@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16]
{staff-headword.ly}
-Notes, dynamic signs, rests, etc., are grouped with a set of horizontal
-lines, called a staff (plural @q{staves}). In LilyPond, these
-lines are drawn using a separate layout object called @code{staff
-symbol}.
-
-Two or more staves can be grouped vertically in a @code{GrandStaff}, a
-@code{StaffGroup}, or a @code{ChoirStaff}.
+This section explains how to influence the staff appearance,
+print scores with more than one staff, and
+how to apply specific performance marks to single staves.
@menu
* Displaying staves::
+* Modifying single staves::
* Writing parts::
@end menu
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
+This section shows the different possibilities to create and group
+staves into groups, which can be marked in the beginning of each
+line with either a bracket or a brace.
+
@menu
-* System start delimiters::
-* Staff symbol::
-* Hiding staves::
+* Initiating new staves::
+* Grouping staves::
@end menu
-@node System start delimiters
-@unnumberedsubsubsec System start delimiters
+@node Initiating new staves
+@subsubsection Initiating new staves
+
+@cindex new staff
+@cindex staff initiation
+@cindex staff, new
+
+The lines of a staff (pl. staves) are produced by a @code{staff symbol}
+layout object.
+LilyPond ensures that all music is printed on staff lines so if you just
+type in some notes, the staff symbol is added automatically to the output.
+This is just a shortcut to make the program usage more easy, but in most
+cases where you want to print more complex music on more than on staff
+it is better to create the staff explicitly at the beginning of your
+music inside of the @code{\score} environment.
+
+With the command @code{\new Staff @{ ... @}} you actually call a new
+Staff context that has already everything set up to the default
+engraving rules. @ref{Creating contexts} explains how different contexts
+are called.
+
+Once a staff is instantiated it can be started or stopped at every point
+in the score. This is done with the commands @code{\startStaff} and
+@code{\stopStaff}. How to use it is shown in @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+Besides the default @code{Staff} context there are also
+specialized staff contexts for setting percussion, Guitar music,
+and ancient music.
+See @ref{Printing chord names}, @ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Tablatures basic}, @ref{Gregorian Chant contexts}, and
+@ref{Mensural contexts} for an explanation.
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}.
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Printing chord names}, @ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Tablatures basic}, @ref{Gregorian Chant contexts}, and
+@ref{Mensural contexts}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Staff}.
+
+
+
+@node Grouping staves
+@subsubsection Grouping staves
@cindex start of system
@cindex staff, multiple
+@cindex staves, multiple
+@cindex system start delimiters
@cindex bracket, vertical
@cindex brace, vertical
@cindex grand staff
+@cindex piano staff
@cindex staff group
@cindex staff, choir
+@cindex choir staff
@cindex system
-Many scores consist of more than one staff. These staves can be
-grouped in several different ways:
+LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single staves
+together. These contexts influence in the first place the appearance
+of the system start delimiter, but they have also influence on the
+behaviour of the bar lines.
+
@itemize
@item
-In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
-at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
+If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
+will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
+bar lines are not connected.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new GrandStaff
-\relative <<
+\relative c'' { <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
->>
+>> }
@end lilypond
@item
In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through
-all the staves, but the group is started with a bracket.
+all the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new StaffGroup
-\relative <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
->>
+\new StaffGroup {
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ >>
+}
@end lilypond
@item
-In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is started with a
-bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
+In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is
+started with a bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new ChoirStaff
-\relative <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
->>
+\new ChoirStaff {
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ >>
+}
@end lilypond
@item
-If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
-will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
-bar lines are not connected.
+In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
+at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative <<
+\new GrandStaff {
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but is
+optimized for setting piano music.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new PianoStaff
+\relative c'' <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
->>
+>> }
@end lilypond
+
@end itemize
-@cindex Mensurstriche layout
-@cindex Renaissance music
+According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists of
+staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of the system.
+In LilyPond this is produced grouping the @code{Staff} contexts with
+@code{<< ... >>}.
-In addition to these four staff group types, other groupings can
-be produced by changing various properties. E.g., the
-@q{Mensurstriche} layout common in Renaissance music, with
-bar lines running between but not through the staves, can be
-produced from a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{GrandStaff} context if
-the bar lines are made transparent in the @code{Staff} itself, with
-the command @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'transparent = ##t}
+Each instrument family is grouped inside of a @code{StaffGroup} with a
+starting bracket. A group of same instruments or an instrument using
+more than one staff is grouped with braces in a @code{GrandStaff}.
+
+As the context names tell, @code{PianoStaff} is used for notating
+piano music and @code{ChoirStaff} for all kind of vocal ensemble music.
+
+Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings. Note that the
+instrument names are omited here, see @ref{Instrument names} how to set
+them.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\score{ \relative c' {
+<<
+ \new StaffGroup %the woodwinds group
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ >>
+ \new StaffGroup %the brass group
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff {\clef bass c c }
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff %for a vocal part
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff {\clef alto c c }
+ \new Staff {\clef bass c c }
+ >>
+ \new PianoStaff %for the piano
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c c }
+ \new Staff {\clef bass c c }
+ >>
+>>
+} }
+@end lilypond
+
+The different staff contexts are already nested in this example, as
+the @q{horn section} is contained both in a @code{StaffGroup} and a
+@code{GrandStaff}.
@cindex staff, nested
-Staff groups can be nested, using the context
-@code{InnerStaffGroup} or @code{InnerChoirStaff}; see
-@lsr{staff,staff-brackets.ly}
-@c snippet 137
+It is also possible to nest staves of the same type with the contexts
+@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaffGroup}. These behave like
+the corresponding normal staff groups but can only initiated inside of
+another staff context. Again LilyPond would add a normal @code{StaffGroup}
+to the output, if you would start a score with an @code{InnerStaffGroup}.
+
+Note that @code{GrandStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} do not have any inner
+grouping contexts. They can both be inside an inner staff context, though.
+
+@c snippet staff-brackets.ly
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\score {
+<<
+ \new StaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new GrandStaff <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+ \new Staff {c' d' e' f'}
+ >>
+>> }
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@c FIXME: not yet in master
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@c {nesting-staves.ly}
-@commonprop
More complex nesting can be accomplished using the property
@code{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}:
@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
instantiated manually
+
+
+@cindex mensurstriche layout
+@cindex renaissance music
+@cindex transcription of mensural music
+@cindex mensural music, transcription of
+
+
+@c FIXME: not yet in master
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@c {mensurstriche-layout.ly}
+
+Other groupings may be achieved by changing various properties.
+E.g., the
+@q{Mensurstriche} layout common in Renaissance music, with
+bar lines running between but not through the staves, can be
+produced from a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{GrandStaff} context if
+the bar lines are made transparent in the @code{Staff} itself:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+global = {\override Staff.BarLine #'transparent = ##t
+ s1 s
+ %the final bar line is not interupted
+ \once \override Staff.BarLine #'transparent = ##f
+ \bar "|."}
+\new StaffGroup
+\relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {<< \global { c1 c } >>}
+ \new Staff {<< \global { c c } >>}
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
@c FIXME: Graham will deal with this. -gp
@c snippet 201
To display a bracket even if there is only one staff, see
-@lsr{staff,display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a
-system.ly}
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@c {staff,display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a system.ly}
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{brace}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{brace},
@rglos{bracket}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChoirStaff},
-@internalsref{GrandStaff}, @internalsref{StaffGroup},
+@internalsref{GrandStaff}, @internalsref{PianoStaff},
+@internalsref{StaffGroup},
@internalsref{SystemStartBar}, @internalsref{SystemStartBrace},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBracket},
-@internalsref{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
+@internalsref{SystemStartBracket}, @internalsref{SystemStartSquare}.
+
+
+@node Modifying single staves
+@subsection Modifying single staves
+
+@menu
+* Staff symbol::
+* Ossia staves::
+* Hiding staves::
+@end menu
@node Staff symbol
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff symbol
+@subsubsection Staff symbol
@cindex adjusting staff symbol
@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in the number,
thickness and distance of lines, using properties. This is
demonstrated in the example files
-@lsr{staff,changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff.ly} and
-@lsr{staff,changing-the-staff-size.ly}.
+@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff.ly} and
+@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-staff-size.ly}.
In addition, staves may be started and stopped at will. This is
done with @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}.
b b
@end lilypond
+@node Ossia staves
+@subsubsection Ossia staves
+
@cindex staves, Frenched
@cindex ossia
@cindex Frenched staves
Music Glossary: @rglos{ossia}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{Frenched staff}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{StaffSymbol},
@internalsref{DrumStaff}.
@node Hiding staves
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves
+@subsubsection Hiding staves
@cindex Frenched scores
@cindex staves, hiding
Notation Reference: @ref{Staff symbol}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChordNames},
@internalsref{FiguredBass}, @internalsref{Lyrics},
@end menu
@node Metronome marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Metronome marks
+@subsubsection Metronome marks
@cindex Tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
@seealso
Music Glossary: @rglos{metronome}, @rglos{metronomic indication},
-@rglos{tempo indication}.
-@c FIXME : add @rglos{Mälzels Metronome}, @rglos{M.M.}, @rglos{tempo}?
+@rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome mark}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Text markup}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
output}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line
of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
@node Instrument names
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names
+@subsubsection Instrument names
+
+@cindex instrument names
+@cindex instrument names, short
In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
side of the staves.
-This can be achieved by setting
-@internalsref{Staff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@internalsref{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will
-print text before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
-@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName}
-is used for the following staves.
+This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName} and
+@code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
+@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
+@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print text
+before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
+@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName} is
+used for the following staves.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,relative=1,fragment]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
c''1
@end lilypond
-If you wish to center the instrument names, you must center all of
-them individually:
+@cindex instrument names, centering
+
+As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names
+are better entered using @code{\center-align}:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
{ <<
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
- \center-align { "Clarinetti"
- \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
+ Clarinetti
+ \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+ }
c''1
}
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup{ \center-align { Vibraphone }}
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
c''1
}
>>
For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
-To center instrument names while leaving extra space to the right,
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new StaffGroup \relative
-<<
- \new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blabla" }
- c1 c1
- }
- \new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blo" }
- c1 c1
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
+Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the first
+one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is given by
+the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout} block.
To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
More information about adding and removing engravers can be found
in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+@cindex instrument names, changing
+
Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece,
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
+Notation Reference: @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{InstrumentName}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{InstrumentName},
+@internalsref{PianoStaff}, @internalsref{Staff}.
@node Quoting other voices
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Quoting other voices
+@subsubsection Quoting other voices
@cindex cues
+@cindex quoting other voices
+@cindex fragments
+@cindex cue notes
With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a
part directly. Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked
will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
dynamics.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
-Only the contents of the first @internalsref{Voice} occurring in
-an @code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
+Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
+@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
@var{music} can not contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
statements that would switch to a different Voice.
Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{QuoteMusic}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{QuoteMusic}, @internalsref{Voice}.
@node Formatting cue notes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Formatting cue notes
+@subsubsection Formatting cue notes
+@cindex cues
+@cindex cue notes
+@cindex cue notes, formatting
+@cindex fragments
+@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex cues, formatting
The previous section deals with inserting notes from another
@end example
This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
-@internalsref{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens
+@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens
simultaneously with @var{music}, which usually is a rest. When
the cue notes start, the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a
moment. The argument @var{updown} determines whether the cue
@end lilypond
-Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes
+Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:
@itemize
@item
Cue notes have smaller font sizes.
@item
-the cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
+The cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
@item
-when the original part takes over again, this should be marked
+When the original part takes over again, this should be marked
with the name of the original instrument.
+@item
Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
clef, the original clef should be stated once again.
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{staff}
-
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Voice}.
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