version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.51"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
-This section shows the different possibilities of creating and
-grouping staves, which are marked at the beginning of each line
-with either a bracket or a brace.
+This section describes the different methods of creating and
+grouping staves.
@menu
* Instantiating new staves::
* Grouping staves::
-* Deeper nested staff groups::
+* Nested staff groups::
@end menu
+
@node Instantiating new staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instantiating new staves
modern Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f }
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f e d }
@end lilypond
@code{RhythmicStaff} creates a single-line staff that only
music: @code{MensuralStaff} and @code{VaticanaStaff}. They are
described in @ref{Pre-defined contexts}.
-Staves can be started or stopped at any point in the score. The
-commands @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} are used for
-this purpose. For details, see @ref{Staff symbol}.
+New single staff contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Creating contexts},
@ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
@ref{Default tablatures},
+@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
+@ref{Staff symbol},
@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
@ref{Mensural contexts},
-@ref{Staff symbol},
-@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
-@ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
>>
@end lilypond
-The @code{PianoStaff} is almost identical to a @code{GrandStaff},
-except that it supports printing the instrument name directly.
-For details, see @ref{Instrument names}.
+The @code{PianoStaff} is identical to a @code{GrandStaff}, except
+that it supports printing the instrument name directly. For
+details, see @ref{Instrument names}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new PianoStaff <<
@code{SystemStartSquare}, is also available, but it must be
explicitly specified.
+New staff group contexts may be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
@snippets
@rglos{grand staff}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Instrument names}.
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup},
@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
@rinternals{GrandStaff},
@rinternals{PianoStaff},
-@rinternals{StaffGroup},
@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
@rinternals{SystemStartSquare}.
-@node Deeper nested staff groups
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Deeper nested staff groups
+@node Nested staff groups
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Nested staff groups
@cindex staff, nested
@cindex staves, nested
Two additional staff-group contexts are available that can be
nested within a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{ChoirStaff} context:
@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaff}. These contexts
-create an additional bracket next to the original bracket of their
-parent staff group.
+create a new bracket adjacent to the bracket of their parent staff
+group.
An @code{InnerStaffGroup} is treated similarly to a
-@code{StaffGroup}; bar lines are connected between each stave
+@code{StaffGroup}; bar lines are connected between each staff
within the context:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new StaffGroup <<
- \new Staff { c2 c }
+ \new Staff { c2 c | c2 c }
\new InnerStaffGroup <<
- \new Staff { g2 g }
- \new Staff { e2 e }
+ \new Staff { g2 g | g2 g }
+ \new Staff { e2 e | e2 e }
>>
>>
@end lilypond
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\new ChoirStaff <<
- \new Staff { c2 c }
+ \new Staff { c2 c | c2 c }
\new InnerChoirStaff <<
- \new Staff { g2 g }
- \new Staff { e2 e }
+ \new Staff { g2 g | g2 g }
+ \new Staff { e2 e | e2 e }
>>
- \new Staff { c1 }
+ \new Staff { c1 | c1 }
>>
@end lilypond
+New nested staff group contexts can be defined. For details, see
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
@snippets
@seealso
-Snippets:
-@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
-@ref{Instrument names}.
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Defining new contexts}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup},
@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
-@rinternals{SystemStartBracket}.
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{SystemStartSquare}.
@node Modifying single staves
@cindex spacing of ledger lines
@cindex number of staff lines
-The grob @code{StaffSymbol} is responsible for drawing the lines
-of a staff. Its properties can be altered in order to change the
-appearance of a staff, but they must be changed before the staff
-is created. A staff may be started or stopped at any point in the
-score.
+The lines of a staff belong to the @code{StaffSymbol} grob.
+@code{StaffSymbol} properties can be modified to change the
+appearance of a staff, but they must be modified before the staff
+is created.
The number of staff lines may be changed. The clef position and
the position of middle C may need to be modified to fit the new
@ref{Clef}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
- d4 d d d
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-The vertical position of staff lines and the number of staff lines
-can be defined at the same time. As the example shows, the
-positions of the notes are not influenced by the position of the
-staff lines. Details for modifying this property are found in
-@rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
-
-@warning{The @code{'line-positions} property overrides the
-@code{'line-count} property. The number of staff lines is
-implicitly defined by the number of elements in the list of values
-for @code{'line-positions}}
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(7 3 0 -4 -6 -7)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
}
-{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
+{ d4 d d d }
@end lilypond
-The staff line thickness can be modified. The thickness of ledger
+Staff line thickness can be modified. The thickness of ledger
lines and stems are also affected, since they depend on staff line
thickness.
{ e4 d c b }
@end lilypond
-The thickness of ledger lines can be set independently of staff
-line thickness. A description of this property is also found in
-@rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
+Ledger line thickness can be set independently of staff line
+thickness.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
{ e4 d c b }
@end lilypond
-The distance between staff lines can be changed. The setting has
-influence on ledger lines as well.
+The distance between staff lines can be changed. This setting
+affects the spacing of ledger lines as well.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\new Staff \with {
{ a4 b c d }
@end lilypond
-The width of a staff can be adjusted. The unit is one staff
-space. The spacing of objects inside the staff is not influenced
-by this setting.
+Further details about the properties of @code{StaffSymbol} can be
+found in @rinternals{staff-symbol-interface}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\new Staff \with {
- \override StaffSymbol #'width = #23
-}
-{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
-@end lilypond
+@funindex \startStaff
+@funindex \stopStaff
Modifications to staff properties in the middle of a score can be
placed between @code{\stopStaff} and @code{\startStaff}:
a2 a
@end lilypond
+@cindex stopping a staff
+
+@noindent
+In general, @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} can be used
+to stop or start a staff in the middle of a score.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c4 b a2
+\stopStaff
+b4 c d2
+\startStaff
+e4 d c2
+@end lilypond
+
@predefined
-@funindex \startStaff
@code{\startStaff},
-@funindex \stopStaff
@code{\stopStaff}.
@rglos{staff}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Displaying pitches}.
+@ref{Clef}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{StaffSymbol},
@knownissues
-When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are always drawn
-centered on the position 0, so the maximum distance of the bar
-lines in either direction must be equal.
+When setting vertical staff line positions manually, bar lines are
+always centered on position 0, so the maximum distance between the
+outermost bar lines in either direction must be equal.
@node Ossia staves
@cindex staff, resizing of
@cindex resizing of staves
-Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:
+@notation{Ossia} staves can be set by creating a new simultaneous
+staff in the appropriate location:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\new Staff \with {
- fontSize = #-3
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
- \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
-}
-\relative c {
- \clef bass
- c8 c c c c c c c
+\new Staff \relative c'' {
+ c4 b d c
+ <<
+ { c4 b d c }
+ \new Staff { e4 d f e }
+ >>
+ c4 b c2
}
@end lilypond
-This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and the
-font size by the factor 3. You find a more precise explanation in
-@ref{Setting the staff size}.
+@noindent
+However, the above example is usually not the desired result. To
+create ossia staves that are above the original staff, have no
+time signature or clef, and have a smaller font size, tweaks must
+be used. The Learning Manual describes a specific technique to
+achieve this goal, beginning with
+@rlearning{Nesting music expressions}.
-The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
-to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets. The
-@emph{ossia} staff is stopped and started explicitely and white
-space is inserted with the @code{\skip} command.
+The following example uses the @code{alignAboveContext} property
+to align the ossia staff. This method is most appropriate when
+only a few ossia staves are needed.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new Staff = main \relative c'' {
+ c4 b d c
+ <<
+ { c4 b d c }
+
+ \new Staff \with {
+ \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ alignAboveContext = #"main"
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
+ firstClef = ##f
+ }
+ { e4 d f e }
+ >>
+ c4 b c2
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+If many isolated ossia staves are needed, creating an empty
+@code{Staff} context with a specific @emph{context id} may be more
+appropriate; the ossia staves may then be created by
+@emph{calling} this context and using @code{\startStaff} and
+@code{\stopStaff} at the desired locations. The benefits of this
+method are more apparent if the piece is longer than the following
+example.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
<<
- \new Staff \with
- {
- %No time signature in the ossia staff
+ \new Staff = ossia \with {
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
fontSize = #-3
\override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
\override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
- firstClef = ##f
}
- \relative c'' {
- \stopStaff
- \skip 2
-
- \startStaff
- \clef treble
- bes8[^"ossia" g bes g]
- \stopStaff
+ { \stopStaff s1*6 }
+
+ \new Staff \relative c' {
+ c4 b c2
+ <<
+ { e4 f e2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ \startStaff e4 g8 f e2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ g4 a g2 \break
+ c4 b c2
+ <<
+ { g4 a g2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ \startStaff g4 e8 f g2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ e4 d c2
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
- s2
+Using the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command to create ossia
+staves may be used as an alternative. This method is most
+convenient when ossia staves occur immediately following a line
+break. In this case, spacer rests do not need to be used at all;
+only @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff} are necessary. For
+more information about @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext}, see
+@ref{Hiding staves}.
- \startStaff
- f8 d g4
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+<<
+ \new Staff = ossia \with {
+ \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ \override Clef #'transparent = ##t
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
}
- \new Staff \relative c'' {
- \time 2/4
- c4 c g' g a a g2
+ \new Staff \relative c' {
+ c4 b c2
+ e4 f e2
+ g4 a g2 \break
+ <<
+ { c4 b c2 }
+ \context Staff = ossia {
+ c4 e8 d c2 \stopStaff
+ }
+ >>
+ g4 a g2
+ e4 d c2
}
>>
+
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ \override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ }
+}
@end lilypond
@rlearning{Length and thickness of objects}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Setting the staff size}.
+@ref{Hiding staves}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
@node Hiding staves
@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves
-@cindex Frenched scores
+@cindex Frenched score
+@cindex Frenched staff
@cindex staff, hiding
@cindex staff, empty
@cindex hiding of staves
@cindex empty staves
-@cindex Frenched staves
-
-In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
-removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French
-Score}. For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
-@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default. When
-the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
-process, they are removed.
-
-For normal staves this behaviour is called with the
-@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command. It is set in the
-@code{\layout} block. As a result staves containing nothing or
-whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\layout {
- \context {
- \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
- }
-}
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-To remove other types of contexts, use
-@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
-@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
-
-@cindex ossia
-
-@c FIXME Really? I need to see about this. -pm
-
-Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
-make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
-piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See
-@ref{Ossia staves}.
-@c FIXME Is this in the right section?
-@c maybe move to Staff symbol -pm
-
-You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
-@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.
+Staff lines can be hidden by removing the
+@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context. As an
+alternative, @code{\stopStaff} may be used.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\score {
- \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
- \layout{
- \context {
- \Staff
- \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
- }
- }
+\new Staff \with {
+ \remove "Staff_symbol_engraver"
}
+\relative c''' { a8 f e16 d c b a2 }
@end lilypond
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
-@snippets
-
-The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
-setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property. This can be
-done globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside
-the specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case, you
-have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
-current staff) in front of the property.
+Empty staves can be hidden by setting the
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command in the @code{\layout}
+block. In orchestral scores, this style is known as @q{Frenched
+Score}. By default, this command hides and removes all empty
+staves in a score except for those in the first system.
-The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed, because
-the setting applies only to the specific staff inside of which it
-is written.
+@warning{An empty staff may only include multi-measure rests,
+skips, spacer rests, or a combination of these elements.}
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
\layout {
\context {
\RemoveEmptyStaffContext
- %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
- %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
}
}
-\new StaffGroup
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff {
- e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff {
- %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
- \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
- R1 \break R1 }
- >>
-\new StaffGroup
- <<
- \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
- \new Staff { R \break R1 }
- >>
+
+\relative c' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ e4 f g a \break
+ b1 \break
+ a4 b c2
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ c,4 d e f \break
+ R1 \break
+ f4 g c,2
+ }
+>>
@end lilypond
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
-{removing-the-first-empty-line.ly}
+@cindex ossia
+
+@noindent
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} can also be used to create ossia
+sections for a staff. For details, see @ref{Ossia staves}.
+
+@cindex hiding ancient staves
+@cindex hiding rhythmic staves
+@funindex \AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext
+
+The @code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} command may be used to
+hide empty staves in ancient music contexts. Similarly,
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext} may be used to hide empty
+@code{RhythmicStaff} contexts.
@predefined
-@funindex \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
-@funindex \AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
-@funindex \RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext
@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{removing-the-first-empty-line.ly}
+
+
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{Frenched staff}.
+
Notation Reference:
@ref{Staff symbol},
@ref{Ossia staves}.
@rinternals{FiguredBass},
@rinternals{Lyrics},
@rinternals{Staff},
-@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
+@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup},
+@rinternals{Staff_symbol_engraver}.
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Removing @code{Staff_symbol_engraver} also hides bar lines. If
+bar line visibility is forced, formatting errors may occur. In
+this case, use the following overrides instead of removing the
+engraver:
+
+@example
+\override StaffSymbol #'stencil = ##f
+\override NoteHead #'no-ledgers = ##t
+@end example
@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts
+This section explains how to insert tempo indications and
+instrument names into a score. Methods to quote other voices and
+format cue notes are also described.
+
@menu
* Metronome marks::
* Instrument names::
@cindex tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@cindex metronome marking
+@cindex metronome marking with text
+@funindex \tempo
-Metronome settings can be entered as follows
+A basic metronome mark is simple to write:
-@example
-\tempo @var{duration} = @var{per-minute}
-@end example
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\tempo 4 = 120
+c2 d
+e4. d8 c2
+@end lilypond
-In the MIDI output, they are interpreted as a tempo change. In
-the layout output, a metronome marking is printed
+Tempo indications with text can be used instead:
-@funindex \tempo
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo "Allegretto"
+c4 e d c
+b4. a16 b c4 r4
+@end lilypond
+
+Combining a metronome mark and text will automatically place the
+metronome mark within parentheses:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
-\tempo 8. = 120
-c1
+\tempo "Allegro" 4 = 160
+g4 c d e
+d4 b g2
@end lilypond
+In general, the text can be any markup object:
-@snippets
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo \markup { \italic Faster } 4 = 132
+a8-. r8 b-. r gis-. r a-. r
+@end lilypond
-To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
-make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
-Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t @end example
+A parenthesized metronome mark with no textual indication may be
+written by including an empty string in the input:
-To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-c4^\markup {
- (
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"16." #1
- =
- \smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"8" #1
- ) }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo "" 8 = 96
+d4 g e c
@end lilypond
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-metronome-and-rehearsal-marks-below-the-staff.ly}
+
+@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{changing-the-tempo-without-a-metronome-mark.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{creating-metronome-marks-in-markup-mode.ly}
+
For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
@rinternals{MetronomeMark}.
-@knownissues
-
-Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line
-of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
-the metronome marking may be printed on top of musical symbols.
-If this occurs, increase the padding of the metronome mark to
-place it further away from the staff.
-
-@example
-\override Score.MetronomeMark #'padding = #2.5
-@end example
-
-@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
-
-
@node Instrument names
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names
@cindex instrument names
@cindex instrument names, short
-In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
-side of the staves.
+Instrument names can be printed on the left side of staves in the
+@code{Staff} and @code{PianoStaff} contexts. The value of
+@code{instrumentName} is used for the first staff, and the value
+of @code{shortInstrumentName} is used for all succeeding staves.
-This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName}
-and @code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
-@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print
-text before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
-@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName}
-is used for the following staves.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
-\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Plk "
-c1
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1]
+\set Staff.instrumentName = "Violin "
+\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Vln "
+c4.. g'16 c4.. g'16
\break
-c''1
+c1
@end lilypond
Markup mode can be used to create more complicated instrument
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
\column { "Clarinetti"
\line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
-c1
+c4 c,16 d e f g2
@end lilypond
@cindex instrument names, centering
-As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names are
-better entered using @code{\center-align}:
+When two or more staff contexts are grouped together, the
+instrument names and short instrument names are centered by
+default. To center multi-line instrument names,
+@code{\center-column} must be used:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,indent=1.5\cm,relative=2]
<<
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
- Clarinetti
- \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
- }
- c1
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Flute"
+ f2 g4 f
}
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
- c1
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-column {
+ Clarinet
+ \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+ }
+ c4 b c2
}
>>
@end lilypond
-For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
-@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
+@cindex indent
+@cindex short-indent
-Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the
-first one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is
-given by the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout}
-block.
+However, if the instrument names are longer, the instrument names
+in a staff group may not be centered unless the @code{indent} and
+@code{short-indent} settings are increased. For details about
+these settings, see @ref{Horizontal dimensions}.
-To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
-@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
-engraver must be added to that context.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\layout {
+ indent = 3.0\cm
+ short-indent = 1.5\cm
+}
-@example
-\layout@{
- \context @{\GrandStaff \consists "Instrument_name_engraver"@}
-@}
-@end example
+\relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Alto Flute in G"
+ \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Fl."
+ f2 g4 f \break
+ g4 f g2
+ }
+ \new Staff {
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Clarinet"
+ \set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Clar."
+ c,4 b c2 \break
+ c2 b4 c
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
-@noindent
-More information about adding and removing engravers can be found
-in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
+@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}),
+@code{Instrument_name_engraver} must be added to that context.
+For details, see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
@cindex instrument names, changing
Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "First"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "one"
c1 c c c \break
c1 c c c \break
@end lilypond
+@cindex instrument switch
+@cindex switching instruments
+
+If an instrument @emph{switch} is needed,
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} may be used in combination with
+@code{\instrumentSwitch} to create a detailed list of the
+necessary changes for the switch. The
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} command has two arguments: an
+identifying string, and an association list of context properties
+and values to be used for the instrument. It must be placed in
+the toplevel scope. @code{\instrumentSwitch} is used in the music
+expression to declare the instrument switch:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\addInstrumentDefinition #"contrabassoon"
+ #`((instrumentTransposition . ,(ly:make-pitch -1 0 0))
+ (shortInstrumentName . "Cbsn.")
+ (clefGlyph . "clefs.F")
+ (middleCPosition . 6)
+ (clefPosition . 2)
+ (instrumentCueName . ,(make-bold-markup "cbsn."))
+ (midiInstrument . "bassoon"))
+
+\new Staff \with {
+ instrumentName = "Bassoon"
+}
+\relative c' {
+ \clef tenor
+ \compressFullBarRests
+ c2 g'
+ R1*16
+ \instrumentSwitch "contrabassoon"
+ c,,2 g \break
+ c,1 ~ | c1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@seealso
Notation Reference:
+@ref{Horizontal dimensions},
@ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
Snippets:
@cindex fragments
@cindex cue notes
-With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a
-part directly. Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked
-especially as quotable. This is done with the @code{\addQuote}
-command.
+It is very common for one voice to double the some of the music from
+another voice. For example, the first and second violins may play the
+same notes during a passage of music. In LilyPond this is accomplished
+by letting one voice @emph{quote} the other voice without having to
+re-enter it.
+
+Before a part can be quoted, the @code{\addQuote} command must be used
+to initialize the quoted fragment. This command must be used in the
+toplevel scope. The first argument is an identifying string, and the
+second is a music expression:
@example
-\addQuote @var{name} @var{music}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-Here, @var{name} is an identifying string. The @var{music} is any
-kind of music. Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}
-
-@example
-\addQuote clarinet \relative c' @{
- f4 fis g gis
+flute = \relative c'' @{
+ a4 gis g gis
@}
+\addQuote "flute" @{ \flute @}
@end example
-This command must be entered at toplevel, i.e., outside any music
-blocks. Typically, one would use an already defined music event
-as the @var{music}:
+The @code{\quoteDuring} command is used to indicate the point where the
+quotation begins. It is followed by two arguments: the name of the
+quoted voice, as defined with @code{\addQuote}, and a music expression
+that indicates the duration of the quote, usually spacer rests or
+multi-measure rests. The corresponding music from the quoted voice is
+inserted into the music expression:
-@example
-clarinet = \relative c' @{
- f4 fis g gis
-@}
-\addQuote clarinet @{ \clarinet @}
-@end example
-
-After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done
-with @code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},
-
-@example
-\quoteDuring #@var{name} @var{music}
-@end example
-
-During a part, a piece of music can be quoted with the
-@code{\quoteDuring} command.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
-@example
-\quoteDuring #"clarinet" @{ s2. @}
-@end example
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"flute" { s2 }
+}
+@end lilypond
-This would cite three quarter notes (the duration of @code{s2.})
-of the previously added @code{clarinet} voice.
+If the music expression used for @code{\quoteDuring} contains
+anything but a spacer rest or multi-measure rest, a polyphonic
+situation is created, which is often not desirable:
-More precisely, it takes the current time-step of the part being
-printed, and extracts the notes at the corresponding point of the
-@code{\addQuote}d voice. Therefore, the argument to
-@code{\addQuote} should be the entire part of the voice to be
-quoted, including any rests at the beginning.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c'' {
+ a4 gis g gis
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
-It is possible to use another music expression instead of
-@code{s}, thus creating a polyphonic section, but this may not
-always give the desired result.
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"flute" { c4 b }
+}
+@end lilypond
-Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
-target instruments, if they are specified using the
-@code{\transposition} command.
+Quotations recognize instrument transposition settings for both
+the source and target instruments if the @code{\transposition}
+command is used. For details about @code{\transposition}, see
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\addQuote clarinet
-{
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+clarinet = \relative c'' {
\transposition bes
- f4 fis g gis
+ a4 gis g gis
}
+\addQuote "clarinet" { \clarinet }
-{
- e8 f8 \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
+\relative c' {
+ c4 cis \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
}
@end lilypond
-The type of events that are present in the quoted music can be
-trimmed with the @code{quotedEventTypes} property. The default
-value is @code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only
-notes and rests of the quoted voice end up in the
-@code{\quoteDuring}. Setting
+It is possible to tag quotations with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
-@example
-\set Staff.quotedEventTypes =
- #'(note-event articulation-event dynamic-event)
-@end example
-@noindent
-will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
-dynamics.
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{quoting-another-voice-with-transposition.ly}
+
+@cindex note-event
+@cindex articulation-event
+@cindex dynamic-event
+@cindex rest-event
+@funindex quotedEventTypes
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{quoting-another-voice.ly}
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Using tags}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
-@var{music} can not contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
+@var{music} cannot contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
statements that would switch to a different Voice.
Quoting grace notes is broken and can even cause LilyPond to
@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex cues, formatting
-The previous section deals with inserting notes from another
-voice. There is a more advanced music function called
-@code{\cueDuring}, which makes formatting cue notes easier.
-
-The syntax is
+The previous section explains how to create quotations. The
+@code{\cueDuring} command is a more specialized form of
+@code{\quoteDuring}, being particularly useful for inserting cue
+notes into a part. The syntax is as follows:
@example
- \cueDuring #@var{name} #@var{updown} @var{music}
+\cueDuring #@var{partname} #@var{voice} @var{music}
@end example
-This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
-@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens simultaneously with
-@var{music}, which usually is a rest. When the cue notes start,
-the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a moment. The argument
-@var{updown} determines whether the cue notes should be notated as
-a first or second voice.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim]
-smaller = {
- \set fontSize = #-2
- \override Stem #'length-fraction = #0.8
- \override Beam #'thickness = #0.384
- \override Beam #'length-fraction = #0.8
+This command copies the corresponding measures from @var{partname}
+into a @code{CueVoice} context. The @code{CueVoice} is created
+implicitly, and occurs simultaneously with @var{music}, which
+creates a polyphonic situation. The @var{voice} argument
+determines whether the cue notes should be notated as a first or
+second voice; @code{UP} corresponds to the first voice, and
+@code{DOWN} corresponds to the second.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+oboe = \relative c'' {
+ r2 r8 d16 f e g f a
+ g8 g16 g g2.
}
+\addQuote "oboe" { \oboe }
-\addQuote clarinet
-\relative c' {
- R1*20
- r2 r8 c' f f
+\new Voice \relative c'' {
+ \cueDuring #"oboe" #UP { R1 }
+ g2 c,
}
+@end lilypond
-\new Staff \relative c' <<
+@noindent
+In the above example, the @code{Voice} context had to be
+explicitly declared, or else the entire music expression would
+belong to the @code{CueVoice} context.
- % setup a context for cue notes.
- \new Voice = "cue" { \smaller \skip 1*21 }
+The name of the cued instrument can be printed by setting the
+@code{instrumentCueName} property in the @code{CueVoice} context.
- \set Score.skipBars = ##t
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+oboe = \relative c''' {
+ g4 r8 e16 f e4 d
+}
+\addQuote "oboe" { \oboe }
+\new Staff \relative c'' <<
+ \new CueVoice \with {
+ instrumentCueName = "ob."
+ }
\new Voice {
- R1*20
- \cueDuring #"clarinet" #UP {
- R1
- }
- g4 g2.
+ \cueDuring #"oboe" #UP { R1 }
+ g4. b8 d2
}
>>
@end lilypond
-Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:
-
-@itemize
-@item
-Cue notes have smaller font sizes.
+In addition to printing the name of the cued instrument, when cue
+notes end, the name of the original instrument should be printed,
+and any other changes introduced by the cued part should be
+undone. This can be accomplished by using
+@code{\addInstrumentDefinition} and @code{\instrumentSwitch}. For
+an example and explanation, see @ref{Instrument names}.
-@item
-The cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
+The @code{\killCues} command removes cue notes from a music
+expression. This can be useful if cue notes need to be removed
+from a part but may be restored at a later time.
-@item
-When the original part takes over again, this should be marked
-with the name of the original instrument.
-
-@item
-Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
-undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
-clef, the original clef should be stated once again.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+flute = \relative c''' {
+ r2 cis2 r2 dis2
+}
+\addQuote "flute" { \flute }
-@end itemize
+\new Voice \relative c'' {
+ \killCues {
+ \cueDuring #"flute" #UP { R1 }
+ g4. b8 d2
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
-The macro @code{\transposedCueDuring} is useful to add cues to
-instruments which use a completely different octave range (for
-example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within a contra bassoon
-part).
+The @code{\transposedCueDuring} command is useful for adding
+instrumental cues from a completely different register. The
+syntax is similar to @code{\cueDuring}, but it requires one extra
+argument to specify the transposition of the cued instrument. For
+more information about transposition, see
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-picc = \relative c''' {
+piccolo = \relative c''' {
\clef "treble^8"
- R1 |
- c8 c c e g2 |
- a4 g g2 |
+ R1
+ c8 c c e g2
+ a4 g g2
}
-\addQuote "picc" { \picc }
+\addQuote "piccolo" { \piccolo }
-cbsn = \relative c, {
+cbassoon = \relative c, {
\clef "bass_8"
c4 r g r
- \transposedCueDuring #"picc" #UP c,, { R1 } |
- c4 r g r |
+ \transposedCueDuring #"piccolo" #UP c,, { R1 }
+ c4 r g r
}
<<
- \new Staff = "picc" \picc
- \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
+ \new Staff = "piccolo" \piccolo
+ \new Staff = "cbassoon" \cbassoon
>>
@end lilypond
+It is possible to tag cued parts with unique names in order to
+process them in different ways. For details about this procedure,
+see @ref{Using tags}.
+
@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument transpositions},
+@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Using tags}.
+
Snippets:
@rlsr{Staff notation}.
Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{CueVoice},
@rinternals{Voice}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+Collisions can occur with rests, when using @code{\cueDuring},
+between @code{Voice} and @code{CueVoice} contexts.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff