@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
@c This file is part of lilypond.tely
+@ignore
+ Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
+
+ When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
+ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+@end ignore
@c TODO:
@c * more details about running lilypond; error messages,
@node Tutorial
@chapter Tutorial
-This tutorial starts with a short introduction to the LilyPond music
-language. After this first contact we will show you how to produce
-printed output. Then you will be able to create and print your own
-sheets of music.
+This tutorial starts with an introduction to the LilyPond music
+language and how to produce printed music. After this first contact we
+will explain how to create common musical notation.
@ifhtml
Many people learn programs by trying and fiddling around with the
@ifhtml
the
@end ifhtml
-@ref{Cheat sheet}, which is a table listing all commands for quick
-reference.
+@ref{Cheat sheet}, which is a table listing of the most common
+commands for quick reference.
@menu
* First steps::
-* Running LilyPond for the first time::
+* Second steps::
* More about pitches::
* Entering ties::
* Automatic and manual beams::
@section First steps
The first example demonstrates how to enter the most elementary piece
-of music, a @rglos{scale}. A @rglos{note} can be entered by typing its
-name, from @samp{a} through @samp{g}. So, if you enter
+of music, a @rglos{scale}. A @rglos{note} can be entered by typing
+its name, from @samp{a} through @samp{g}. So, if you enter
@example
@{
-c d e f g a b
+c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c''
@}
@end example
@noindent
the result looks like this
-@lilypond[fragment,quote,notime,relative=1]
-c d e f g a b
+@lilypond[quote]
+{
+c' d' e' f' g' a' b' c''
+}
@end lilypond
-Every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @{curly braces@} placed
-around the input. For the rest of this manual, most examples will
-omit these braces, but don't forget them in your own music!
+@emph{Warning:} Every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @{curly
+braces@} placed around the input. The braces should be also be
+surrounded by a space unless they are at the beginning or end of a
+line to avoid ambiguities. These may be omitted in examples in this
+manual, but don't forget them in your own music!
+
+@cindex Case sensitive
+In addition, LilyPond input is case sensitive. @code{ @{ c d e @} } is
+valid input; @code{ @{ C D E @} } will produce an error message.
+
+
+
+@unnumberedsubsec Entering music and viewing output
+
+In this section we will explain what commands to run
+and how to view or print the output.
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec MacOS X
+
+If you double click LilyPond.app, it will open with an example
+file. Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your Desktop, and
+then process it with the menu command @samp{Compile > Typeset File}.
+The resulting PDF file will be displayed on your screen.
+
+Be warned that the first time you ever run lilypond will take a minute
+or two, because all of the system fonts have to be analyzed first.
+
+For future use of LilyPond, you should begin by selecting "New"
+or "Open".
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Windows
+
+On Windows, start up a text-editor@footnote{Any simple or
+programmer-oriented editor with UTF-8 support will do, for example
+Notepad. Do not use a word processor, since these insert formatting
+codes that will confuse LilyPond.} and enter
+
+@verbatim
+{ c' e' g' c'' }
+@end verbatim
+
+Save it on the desktop as @file{test.ly} and make sure that it is not
+called @file{test.ly.TXT}. Double clicking @file{test.ly} will process
+the file and show the resulting PDF file.
+
+
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Unix
+
+Begin by opening a terminal window and starting a text editor. For
+example, you could open an xterm and execute
+@code{joe}@footnote{There are macro files for VIM addicts, and there
+is a @code{LilyPond-mode} for Emacs addicts. If they have not been
+installed already, refer to the file @file{INSTALL.txt}.}. In your
+text editor, enter the following input and save the file as
+@file{test.ly}
+
+@verbatim
+{ c' e' g' c'' }
+@end verbatim
+
+@noindent
+To process @file{test.ly}, proceed as follows
+
+@example
+lilypond test.ly
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+You will see something resembling
+
+@example
+lilypond test.ly
+GNU LilyPond 2.10.0
+Processing `test.ly'
+Parsing...
+Interpreting music... [1]
+Preprocessing graphical objects...
+Calculating line breaks... [2]
+Layout output to `test.ps'...
+Converting to `test.pdf'...
+@end example
+
+@cindex PDF file
+@cindex Viewing music
+
+@noindent
+The result is the file @file{test.pdf} which you can print or view
+with the standard facilities of your operating system.@footnote{If
+your system does not have any tools installed, you can try
+@uref{http://@/www@/.cs@/.wisc@/.edu/@/~ghost/,Ghostscript}, a freely
+available package for viewing and printing PDF and PostScript files.}
+
+@node Second steps
+@section Second steps
+
+@emph{Remember:} Every piece of LilyPond input needs to have @{curly
+braces@} placed around the input. The braces should be surrounded by
+a space unless they are at the beginning or end of a line to avoid
+ambiguities. For the rest of this manual, most examples will omit
+these braces, but don't forget them in your own music!
+
+@c will be removed once the tutorial either explains \relative or
+@c examples are fixed so they don't use it. -gp
In addition, many examples use @code{relative} mode. This is explained
in @ref{Octave entry}; for now simply be aware that some examples
-should be placed inside @code{\relative @{ @emph{...music...} @}}
+should be placed inside @code{\relative @{ @emph{...music...} @}}.
+Many example have also been compressed horizontally to save
+space, using @code{\paper @{ ragged-right = ##t @}}.
@cindex Case sensitive
Finally, LilyPond input is case sensitive. @code{ @{ c d e @} } is
valid input; @code{ @{ C D E @} } will produce an error message.
+@c End of latest re-write. Since I have no life, I may do more
+@c work on this, but I'd really like to have a Doc Helper take
+@c over this task. -gp
+
+
The @rglos{duration} of a note is specified by a number after the note
name. @samp{1} for a @rglos{whole note}, @samp{2} for a @rglos{half note},
@samp{4} for a @rglos{quarter note} and so on
@c A clef here may lead to confusion, remove it.
@lilypond[fragment,quote]
-\override Staff.Clef #'transparent = ##t
+\override Staff.Clef #'transparent = ##t
\time 3/4
s4_" "
\time 6/8
Remember to enclose the notes and commands in curly braces
@code{@{@tie{}@dots{}@tie{}@}} to convert it to printable output.
-@c @li lypond[fragment,quote,noindent,line-width=55\staff-space]
@lilypond[fragment,quote,noindent,verbatim]
\time 3/4
\clef bass
@quotation
@table @asis
@item Entering pitches and durations
-see
+see
@ref{Pitches}, and @ref{Durations}.
@item Clefs
see @ref{Clef}.
@item Rests
-see @ref{Rests}.
+see @ref{Rests}.
@item Time signatures and other timing commands
see @ref{Time signature}.
@end table
@end quotation
-@node Running LilyPond for the first time
-@section Running LilyPond for the first time
-
-@c cheesy title to avoid clash with chapter name.
-
-In the last section we explained what kind of things you can enter in
-a LilyPond file. In this section we will explain what commands to run
-and how to view or print the output. If you have not used LilyPond
-before, want to test your setup, or want to run an example file
-yourself, read this section.
-
-@unnumberedsubsec MacOS X
-
-If you double click LilyPond.app, it will open with an example
-file. Save it, for example, to @file{test.ly} on your Desktop, and
-then process it with the menu command @samp{Compile > Typeset File}.
-The resulting PDF file will be displayed on your screen.
-
-Be warned that the first-ever run will take a minute or two, because
-all of the system fonts have to be analyzed first.
-
-@unnumberedsubsec Windows
-
-On Windows, start up a text-editor@footnote{Any simple or
-programmer-oriented editor will do, for example Notepad. Do not use a
-word processor, since these insert formatting codes that will confuse
-LilyPond.} and enter
-
-@verbatim
-{ c'4 e' g' }
-@end verbatim
-
-Save it on the desktop as @file{test.ly} and make sure that it is not
-called @file{test.ly.TXT}. Double clicking @file{test.ly} will process
-the file and show the resulting PDF file.
-
-
-@unnumberedsubsec Unix
-
-Begin by opening a terminal window and starting a text editor. For
-example, you could open an xterm and execute
-@code{joe}.@footnote{There are macro files for VIM addicts, and there
-is a @code{LilyPond-mode} for Emacs addicts. If they have not been
-installed already, refer to the file @file{INSTALL.txt}.} In your
-text editor, enter the following input and save the file as
-@file{test.ly}
-
-@verbatim
-{ c'4 e' g' }
-@end verbatim
-
-@noindent
-To process @file{test.ly}, proceed as follows
-
-@example
-lilypond test.ly
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-You will see something resembling
-
-@example
-lilypond test.ly
-GNU LilyPond 2.6.0
-Processing `test.ly'
-Parsing...
-Interpreting music... [1]
-Preprocessing graphical objects...
-Calculating line breaks... [2]
-Layout output to `test.ps'...
-Converting to `test.pdf'...
-@end example
-
-@cindex DVI file
-@cindex Viewing music
-@cindex xdvi
-@noindent
-The result is the file @file{test.pdf} which you can print or view
-with the standard facilities of your operating system.@footnote{If
-your system does not have any tools installed, you can try
-@uref{http://@/www@/.cs@/.wisc@/.edu/@/~ghost/,Ghostscript}, a freely
-available package for viewing and printing PDF and PostScript files.}
-
@node More about pitches
-@section More about pitches
+@section More about pitches
-A @rglos{sharp} (@texisharp{}) pitch is made by adding @samp{is} to
-the name, a @rglos{flat} (@texiflat{}) pitch by adding @samp{es}. As
+A @rglos{sharp} pitch is made by adding @samp{is} to
+the name, a @rglos{flat} pitch by adding @samp{es}. As
you might expect, a @rglos{double sharp} or @rglos{double flat} is
made by adding @samp{isis} or @samp{eses}@footnote{This syntax
derived from note naming conventions in Nordic and Germanic languages,
@end example
@noindent
-The code @samp{d} does not mean `print a black dot just below the
-staff.' Rather, it means: `a note with pitch D-natural.' In the key
+The code @samp{d} does not mean @qq{print a black dot just below the
+staff.} Rather, it means: @qq{a note with pitch D-natural.} In the key
of A-flat major, it does get an accidental
@lilypond[quote,notime,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
@node Automatic and manual beams
@section Automatic and manual beams
-@cindex beams, by hand
+@cindex beams, by hand
All @rglos{beam}s are drawn automatically
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,verbatim]
@c tie) examples...
@c better to have this just before the `octaves are bad' snipped
-@c but we'd need to remove the ', from \key and tie
-To raise a note by an octave, add a high quote @code{'} (apostrophe) to
-the note name, to lower a note one octave, add a `low quote' @code{,}
+@c but we'd need to remove the ', from \key and tie
+To raise a note by an octave, add a high quote @samp{'} (apostrophe) to
+the note name, to lower a note one octave, add a @q{low quote} @samp{,}
(comma). Middle C is @code{c'}
@lilypond[quote,notime,fragment,verbatim]
\key a \major
\time 6/8
cis''8. d''16 cis''8 e''4 e''8
-b'8. cis''16 b'8 d''4 d''8
+b'8. cis''16 b'8 d''4 d''8
@end lilypond
@noindent
This example shows that music in a high register needs lots of quotes.
This makes the input less readable, and it is a source of errors. The
-solution is to use `relative octave' mode. This is the
+solution is to use @q{relative octave} mode. This is the
most convenient way to copy existing music.
-In relative mode, a note without octavation quotes (i.e. the @code{'}
-or @code{,} after a note) is chosen so that it is closest to the
+In relative mode, a note without octavation quotes (i.e., the @samp{'}
+or @samp{,} after a note) is chosen so that it is closest to the
previous one. For example, @samp{c f} goes up while @samp{c g} goes
down.
In input files, music is represent by so-called @emph{music
-expression}s. We have already seen some in the previous examples;
+expression}s. We have already seen some in the previous examples;
a single note is a music expression
@lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim,relative=3]
notes
@lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim,relative=3]
-{ { a4 g } f g }
+{ { a4 g } f g }
@end lilypond
This technique is useful for non-monophonic music. To enter music
with more voices or more staves, we also combine expressions in
parallel. Two voices that should play at the same time, are entered
-as a simultaneous combination of two sequences. A `simultaneous'
+as a simultaneous combination of two sequences. A @q{simultaneous}
music expression is formed by enclosing expressions in @code{<<} and
@code{>>}. In the following example, three sequences (all containing
two separate notes) are combined simultaneously
LilyPond looks at the first element. If it is a single note, there is one
staff; if there is a simultaneous expression, there is more than one staff.
-@lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[fragment,quote,verbatim,relative=2]
{
c <<c e>>
<< { e f } { c <<b d>> } >>
@end lilypond
-The command @code{\new} introduces a `notation context.' A notation
+The command @code{\new} introduces a @q{notation context.} A notation
context is an environment in which musical events (like notes or
@code{\clef} commands) are interpreted. For simple pieces, such
notation contexts are created automatically. For more complex pieces, it
\relative <<
\new Staff {
\time 3/4
- \clef treble
-
+ \clef treble
+
e'2 d4 c2 b4 a8[ a]
- b[ b] g[ g] a2.
+ b[ b] g[ g] a2.
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
A comment is a remark for the human reader of the music input; it is
ignored while parsing, so it has no effect on the printed output.
There are two types of comments. The percent symbol @samp{%}
-introduces a line comment; after @code{%} the rest of the line is
+introduces a line comment; after @samp{%} the rest of the line is
ignored. A block comment marks a whole section of music
input. Anything that is enclosed in @code{%@{} and @code{%@}} is
ignored. The following fragment shows possible uses for comments
are ignored, since they are in a
block comment.
- g g f f e e d d c2
+ g g f f e e d d c2
%@}
@end example
There is a special statement that is a kind of comment. The @code{\version}
statement marks for which version of LilyPond the file was written.
-To mark a file for version 2.6.0, use
+To mark a file for version 2.10.1, use
@example
-\version "2.6.0"
+\version "2.10.1"
@end example
@noindent
@cindex melisma
@cindex extender line
@c synonyms?
-This melody ends on a @rglos{melisma}, a single syllable (`free')
+This melody ends on a @rglos{melisma}, a single syllable (@q{free})
sung to more than one note. This is indicated with an @emph{extender
line}. It is entered as two underscores, i.e.,
@example
@{ I want to break free __ @}
-@end example
+@end example
@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right]
<<
resulting in a centered hyphen between two syllables
@example
-Twin -- kle twin -- kle
+A -- le gri -- a
@end example
-@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right]
+@c no ragged-right here, because otherwise the hypens get lost.
+@lilypond[fragment,quote]
<<
\relative {
\time 2/4
f4 f c' c
}
- \addlyrics { Twin -- kle twin -- kle }
+ \addlyrics { A -- le gri -- a }
>>
@end lilypond
of @code{\chordmode}. This uses the same syntax as @code{\chordmode},
but renders the notes in a @code{ChordNames} context, with the
following result.
-
+
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\chords { c2 f4.:m g4.:maj7 gis8:dim7 }
@end lilypond
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
<<
- \chords { r2 c:sus4 f }
+ \chords { r2 c:sus4 f }
\relative {
r4 c' \times 2/3 { f g g }
\times 2/3 { g4( a2) }
@{@tie{}@dots{}@tie{}@}}. The @code{\header} block is usually put at
the top of the file. For example,
-@example
+@example
\header @{
- title = "Miniature"
+ title = "Miniature"
composer = "Igor Stravinsky"
@}
For polyphonic music typesetting, spacer rests can also be convenient;
these are rests that do not print. They are useful for filling up
voices that temporarily do not play. Here is the same example with a
-spacer rest (@code{s}) instead of a normal rest (@code{r}),
+spacer rest (@samp{s}) instead of a normal rest (@samp{r}),
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
<< { a4 g2 f4~ f4 } \\
@end lilypond
More features of polyphonic typesetting are described in this manual
-in section @ref{Polyphony}.
+in section @ref{Basic polyphony}.
@node Piano staves
>>
@end lilypond
-More information on formatting piano music is given in @ref{Piano music}.
+More information on formatting piano music is given in @ref{Piano music}.
@node Organizing larger pieces
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
\transpose f c' \relative c {
\time 2/4
- \set Score.skipBars = ##t
+ \set Score.skipBars = ##t
R2*3
r4 f8 a cis4 f e d
}
@end example
@noindent
-leading to
+leading to
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
\relative c <<
More in-depth information on preparing parts and scores can be found
in the notation manual; see @ref{Orchestral music}.
-Setting run-time variables (`properties') is discussed in
+Setting run-time variables (@q{properties}) is discussed in
@ref{Changing context properties on the fly}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff