
-%type <scm> multiplied_duration
-%type <scm> music_function_event
-%type <scm> music_function_chord_body
-%type <scm> music_function_chord_body_arglist
-%type <scm> new_chord
-%type <scm> new_lyrics
-%type <scm> number_expression
-%type <scm> number_factor
-%type <scm> number_term
-%type <scm> octave_check
-%type <scm> optional_context_mod
-%type <scm> optional_id
-%type <scm> optional_notemode_duration
-%type <scm> pitch
-%type <scm> pitch_also_in_chords
-%type <scm> post_events
-%type <scm> property_operation
-%type <scm> property_path property_path_revved
-%type <scm> scalar
-%type <scm> scalar_closed
-%type <scm> scm_function_call
-%type <scm> scm_function_call_closed
-%type <scm> script_abbreviation
-%type <scm> simple_chord_elements
-%type <scm> simple_markup
-%type <scm> simple_string
-%type <scm> steno_duration
-%type <scm> steno_pitch
-%type <scm> steno_tonic_pitch
-%type <scm> step_number
-%type <scm> step_numbers
-%type <scm> string
-%type <scm> tempo_range
-
-%type <score> score_block
-%type <score> score_body
-
+%token EMBEDDED_LILY "#{"
+
+%token BOOK_IDENTIFIER
+%token CHORDMODIFIER_PITCH
+%token CHORD_MODIFIER
+%token CHORD_REPETITION
+%token CONTEXT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
+%token DRUM_PITCH
+%token PITCH_IDENTIFIER
+%token DURATION_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_IDENTIFIER
+%token EVENT_FUNCTION
+%token FRACTION
+%token LYRICS_STRING
+%token LYRIC_ELEMENT
+%token LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+%token MARKUP_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_LIST_FUNCTION
+%token MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+%token MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+%token MUSIC_FUNCTION
+%token MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
+%token NOTENAME_PITCH
+%token NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+%token OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER
+%token REAL
+%token RESTNAME
+%token SCM_FUNCTION
+%token SCM_IDENTIFIER
+%token SCM_TOKEN
+%token SCORE_IDENTIFIER
+%token STRING
+%token STRING_IDENTIFIER
+%token TONICNAME_PITCH
 
 %left '-' '+'
 
@@ -553,84 +395,77 @@ prec levels in different prods */
 start_symbol:
        lilypond
        | EMBEDDED_LILY {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
        } embedded_lilypond {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("parseStringResult"), $3);
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+                *retval = $3;
        }
        ;
 
-lilypond:      /* empty */ { }
+lilypond:      /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond toplevel_expression {
        }
        | lilypond assignment {
        }
        | lilypond error {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        | lilypond INVALID      {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
        }
        ;
 
 
 toplevel_expression:
-       lilypond_header {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $1);
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (get_header (parser));
+       } lilypond_header {
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultheader"), $2);
        }
        | book_block {
-               Book *book = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), book->self_scm ());
-               book->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-book-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $1;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | score_block {
-               Score *score = $1;
-
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($1);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-music-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($1));
        }
        | full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $1);
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("toplevel-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
        }
        | output_def {
                SCM id = SCM_EOL;
-               Output_def * od = $1;
+               Output_def * od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
 
-               if ($1->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               if (od->c_variable ("is-paper") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultpaper");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-midi") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultmidi");
-               else if ($1->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
+               else if (od->c_variable ("is-layout") == SCM_BOOL_T)
                        id = ly_symbol2scm ("$defaultlayout");
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (id, od->self_scm ());
-               od->unprotect();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (id, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 embedded_scm_bare:
        SCM_TOKEN
        {
-               $$ = PARSER->lexer_->eval_scm ($1);
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->eval_scm_token ($1);
        }
        | SCM_IDENTIFIER
        ;
@@ -643,26 +478,10 @@ embedded_scm_bare_arg:
        | full_markup_list
        | context_modification
        | score_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | context_def_spec_block
        | book_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | bookpart_block
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        | output_def
-       {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
        ;
 
 /* The generic version may end in music, or not */
@@ -691,24 +510,27 @@ embedded_lilypond:
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("void-music", @$);
        }
        | identifier_init
-       | music music music_list {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$,       
-                                 scm_cons2 ($1, $2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+       | music_embedded music_embedded music_list {
+               $3 = scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL);
+               if (unsmob_music ($2))
+                       $3 = scm_cons ($2, $3);
+               if (unsmob_music ($1))
+                       $3 = scm_cons ($1, $3);
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("sequential-music", @$, $3);
        }
        | error {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        | INVALID embedded_lilypond {
-               PARSER->error_level_ = 1;
+               parser->error_level_ = 1;
+                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
 
 
 lilypond_header_body:
-       {
-               $$ = get_header (PARSER);
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$);
-       }
+       /* empty */ { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        | lilypond_header_body assignment  {
 
        }
@@ -716,7 +538,7 @@ lilypond_header_body:
 
 lilypond_header:
        HEADER '{' lilypond_header_body '}'     {
-               $$ = PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               $$ = parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -730,77 +552,33 @@ assignment_id:
 
 assignment:
        assignment_id '=' identifier_init  {
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier ($1, $3);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
        | assignment_id property_path '=' identifier_init {
                SCM path = scm_cons (scm_string_to_symbol ($1), $2);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
-       ;
-/*
- TODO: devise standard for protection in parser.
-
-  The parser stack lives on the C-stack, which means that
-all objects can be unprotected as soon as they're here.
-
-*/
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (path, $4);
+                $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
        }
-       | embedded_scm { }
+       | embedded_scm { $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED; }
        ;
 
 
 identifier_init:
-       score_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | book_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | bookpart_block {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | output_def {
-               $$ = $1->self_scm ();
-               $1->unprotect ();
-       }
-       | context_def_spec_block {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | music  {
-               /* Hack: Create event-chord around standalone events.
-                  Prevents the identifier from being interpreted as a post-event. */
-               Music *mus = unsmob_music ($1);
-               bool is_event = mus &&
-                       (scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                               != SCM_BOOL_F);
-               if (!is_event)
-                       $$ = $1;
-               else
-                       $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$, scm_list_1 ($1));
-       }
-       | post_event_nofinger {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | number_expression {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | string {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | embedded_scm {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | full_markup_list {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-        | context_modification {
-                $$ = $1;
-        }
+       score_block
+       | book_block
+       | bookpart_block
+       | output_def
+       | context_def_spec_block
+       | music_assign
+       | post_event_nofinger
+       | number_expression
+       | FRACTION
+       | string
+        | embedded_scm
+       | full_markup
+       | full_markup_list
+        | context_modification
        ;
 
 context_def_spec_block:
@@ -810,6 +588,27 @@ context_def_spec_block:
        }
        ;
 
+context_mod_arg:
+       embedded_scm
+       | composite_music
+       ;
+
+context_mod_embedded:
+       context_mod_arg
+       {
+               if (unsmob_music ($1)) {
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("context-mod-music-handler");
+                       $1 = scm_call_2 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1);
+               }
+               if (unsmob_context_mod ($1))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a context mod"));
+               }
+       }
+       ;
+
+
 context_def_spec_body:
        /**/ {
                $$ = Context_def::make_scm ();
@@ -819,17 +618,6 @@ context_def_spec_body:
                $$ = $1;
                unsmob_context_def ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
-       | context_def_spec_body GROBDESCRIPTIONS embedded_scm {
-               Context_def*td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
-
-               for (SCM p = $3; scm_is_pair (p); p = scm_cdr (p)) {
-                       SCM tag = scm_caar (p);
-
-                       /* TODO: should make new tag "grob-definition" ? */
-                       td->add_context_mod (scm_list_3 (ly_symbol2scm ("assign"),
-                                                       tag, scm_cons (scm_cdar (p), SCM_EOL)));
-               }
-       }
        | context_def_spec_body context_mod {
                unsmob_context_def ($$)->add_context_mod ($2);
        }
@@ -840,6 +628,13 @@ context_def_spec_body:
                     td->add_context_mod (scm_car (m));
                 }
        }
+       | context_def_spec_body context_mod_embedded {
+                Context_def *td = unsmob_context_def ($$);
+                SCM new_mods = unsmob_context_mod ($2)->get_mods ();
+                for (SCM m = new_mods; scm_is_pair (m); m = scm_cdr (m)) {
+                    td->add_context_mod (scm_car (m));
+                }
+       }
        ;
 
 
@@ -847,8 +642,8 @@ context_def_spec_body:
 book_block:
        BOOK '{' book_body '}'  {
                $$ = $3;
-               pop_paper (PARSER);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               pop_paper (parser);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -857,113 +652,106 @@ book_block:
    * grok \layout and \midi?  */
 book_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
-               init_papers (PARSER);
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               $$->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
-               $$->paper_->unprotect ();
-               push_paper (PARSER, $$->paper_);
-               $$->header_ = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultheader");
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$->self_scm ());
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-output-suffix"), SCM_BOOL_F);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("book-filename"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               Book *book = new Book;
+               init_papers (parser);
+               book->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               book->paper_ = dynamic_cast<Output_def*> (unsmob_output_def (parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("$defaultpaper"))->clone ());
+               book->paper_->unprotect ();
+               push_paper (parser, book->paper_);
+               book->header_ = get_header (parser);
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-book"), $1);
        }
        | book_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
-               set_paper (PARSER, $2);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               set_paper (parser, unsmob_output_def ($2));
        }
        | book_body bookpart_block {
-               Book *bookpart = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), bookpart->self_scm ());
-               bookpart->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-bookpart-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | book_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | book_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
-       }
-       | book_body lilypond_header {
-               $$->header_ = $2;
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("book-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
+       | book_body
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (unsmob_book ($1)->header_);
+       } lilypond_header
        | book_body embedded_scm { }
        | book_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
-               $$->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+               book->bookparts_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
 bookpart_block:
        BOOKPART '{' bookpart_body '}' {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), SCM_BOOL_F);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), SCM_BOOL_F);
        }
        ;
 
 bookpart_body:
        {
-               $$ = new Book;
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$->self_scm ());
+               Book *book = new Book;
+               book->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+                $$ = book->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $$);
        }
        | BOOK_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_book ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-               PARSER->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
+               unsmob_book ($1)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               parser->lexer_->set_identifier (ly_symbol2scm ("$current-bookpart"), $1);
        }
        | bookpart_body paper_block {
-               $$->paper_ = $2;
-               $2->unprotect ();
+               unsmob_book ($$)->paper_ = unsmob_output_def ($2);
        }
        | bookpart_body score_block {
-               Score *score = $2;
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), score->self_scm ());
-               score->unprotect ();
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-score-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body composite_music {
-               Music *music = unsmob_music ($2);
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
-               scm_call_3 (proc, PARSER->self_scm (), $$->self_scm (), music->self_scm ());
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-music-handler");
+               scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (), $1, $2);
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), scm_list_1 ($2));
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, scm_list_1 ($2));
        }
        | bookpart_body full_markup_list {
-               SCM proc = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
-               scm_call_2 (proc, $$->self_scm (), $2);
-       }
-       | bookpart_body lilypond_header {
-               $$->header_ = $2;
+               SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("bookpart-text-handler");
+               scm_call_2 (proc, $1, $2);
        }
+       | bookpart_body
+       {
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (book->header_))
+                       book->header_ = ly_make_module (false);
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (book->header_);
+       } lilypond_header
        | bookpart_body embedded_scm { }
        | bookpart_body error {
-               $$->paper_ = 0;
-               $$->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
+                Book *book = unsmob_book ($1);
+               book->paper_ = 0;
+               book->scores_ = SCM_EOL;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -975,37 +763,35 @@ score_block:
 
 score_body:
        music {
-               SCM m = $1;
                SCM scorify = ly_lily_module_constant ("scorify-music");
-               SCM score = scm_call_2 (scorify, m, PARSER->self_scm ());
+               $$ = scm_call_2 (scorify, $1, parser->self_scm ());
 
-               // pass ownernship to C++ again.
-               $$ = unsmob_score (score);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_score ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
        | SCORE_IDENTIFIER {
-               $$ = unsmob_score ($1);
-               $$->protect ();
-               $$->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
-       }
-       | score_body lilypond_header    {
-               $$->set_header ($2);
+               unsmob_score ($$)->origin ()->set_spot (@$);
        }
+       | score_body
+       {
+                Score *score = unsmob_score ($1);
+               if (!ly_is_module (score->get_header ()))
+                       score->set_header (ly_make_module (false));
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (score->get_header ());
+       } lilypond_header
        | score_body output_def {
-               if ($2->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($2);
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) == SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _("\\paper cannot be used in \\score, use \\layout instead"));
 
                }
                else
                {
-                       $$->add_output_def ($2);
+                       unsmob_score ($1)->add_output_def (od);
                }
-               $2->unprotect ();
        }
        | score_body error {
-               $$->error_found_ = true;
+               unsmob_score ($$)->error_found_ = true;
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1016,12 +802,12 @@ score_body:
 
 paper_block:
        output_def {
-               $$ = $1;
-               if ($$->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
+                Output_def *od = unsmob_output_def ($1);
+
+               if (od->lookup_variable (ly_symbol2scm ("is-paper")) != SCM_BOOL_T)
                {
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
-                       $1->unprotect ();
-                       $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("need \\paper for paper block"));
+                       $$ = get_paper (parser)->unprotect ();
                }
        }
        ;
@@ -1031,57 +817,87 @@ output_def:
        output_def_body '}' {
                $$ = $1;
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head:
        PAPER {
-               $$ = get_paper (PARSER);
-               $$->input_origin_ = @$;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope ($$->scope_);
+                Output_def *p = get_paper (parser);
+               p->input_origin_ = @$;
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+                $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        | MIDI    {
-               Output_def *p = get_midi (PARSER);
-               $$ = p;
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               Output_def *p = get_midi (parser);
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
        }
        | LAYOUT        {
-               Output_def *p = get_layout (PARSER);
+               Output_def *p = get_layout (parser);
 
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
-               $$ = p;
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (p->scope_);
+               $$ = p->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
 output_def_head_with_mode_switch:
        output_def_head {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_initial_state ();
                $$ = $1;
        }
        ;
 
+// We need this weird nonterminal because both music as well as a
+// context definition can start with \context and the difference is
+// only apparent after looking at the next token.  If it is '{', there
+// is still time to escape from notes mode.
+
+music_or_context_def:
+       music_arg
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+       }
+       | CONTEXT
+       {
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
+       } '{' context_def_spec_body '}'
+       {
+               $$ = $4;
+       }
+       ;
+
 output_def_body:
        output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' {
                $$ = $1;
-               $$->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
+               unsmob_output_def ($$)->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
        }
        | output_def_head_with_mode_switch '{' OUTPUT_DEF_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $1->unprotect ();
-
                Output_def *o = unsmob_output_def ($3);
                o->input_origin_.set_spot (@$);
-               $$ = o;
-               $$->protect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->remove_scope ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
+               $$ = o->self_scm ();
+               parser->lexer_->remove_scope ();
+               parser->lexer_->add_scope (o->scope_);
        }
        | output_def_body assignment  {
 
        }
-       | output_def_body context_def_spec_block        {
-               assign_context_def ($$, $2);
+       | output_def_body
+       {
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
+       } music_or_context_def
+       {
+               if (unsmob_context_def ($3))
+                       assign_context_def (unsmob_output_def ($1), $3);
+               else {
+
+                       SCM proc = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier
+                                    ("output-def-music-handler");
+                       scm_call_3 (proc, parser->self_scm (),
+                                   $1, $3);
+               }
        }
        | output_def_body error {
 
@@ -1107,11 +923,9 @@ music_list:
        /* empty */ {
                $$ = SCM_EOL;
        }
-       | music_list music {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
-       }
-       | music_list embedded_scm {
-
+       | music_list music_embedded {
+               if (unsmob_music ($2))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        | music_list error {
                Music *m = MY_MAKE_MUSIC("Music", @$);
@@ -1129,16 +943,45 @@ braced_music_list:
        }
        ;
 
-music: simple_music
+music: music_arg
        | lyric_element_music
-       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
+       ;
+
+music_embedded:
+       music
+       | embedded_scm
+       {
+               if (unsmob_music ($1)
+                   || scm_is_eq ($1, SCM_UNSPECIFIED))
+                       $$ = $1;
+               else
+               {
+                       @$.warning (_ ("Ignoring non-music expression"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNSPECIFIED;
+               }
+       }
        ;
 
 music_arg:
        simple_music
+       {
+               if (unsmob_pitch ($1)) {
+                       Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @1);
+                       n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
+                       n->set_property ("duration",
+                                        parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                       $$ = n->unprotect ();
+               }
+       }
        | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
        ;
 
+music_assign:
+       simple_music
+       | composite_music %prec COMPOSITE
+       | lyric_element_music
+       ;
+
 repeated_music:
        REPEAT simple_string unsigned_number music
        {
@@ -1175,9 +1018,9 @@ simple_music:
        ;
 
 context_modification:
-        WITH { PARSER->lexer_->push_initial_state (); } '{' context_mod_list '}'
+        WITH { parser->lexer_->push_initial_state (); } '{' context_mod_list '}'
         {
-                PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+                parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                 $$ = $4;
         }
         | WITH CONTEXT_MOD_IDENTIFIER
@@ -1188,6 +1031,15 @@ context_modification:
         {
                 $$ = $1;
         }
+       | WITH embedded_scm_closed
+       {
+               if (unsmob_context_mod ($2))
+                       $$ = $2;
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _ ("not a context mod"));
+                       $$ = Context_mod ().smobbed_copy ();
+               }
+       }
         ;
 
 optional_context_mod:
@@ -1212,6 +1064,10 @@ context_mod_list:
                  if (md)
                      unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods (md->get_mods ());
         }
+       | context_mod_list context_mod_embedded {
+               unsmob_context_mod ($1)->add_context_mods
+                       (unsmob_context_mod ($2)->get_mods ());
+        }
         ;
 
 composite_music:
@@ -1226,6 +1082,7 @@ closed_music:
        {
                $$ = FINISH_MAKE_SYNTAX ($1, @$, $2);
        }
+       | music_function_call_closed
        ;
 
 music_bare:
@@ -1253,38 +1110,81 @@ function_arglist_skip:
        {
                $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
-       | EXPECT_SCM EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_skip
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_skip
        {
                $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        } %prec FUNCTION_ARGLIST
        ;
 
 
-function_arglist_nonbackup:
+function_arglist_nonbackup_common:
        EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist pitch_also_in_chords {
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
        }
        | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_DURATION function_arglist_closed duration_length {
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
        }
-       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed FRACTION
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @4, $1, $4, $3, $2);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
        }
-       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed bare_number
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed post_event_nofinger
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @4, $1, $4, $3, $2);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n)))
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $3);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, n, $3, $2);
+               }
+               
        }
-       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed fraction
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' REAL
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @4, $1, $4, $3, $2);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
        }
-       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed post_event
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @4, $1, $4, $3, $2);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4,
+                                      scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $3, $2);
        }
        ;
 
+function_arglist_closed_nonbackup:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_arg_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed bare_number_closed
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
+function_arglist_nonbackup:
+       function_arglist_nonbackup_common
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist embedded_scm_arg
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, $4, $3, $2);
+       }
+       ;
 
 function_arglist_keep:
        function_arglist_common
@@ -1307,7 +1207,7 @@ function_arglist_backup:
                        MYBACKUP (SCM_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
                }
        }
-       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep post_event
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep post_event_nofinger
        {
                if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
                {
@@ -1328,10 +1228,10 @@ function_arglist_backup:
                // well: see how we do this at the mandatory argument
                // point.
                if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
-                       $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
                else {
                        $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
-                       MYBACKUP (LYRIC_MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, $4, @4);
+                       MYBACKUP (LYRICS_STRING, $4, @4);
                }
        }
        | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep UNSIGNED
@@ -1339,7 +1239,7 @@ function_arglist_backup:
                if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
                {
                        $$ = $3;
-                       MYREPARSE (@4, $1, $2, UNSIGNED, $4);
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, UNSIGNED, $4);
                } else {
                        $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
                        MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $4, @4);
@@ -1350,7 +1250,7 @@ function_arglist_backup:
                if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $4)))
                {
                        $$ = $3;
-                       MYREPARSE (@4, $1, $2, REAL, $4);
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $2, REAL, $4);
                } else {
                        $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
                        MYBACKUP (REAL, $4, @4);
@@ -1376,6 +1276,45 @@ function_arglist_backup:
                        MYBACKUP (FRACTION, $4, @4);
                }
        }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = $3;
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @5);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $5);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $3);
+                       else {
+                               $$ = scm_cons (loc_on_music (@3, $1), $3);
+                               MYBACKUP (UNSIGNED, $5, @5);
+                               parser->lexer_->push_extra_token ('-');
+                       }
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' REAL
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       MYREPARSE (@5, $2, REAL, n);
+                       $$ = $3;
+               } else {
+                       MYBACKUP (REAL, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
+       | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_keep '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($5, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($2, n))) {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $3);
+               } else {
+                       MYBACKUP (NUMBER_IDENTIFIER, n, @5);
+               }
+       }
        | EXPECT_OPTIONAL EXPECT_PITCH function_arglist_keep pitch_also_in_chords
        {
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $3);
@@ -1391,18 +1330,13 @@ function_arglist_backup:
        }
        | function_arglist_backup REPARSE embedded_scm_arg_closed
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, scm_car ($2),
-                                      $3, $1, scm_cdr ($2));
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
        }
        | function_arglist_backup REPARSE bare_number
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, scm_car ($2),
-                                      $3, $1, scm_cdr ($2));
-       }
-       | function_arglist_backup REPARSE fraction
-       {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, scm_car ($2),
-                                      $3, $1, scm_cdr ($2));
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      $3, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1415,24 +1349,25 @@ function_arglist_common:
        function_arglist_bare
        | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
        | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional bare_number
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional fraction
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional FRACTION
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event_nofinger
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
+       | function_arglist_common_minus
        | function_arglist_common_lyric
        ;
 
@@ -1448,64 +1383,127 @@ function_arglist_common_lyric:
                // something looking like a duration or post event
                // follows, we take the event, otherwise the string).
                SCM lyric_event = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @3, $3,
-                                              PARSER->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                                              parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
                if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $3)))
                        if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, lyric_event)))
                        {
                                $$ = $2;
-                               MYREPARSE (@3, SCM_UNDEFINED, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT_P, $3);
+                               MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRICS_STRING, $3);
                        } else {
                                $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
                        }
                else if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, lyric_event)))
                {
                        $$ = $2;
-                       MYREPARSE (@3, SCM_UNDEFINED, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
+                       MYREPARSE (@3, $1, LYRIC_ELEMENT, $3);
                } else {
                        // This is going to flag a syntax error, we
                        // know the predicate to be false.
-                       check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+                       check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                          $3, $2, $1);
                }
        }
        | function_arglist_common_lyric REPARSE lyric_element_arg
        {
                // This should never be false
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
+function_arglist_common_minus:
+       EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' UNSIGNED
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, n))) {
+                       $$ = $2;
+                       MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @4);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $4);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $2);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, n, $2, $1);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               MYREPARSE (@4, $1, REAL, n);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @4, n, $2, $1);
+       }
+       | function_arglist_common_minus REPARSE bare_number
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $1, $2);
+       }
+       ;
+
 function_arglist_closed:
        function_arglist_closed_common
-       | function_arglist_nonbackup
+       | function_arglist_closed_nonbackup
        ;
 
 function_arglist_closed_common:
        function_arglist_bare
        | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional embedded_scm_arg_closed
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional bare_number_closed
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional bare_number
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
-       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' UNSIGNED
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               SCM n = scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED);
+               if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, n))) {
+                       $$ = scm_cons (n, $2);
+               } else {
+                       Music *t = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("FingeringEvent", @4);
+                       t->set_property ("digit", $4);
+                       $$ = t->unprotect ();
+                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 ($1, $$)))
+                               $$ = scm_cons ($$, $2);
+                       else
+                               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, n, $2, $1);
+               }
+               
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' REAL
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional '-' NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
+                                      scm_difference ($4, SCM_UNDEFINED),
+                                      $2, $1);
+       }
+       | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional post_event_nofinger
+       {
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
        | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_closed_optional FRACTION
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
        | EXPECT_SCM function_arglist_optional lyric_element
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
+               $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3,
                                       $3, $2, $1);
        }
        ;
@@ -1627,7 +1625,7 @@ mode_changed_music:
                {
                  $$ = $2;
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | mode_changing_head_with_context optional_context_mod grouped_music_list {
                 Context_mod *ctxmod = unsmob_context_mod ($2);
@@ -1639,82 +1637,82 @@ mode_changed_music:
                {
                  $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("unrelativable-music", @$, $$);
                }
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
 mode_changing_head:
        NOTEMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("notes");
        }
        | DRUMMODE
                {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("drums");
        }
        | FIGUREMODE {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("figures");
        }
        | CHORDMODE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (nn);
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("chords");
 
        }
        | LYRICMODE
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
 mode_changing_head_with_context:
        DRUMS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("drumPitchNames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("DrumStaff");
        }
        | FIGURES {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_figuredbass_state ();
 
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("FiguredBass");
        }
        | CHORDS {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
-               PARSER->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
-               nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_chord_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("chordmodifiers");
+               parser->lexer_->chordmodifier_tab_ = alist_to_hashq (nn);
+               nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_chord_state (nn);
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("ChordNames");
        }
        | LYRICS
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
                $$ = ly_symbol2scm ("Lyrics");
        }
        ;
 
 new_lyrics:
-       ADDLYRICS { PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
+       ADDLYRICS { parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state (); }
        /*cont */
        composite_music {
        /* Can also use music at the expensive of two S/Rs similar to
            \repeat \alternative */
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
 
                $$ = scm_cons ($3, SCM_EOL);
        }
        | new_lyrics ADDLYRICS {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
        } composite_music {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = scm_cons ($4, $1);
        }
        ;
@@ -1724,9 +1722,9 @@ re_rhythmed_music:
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("add-lyrics", @$, $1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        } %prec COMPOSITE
        | LYRICSTO simple_string {
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->push_lyric_state ();
        } music {
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-combine", @$, $2, $4);
        }
        ;
@@ -1792,16 +1790,19 @@ context_mod:
        | context_def_mod STRING {
                $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
        }
-       | context_def_mod embedded_scm {
-          if (ly_symbol2scm ("consists") != $1)
-          {
-            $$ = SCM_EOL;
-             PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("only \\consists takes non-string argument."));
-          }
-          else
-          {
-            $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
-          }
+       | context_def_mod embedded_scm
+       {
+               if (!scm_is_string ($2)
+                   && ly_symbol2scm ("consists") != $1
+                   && ly_symbol2scm ("remove") != $1)
+               {
+                       $$ = SCM_EOL;
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("only \\consists and \\remove take non-string argument."));
+               }
+               else
+               {
+                       $$ = scm_list_2 ($1, $2);
+               }
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1850,7 +1851,7 @@ simple_music_property_def:
 
 music_property_def:
        simple_music_property_def {
-               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons2 (PARSER->self_scm (), make_input (@$), $1));
+               $$ = LOWLEVEL_MAKE_SYNTAX (ly_lily_module_constant ("property-operation"), scm_cons2 (parser->self_scm (), make_input (@$), $1));
        }
        ;
 
@@ -1880,21 +1881,34 @@ simple_string: STRING {
 scalar:
        embedded_scm_arg
        | bare_number
+       | FRACTION
        | lyric_element
        ;
 
 scalar_closed:
        embedded_scm_arg_closed
        | bare_number
+       | FRACTION
        | lyric_element
        ;
 
 
 event_chord:
-       /* TODO: Create a special case that avoids the creation of
-          EventChords around simple_elements that have no post_events?
-        */
-       simple_chord_elements post_events       {
+       simple_element post_events {
+               // Let the rhythmic music iterator sort this mess out.
+               if (scm_is_pair ($2)) {
+                       if (unsmob_pitch ($1)) {
+                               Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @1);
+                               n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
+                               n->set_property ("duration",
+                                                parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                               $$ = n->unprotect ();
+                       }
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("articulations",
+                                                        scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
+               }
+       }
+       | simple_chord_elements post_events     {
                SCM elts = ly_append2 ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
 
                Input i;
@@ -1907,8 +1921,6 @@ event_chord:
                Input i;
                i.set_location (@1, @3);
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("repetition-chord", i,
-                                 PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_,
-                                 PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.repetition_function_,
                                  $2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        | MULTI_MEASURE_REST optional_notemode_duration post_events {
@@ -1918,13 +1930,7 @@ event_chord:
                                  scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        | command_element
-       /* note chord elements are memorized into
-          PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_ so that the chord repetition
-          mechanism copy them when a chord repetition symbol is found
-       */
-       | note_chord_element    {
-               PARSER->lexer_->chord_repetition_.last_chord_ = $$;
-       }
+       | note_chord_element
        ;
 
 
@@ -1956,23 +1962,24 @@ chord_body:
 chord_body_elements:
        /* empty */             { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
        | chord_body_elements chord_body_element {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2))
+                       $$ = scm_cons ($2, $1);
        }
        ;
 
 chord_body_element:
        pitch exclamations questions octave_check post_events
        {
-               int q = $3;
-               int ex = $2;
+               bool q = to_boolean ($3);
+               bool ex = to_boolean ($2);
                SCM check = $4;
                SCM post = $5;
 
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
                n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
-               if (q % 2)
+               if (q)
                        n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               if (ex % 2 || q % 2)
+                if (ex || q)
                        n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
 
                if (scm_is_pair (post)) {
@@ -1998,43 +2005,24 @@ chord_body_element:
                $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
        | music_function_chord_body
-       ;
-
-/* We can't accept a music argument, not even a closed one,
- * immediately before chord_body_elements, otherwise a function \fun
- * with a signature of two music arguments can't be sorted out
- * properly in a construct like
- * <\fun { c } \fun { c } c>
- * The second call could be interpreted either as a chord constituent
- * or a music expression.
- */
-
-music_function_chord_body_arglist:
-       function_arglist_bare
-       | EXPECT_SCM music_function_chord_body_arglist embedded_scm_chord_body
        {
-               $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED,
-                                      $3, $2, $1);
-       }
-       ;
+               Music *m = unsmob_music ($1);
 
-embedded_scm_chord_body:
-       embedded_scm_bare_arg
-       | SCM_FUNCTION music_function_chord_body_arglist {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
-                                        $1, $2);
+               while (m && m->is_mus_type ("music-wrapper-music")) {
+                       $$ = m->get_property ("element");
+                       m = unsmob_music ($$);
+               }
+
+               if (!(m && m->is_mus_type ("rhythmic-event"))) {
+                       parser->parser_error (@$, _ ("not a rhythmic event"));
+                       $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+               }
        }
-       | bare_number
-       | fraction
-       | lyric_element
-       | chord_body_element
        ;
 
 music_function_chord_body:
-       MUSIC_FUNCTION music_function_chord_body_arglist {
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
-                                        $1, $2);
-       }
+       music_function_call
+       | MUSIC_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
 // Event functions may only take closed arglists, otherwise it would
@@ -2042,7 +2030,7 @@ music_function_chord_body:
 // with the last argument of the event function or with the expression
 // for which the function call acts itself as event.
 
-music_function_event:
+music_function_call_closed:
        MUSIC_FUNCTION function_arglist_closed {
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("music-function", @$,
                                         $1, $2);
@@ -2074,7 +2062,7 @@ command_element:
                $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("voice-separator", @$);
        }
        | '|'      {
-               SCM pipe = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pipeSymbol");
+               SCM pipe = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pipeSymbol");
 
                Music *m = unsmob_music (pipe);
                if (m)
@@ -2113,50 +2101,54 @@ post_event_nofinger:
        direction_less_event {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | script_dir music_function_event {
+       | script_dir music_function_call_closed {
                $$ = $2;
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
-                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
        }
        | HYPHEN {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("HyphenEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | EXTENDER {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_lyric_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Lyric mode for lyrics"));
                $$ = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ExtenderEvent", @$)->unprotect ();
        }
        | script_dir direction_reqd_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
        | script_dir direction_less_event {
-               if ($1)
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
                {
                        Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
+                       m->set_property ("direction", $1);
                }
                $$ = $2;
        }
-       | string_number_event
+       | '^' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (UP));
+       }
+       | '_' fingering
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int (DOWN));
+       }                       
        ;
 
 post_event:
        post_event_nofinger
-       | script_dir fingering {
-               if ($1)
-               {
-                       Music *m = unsmob_music ($2);
-                       m->set_property ("direction", scm_from_int ($1));
-               }
+       | '-' fingering {
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
@@ -2164,7 +2156,7 @@ post_event:
 string_number_event:
        E_UNSIGNED {
                Music *s = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("StringNumberEvent", @$);
-               s->set_property ("string-number", scm_from_int ($1));
+               s->set_property ("string-number", $1);
                $$ = s->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
@@ -2204,7 +2196,7 @@ direction_less_char:
 
 direction_less_event:
        direction_less_char {
-               SCM predefd = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier_symbol ($1);
+               SCM predefd = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier_symbol ($1);
                Music *m = 0;
                if (unsmob_music (predefd))
                {
@@ -2217,12 +2209,13 @@ direction_less_event:
                }
                $$ = m->unprotect ();
        }
+       | string_number_event
        | EVENT_IDENTIFIER      {
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | tremolo_type  {
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("TremoloEvent", @$);
-               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", scm_from_int ($1));
+               a->set_property ("tremolo-type", $1);
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
         }
        | event_function_event  
@@ -2233,53 +2226,55 @@ direction_reqd_event:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | script_abbreviation {
-               SCM s = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
+               SCM s = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("dash" + ly_scm2string ($1));
                Music *a = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("ArticulationEvent", @$);
                if (scm_is_string (s))
                        a->set_property ("articulation-type", s);
-               else PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
+               else parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("expecting string as script definition"));
                $$ = a->unprotect ();
        }
        ;
 
 octave_check:
        /**/ { $$ = SCM_EOL; }
-       | '='  { $$ = scm_from_int (0); }
-       | '=' sub_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int (-$2); }
-       | '=' sup_quotes { $$ = scm_from_int ($2); }
+       | '=' quotes { $$ = $2; }
        ;
 
+quotes:
+       /* empty */
+       {
+                $$ = SCM_INUM0;
+        }
+       | sub_quotes
+        | sup_quotes
+        ;
+
 sup_quotes:
        '\'' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (1);
        }
        | sup_quotes '\'' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 sub_quotes:
        ',' {
-               $$ = 1;
+               $$ = scm_from_int (-1);
        }
        | sub_quotes ',' {
-               $$++;
+               $$ = scm_oneminus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 steno_pitch:
-       NOTENAME_PITCH  {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sup_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | NOTENAME_PITCH sub_quotes      {
-               Pitch p =* unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       NOTENAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2288,26 +2283,18 @@ ugh. duplication
 */
 
 steno_tonic_pitch:
-       TONICNAME_PITCH {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sup_quotes    {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch ($2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
-       }
-       | TONICNAME_PITCH sub_quotes     {
-               Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
-
-               p = p.transposed (Pitch (-$2,0,0));
-               $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+       TONICNAME_PITCH quotes {
+                if (!scm_is_eq (SCM_INUM0, $2))
+                {
+                        Pitch p = *unsmob_pitch ($1);
+                        p = p.transposed (Pitch (scm_to_int ($2),0,0));
+                        $$ = p.smobbed_copy ();
+                }
        }
        ;
 
 pitch:
-       steno_pitch {
-               $$ = $1;
-       }
+       steno_pitch
        | PITCH_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
@@ -2363,9 +2350,9 @@ script_abbreviation:
        ;
 
 script_dir:
-       '_'     { $$ = DOWN; }
-       | '^'   { $$ = UP; }
-       | '-'   { $$ = CENTER; }
+       '_'     { $$ = scm_from_int (DOWN); }
+       | '^'   { $$ = scm_from_int (UP); }
+       | '-'   { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
        ;
 
 duration_length:
@@ -2374,33 +2361,43 @@ duration_length:
        }
        ;
 
-optional_notemode_duration:
+maybe_notemode_duration:
        {
-               Duration dd = PARSER->default_duration_;
-               $$ = dd.smobbed_copy ();
+               $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED;
        }
        | multiplied_duration   {
                $$ = $1;
-               PARSER->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
+               parser->default_duration_ = *unsmob_duration ($$);
+       }
+;
+
+
+optional_notemode_duration:
+       maybe_notemode_duration
+       {
+               if (SCM_UNBNDP ($$))
+                       $$ = parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        ;
 
 steno_duration:
-       bare_unsigned dots              {
+       UNSIGNED dots           {
                int len = 0;
-               if (!is_duration ($1))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", $1));
+                int n = scm_to_int ($1);
+               if (!is_duration (n))
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _f ("not a duration: %d", n));
                else
-                       len = intlog2 ($1);
+                       len = intlog2 (n);
 
-               $$ = Duration (len, $2).smobbed_copy ();
+               $$ = Duration (len, scm_to_int ($2)).smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | DURATION_IDENTIFIER dots      {
                Duration *d = unsmob_duration ($1);
-               Duration k (d->duration_log (), d->dot_count () + $2);
+               Duration k (d->duration_log (),
+                            d->dot_count () + scm_to_int ($2));
                k = k.compressed (d->factor ());
-               *d = k;
-               $$ = $1;
+                scm_remember_upto_here_1 ($1);
+               $$ = k.smobbed_copy ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2408,8 +2405,8 @@ multiplied_duration:
        steno_duration {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | multiplied_duration '*' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed ( $3) .smobbed_copy ();
+       | multiplied_duration '*' UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = unsmob_duration ($$)->compressed (scm_to_int ($3)).smobbed_copy ();
        }
        | multiplied_duration '*' FRACTION {
                Rational  m (scm_to_int (scm_car ($3)), scm_to_int (scm_cdr ($3)));
@@ -2418,29 +2415,23 @@ multiplied_duration:
        }
        ;
 
-fraction:
-       FRACTION { $$ = $1; }
-       | UNSIGNED '/' UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
-       }
-       ;
-
 dots:
        /* empty */     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
        | dots '.' {
-               $$ ++;
+               $$ = scm_oneplus ($1);
        }
        ;
 
 tremolo_type:
        ':'     {
-               $$ = 0;
+               $$ = SCM_INUM0;
        }
-       | ':' bare_unsigned {
-               if (!is_duration ($2))
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", $2));
+       | ':' UNSIGNED {
+                int n = scm_to_int ($2);
+               if (!is_duration (n))
+                       parser->parser_error (@2, _f ("not a duration: %d", n));
                $$ = $2;
        }
        ;
@@ -2552,36 +2543,46 @@ figure_spec:
 
 
 optional_rest:
-       /**/   { $$ = 0; }
-       | REST { $$ = 1; }
+       /**/   { $$ = SCM_BOOL_F; }
+       | REST { $$ = SCM_BOOL_T; }
        ;
 
 simple_element:
-       pitch exclamations questions octave_check optional_notemode_duration optional_rest {
-               if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_note_state ())
-                       PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
-
-               Music *n = 0;
-               if ($6)
-                       n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
-               else
-                       n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
-
-               n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
-               n->set_property ("duration", $5);
-
-               if (scm_is_number ($4))
+       pitch exclamations questions octave_check maybe_notemode_duration optional_rest {
+               if (!parser->lexer_->is_note_state ())
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Note mode for notes"));
+               if (!SCM_UNBNDP ($2)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($3)
+                    || scm_is_number ($4)
+                    || !SCM_UNBNDP ($5)
+                    || scm_is_true ($6))
                {
-                       int q = scm_to_int ($4);
-                       n->set_property ("absolute-octave", scm_from_int (q-1));
+                       Music *n = 0;
+                       if (scm_is_true ($6))
+                               n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("RestEvent", @$);
+                       else
+                               n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
+                       
+                       n->set_property ("pitch", $1);
+                       if (SCM_UNBNDP ($5))
+                               n->set_property ("duration",
+                                                parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+                       else
+                               n->set_property ("duration", $5);
+                       
+                       if (scm_is_number ($4))
+                       {
+                               int q = scm_to_int ($4);
+                               n->set_property ("absolute-octave", scm_from_int (q-1));
+                       }
+                       
+                       if (to_boolean ($3))
+                               n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
+                       if (to_boolean ($2) || to_boolean ($3))
+                               n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
+                       
+                       $$ = n->unprotect ();
                }
-
-               if ($3 % 2)
-                       n->set_property ("cautionary", SCM_BOOL_T);
-               if ($2 % 2 || $3 % 2)
-                       n->set_property ("force-accidental", SCM_BOOL_T);
-
-               $$ = n->unprotect ();
        }
        | DRUM_PITCH optional_notemode_duration {
                Music *n = MY_MAKE_MUSIC ("NoteEvent", @$);
@@ -2606,12 +2607,9 @@ simple_element:
        ;
 
 simple_chord_elements:
-       simple_element  {
-               $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
-       }
-       | new_chord {
-                if (!PARSER->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
-                        PARSER->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
+       new_chord {
+                if (!parser->lexer_->is_chord_state ())
+                        parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("have to be in Chord mode for chords"));
                 $$ = $1;
        }
        | figure_spec optional_notemode_duration {
@@ -2630,51 +2628,47 @@ lyric_element:
        | LYRICS_STRING {
                $$ = $1;
        }
-       | LYRIC_ELEMENT_P
        ;
 
 lyric_element_arg:
        lyric_element
        | lyric_element multiplied_duration post_events {
-               SCM lyric_event = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$,
-                                 scm_cons (lyric_event,
-                                           scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        | lyric_element post_event post_events {
-               SCM lyric_event =
-                       MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1,
-                                    PARSER->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$,
-                                 scm_cons2 (lyric_event, $2,
-                                            scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
-                                            
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1,
+                                 parser->default_duration_.smobbed_copy ());
+               unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                       ("articulations", scm_cons ($2, scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
        }
        | LYRIC_ELEMENT optional_notemode_duration post_events {
-               SCM lyric_event = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$,
-                                 scm_cons (lyric_event,
-                                           scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        ;
 
 
 lyric_element_music:
        lyric_element optional_notemode_duration post_events {
-               SCM lyric_event = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
-               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("event-chord", @$,
-                                 scm_cons (lyric_event,
-                                           scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL)));
+               $$ = MAKE_SYNTAX ("lyric-event", @$, $1, $2);
+               if (scm_is_pair ($3))
+                       unsmob_music ($$)->set_property
+                               ("articulations", scm_reverse_x ($3, SCM_EOL));
        }
        ;
 
 new_chord:
        steno_tonic_pitch optional_notemode_duration   {
-               $$ = make_chord_elements ($1, $2, SCM_EOL);
+               $$ = make_chord_elements (@$, $1, $2, SCM_EOL);
        }
        | steno_tonic_pitch optional_notemode_duration chord_separator chord_items {
                SCM its = scm_reverse_x ($4, SCM_EOL);
-               $$ = make_chord_elements ($1, $2, scm_cons ($3, its));
+               $$ = make_chord_elements (@$, $1, $2, scm_cons ($3, its));
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2722,23 +2716,23 @@ step_numbers:
        ;
 
 step_number:
-       bare_unsigned {
+       UNSIGNED {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, 0);
         }
-       | bare_unsigned '+' {
+       | UNSIGNED '+' {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, SHARP_ALTERATION);
        }
-       | bare_unsigned CHORD_MINUS {
+       | UNSIGNED CHORD_MINUS {
                $$ = make_chord_step ($1, FLAT_ALTERATION);
        }
        ;
 
 tempo_range:
-       bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = scm_from_int ($1);
+       UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = $1;
        }
-       | bare_unsigned '~' bare_unsigned {
-               $$ = scm_cons (scm_from_int ($1), scm_from_int ($3));
+       | UNSIGNED '~' UNSIGNED {
+               $$ = scm_cons ($1, $3);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2781,10 +2775,10 @@ number_factor:
 bare_number:
        bare_number_closed
        | UNSIGNED NUMBER_IDENTIFIER    {
-               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2)
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
        }
        | REAL NUMBER_IDENTIFIER        {
-               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2)
+               $$ = scm_product ($1, $2);
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2794,25 +2788,31 @@ bare_number_closed:
        | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
-bare_unsigned:
-       UNSIGNED {
-               $$ = scm_to_int ($1);
-       }
-       ;
-
 unsigned_number:
        UNSIGNED
        | NUMBER_IDENTIFIER
        ;
 
 exclamations:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | exclamations '!'      { $$ ++; }
+               { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | exclamations '!'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 questions:
-               { $$ = 0; }
-       | questions '?' { $$ ++; }
+       { $$ = SCM_UNDEFINED; }
+       | questions '?'
+        {
+                if (SCM_UNBNDP ($1))
+                        $$ = SCM_BOOL_T;
+                else
+                        $$ = scm_not ($1);
+        }
        ;
 
 /*
@@ -2824,10 +2824,10 @@ lyric_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | LYRIC_MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_top {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2836,10 +2836,10 @@ full_markup_list:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | MARKUPLIST
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_list {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2848,10 +2848,10 @@ full_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | MARKUP
-               { PARSER->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
+               { parser->lexer_->push_markup_state (); }
        markup_top {
                $$ = $3;
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        ;
 
@@ -2867,6 +2867,21 @@ markup_top:
        }
        ;
 
+markup_scm:
+       embedded_scm_bare
+       {
+               if (Text_interface::is_markup ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else if (Text_interface::is_markup_list ($1))
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER, $1, @1);
+               else {
+                       parser->parser_error (@1, _ ("not a markup"));
+                       MYBACKUP (MARKUP_IDENTIFIER, scm_string (SCM_EOL), @1);
+               }
+       } BACKUP
+       ;
+                       
+
 markup_list:
        MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER {
                $$ = $1;
@@ -2880,6 +2895,10 @@ markup_list:
        | markup_command_list {
                $$ = scm_list_1 ($1);
        }
+       | markup_scm MARKUPLIST_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 markup_composed_list:
@@ -2916,7 +2935,7 @@ markup_command_basic_arguments:
          $$ = scm_cons ($3, $2);
        }
        | EXPECT_SCM markup_command_list_arguments embedded_scm_closed {
-         $$ = check_scheme_arg (PARSER, @3, SCM_UNDEFINED, $3, $2, $1);
+         $$ = check_scheme_arg (parser, @3, $3, $2, $1);
        }
        | EXPECT_NO_MORE_ARGS {
          $$ = SCM_EOL;
@@ -2959,17 +2978,19 @@ simple_markup:
                $$ = $1;
        }
        | SCORE {
-               SCM nn = PARSER->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
-               PARSER->lexer_->push_note_state (alist_to_hashq (nn));
+               SCM nn = parser->lexer_->lookup_identifier ("pitchnames");
+               parser->lexer_->push_note_state (nn);
        } '{' score_body '}' {
-               Score * sc = $4;
-               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), sc->self_scm ());
-               sc->unprotect ();
-               PARSER->lexer_->pop_state ();
+               $$ = scm_list_2 (ly_lily_module_constant ("score-markup"), $4);
+               parser->lexer_->pop_state ();
        }
        | MARKUP_FUNCTION markup_command_basic_arguments {
                $$ = scm_cons ($1, scm_reverse_x ($2, SCM_EOL));
        }
+       | markup_scm MARKUP_IDENTIFIER
+       {
+               $$ = $2;
+       }
        ;
 
 markup:
@@ -2990,10 +3011,12 @@ Lily_parser::set_yydebug (bool x)
        yydebug = x;
 }
 
-void
+SCM
 Lily_parser::do_yyparse ()
 {
-       yyparse ((void*)this);
+        SCM retval = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+       yyparse (this, &retval);
+        return retval;
 }
 
 
@@ -3044,9 +3067,7 @@ Lily_lexer::try_special_identifiers (SCM *destination, SCM sid)
                unsmob_music (*destination)->
                        set_property ("origin", make_input (last_input_));
 
-               bool is_event = scm_memq (ly_symbol2scm ("event"), mus->get_property ("types"))
-                       != SCM_BOOL_F;
-
+               bool is_event = mus->is_mus_type ("post-event");
                mus->unprotect ();
                return is_event ? EVENT_IDENTIFIER : MUSIC_IDENTIFIER;
        } else if (unsmob_pitch (sid)) {
@@ -3091,25 +3112,15 @@ get_next_unique_lyrics_context_id ()
        return scm_from_locale_string (s);
 }
 
-SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *my_lily_parser, Input loc, SCM fallback,
+SCM check_scheme_arg (Lily_parser *parser, Input loc,
                      SCM arg, SCM args, SCM pred)
 {
-       SCM unwrap = SCM_UNDEFINED;
+       args = scm_cons (arg, args);
        if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, arg)))
-               return scm_cons (arg, args);
-       unwrap = try_unpack_lyrics (pred, arg);
-       if (!SCM_UNBNDP (unwrap))
-               return scm_cons (unwrap, args);
-       if (SCM_UNBNDP (fallback)) {
-               args = scm_cons (SCM_BOOL_F, args);
-               fallback = SCM_BOOL_F;
-       } else {
-               args = scm_cons (loc_on_music (loc, fallback), args);
-               fallback = SCM_CDR (scm_last_pair (args));
-       }
+               return args;
        scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_EOL);
        MAKE_SYNTAX ("argument-error", loc, scm_length (args), pred, arg);
-       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), fallback);
+       scm_set_cdr_x (scm_last_pair (args), SCM_BOOL_F);
        return args;
 }
 
@@ -3151,19 +3162,6 @@ make_music_with_input (SCM name, Input where)
        return m;
 }
 
-SCM
-get_first_context_id (SCM type, Music *m)
-{
-       SCM id = m->get_property ("context-id");
-       if (SCM_BOOL_T == scm_equal_p (m->get_property ("context-type"), type)
-           && scm_is_string (m->get_property ("context-id"))
-           && scm_c_string_length (id) > 0)
-       {
-               return id;
-       }
-       return SCM_EOL;
-}
-
 SCM
 make_simple_markup (SCM a)
 {
@@ -3185,8 +3183,10 @@ set_music_properties (Music *p, SCM a)
 
 
 SCM
-make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter)
+make_chord_step (SCM step_scm, Rational alter)
 {
+        int step = scm_to_int (step_scm);
+
        if (step == 7)
                alter += FLAT_ALTERATION;
 
@@ -3198,39 +3198,23 @@ make_chord_step (int step, Rational alter)
 
 
 SCM
-make_chord_elements (SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list)
+make_chord_elements (Input loc, SCM pitch, SCM dur, SCM modification_list)
 {
        SCM chord_ctor = ly_lily_module_constant ("construct-chord-elements");
-       return scm_call_3 (chord_ctor, pitch, dur, modification_list);
-}
-
-SCM
-try_unpack_lyrics (SCM pred, SCM arg)
-{
-       if (Music *m = unsmob_music (arg))
-               if (m->is_mus_type ("lyric-event")) {
-                       SCM text = m->get_property ("text");
-                       if (scm_is_true (scm_call_1 (pred, text)))
-                                       return text;
-                       }
-       return SCM_UNDEFINED;
-}      
-
-/* Todo: actually also use apply iso. call too ...  */
-bool
-ly_input_procedure_p (SCM x)
-{
-       return ly_is_procedure (x)
-               || (scm_is_pair (x) && ly_is_procedure (scm_car (x)));
+       SCM res = scm_call_3 (chord_ctor, pitch, dur, modification_list);
+       for (SCM s = res; scm_is_pair (s); s = scm_cdr (s))
+       {
+               unsmob_music (scm_car (s))->set_spot (loc);
+       }
+       return res;
 }
 
 int
-yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, void *v)
+yylex (YYSTYPE *s, YYLTYPE *loc, Lily_parser *parser)
 {
-       Lily_parser *pars = (Lily_parser*) v;
-       Lily_lexer *lex = pars->lexer_;
+       Lily_lexer *lex = parser->lexer_;
 
-       lex->lexval_ = (void*) s;
+       lex->lexval_ = s;
        lex->lexloc_ = loc;
        lex->prepare_for_next_token ();
        return lex->yylex ();