version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.51"
+
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
-@lilypondfile[quote,ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16]
-{staff-headword.ly}
-
-Notes, dynamic signs, rests, etc., are grouped with a set of horizontal
-lines, called a staff (plural @q{staves}). In LilyPond, these
-lines are drawn using a separate layout object called @code{staff
-symbol}.
-
-Two or more staves can be grouped vertically in a @code{GrandStaff}, a
-@code{StaffGroup}, or a @code{ChoirStaff}.
+@lilypondfile[quote]{staff-headword.ly}
+This section explains how to influence the staff appearance, print
+scores with more than one staff, and how to apply specific
+performance marks to single staves.
@menu
* Displaying staves::
+* Modifying single staves::
* Writing parts::
@end menu
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
+This section shows the different possibilities to create and group
+staves into groups, which can be marked in the beginning of each
+line with either a bracket or a brace.
+
@menu
-* System start delimiters::
-* Staff symbol::
-* Hiding staves::
+* Instantiating new staves::
+* Grouping staves::
+* Deeper nested staff groups::
@end menu
-@node System start delimiters
-@subsubsection System start delimiters
+@node Instantiating new staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Instantiating new staves
+
+@cindex new staff
+@cindex staff initiation
+@cindex staff instantiation
+@cindex staff, new
+@cindex staff, single
+@cindex drum staff
+@cindex percussion staff
+@cindex Gregorian transcription staff
+@cindex rhythmic staff
+@cindex tabstaff
+@cindex tablature
+
+Staves (sg. staff) are created with the @code{\new} or
+@code{\context} commands. For an explanation on these commands,
+see @ref{Creating contexts}.
+
+There are different predefined staff contexts available in
+LilyPond:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+The default is @code{Staff}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new Staff { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{DrumStaff} creates a five line staff set up for a typical
+drum set. It uses different names for each instrument. The
+instrument names have to be set using the @code{drummode}. See
+@ref{Percussion staves}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \drummode { cymc hh ss tomh }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@c FIXME: remove when mentioned in NR 2.8
+@item
+@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} sets up a staff to notate
+modern Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{RhythmicStaff} can be used to show the rhythm of some music.
+The notes are printed on one line regardless of their pitch, but
+the duration is preserved. See @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new RhythmicStaff { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tablature with six strings in
+standard guitar tuning. See @ref{Default tablatures}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new TabStaff { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+Besides these staves there are two staff contexts specific for the
+notation of ancient music: @code{MensuralStaff} and
+@code{VaticanaStaff}. They are described in @ref{Pre-defined
+contexts}.
+
+Once a staff is instantiated it can be started or stopped at every
+point in the score. This is done with the commands
+@code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}. How to use it is
+explained in @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{staff},
+@rglos{staves}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Creating contexts},
+@ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Default tablatures},
+@ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
+@ref{Mensural contexts},
+@ref{Staff symbol},
+@ref{Pre-defined contexts},
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{DrumStaff},
+@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff},
+@rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
+@rinternals{TabStaff},
+@rinternals{MensuralStaff},
+@rinternals{VaticanaStaff},
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
+
+
+@node Grouping staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Grouping staves
@cindex start of system
@cindex staff, multiple
+@cindex staves, multiple
+@cindex system start delimiters
@cindex bracket, vertical
@cindex brace, vertical
@cindex grand staff
+@cindex piano staff
@cindex staff group
@cindex staff, choir
+@cindex choir staff
@cindex system
-Many scores consist of more than one staff. These staves can be
-grouped in several different ways:
+LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single
+staves together. These contexts influence in the first place the
+appearance of the system start delimiter, but they have also
+influence on the behavior of the bar lines.
@itemize
@item
-In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
-at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
+If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
+will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
+bar lines are not connected. The name of the beginning bar line
+grob is @code{SystemStartBar}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new GrandStaff
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+<<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
@item
-In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through
-all the staves, but the group is started with a bracket.
+In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through all
+the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new StaffGroup
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new StaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
@item
-In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is started with a
-bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
+In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is started with a bracket, but
+bar lines are not connected.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new ChoirStaff
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
@item
-If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
-will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
-bar lines are not connected.
+In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace at the
+left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new GrandStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but
+is optimized for setting piano music. In particular it supports
+the printing of an instrument name directly, see @ref{Instrument
+names}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
+
@end itemize
-@cindex Mensurstriche layout
-@cindex Renaissance music
+Each staff group context sets the property
+@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
+@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace}, and
+@code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
+@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
+instantiated manually. The usage of this last delimiter is shown
+further down in the snippet section.
-In addition to these four staff group types, other groupings can
-be produced by changing various properties. E.g., the
-@q{Mensurstriche} layout common in Renaissance music, with
-bar lines running between but not through the staves, can be
-produced from a @code{StaffGroup} or @code{GrandStaff} context if
-the bar lines are made transparent in the @code{Staff} itself, with
-the command @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'transparent = ##t}
+According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists
+of staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of
+the system. In LilyPond this is produced grouping the
+@code{Staff} contexts with @code{<< ... >>}.
-@cindex staff, nested
+Each instrument family is grouped inside of a @code{StaffGroup}
+with a starting bracket. A group of same instruments or an
+instrument using more than one staff is grouped with braces in a
+@code{GrandStaff}.
-Staff groups can be nested, using the context
-@code{InnerStaffGroup} or @code{InnerChoirStaff}; see
-@c @lsr{staff,staff-brackets.ly}
-@c snippet 137
+As the context names tell, @code{PianoStaff} is used for notating
+piano music and @code{ChoirStaff} for all kind of vocal ensemble
+music.
-@commonprop
-More complex nesting can be accomplished using the property
-@code{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}:
+@snippets
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\new StaffGroup
-\relative <<
- \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
- = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBracket a
- (SystemStartSquare b)) d)
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
->>
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system.ly}
+
+@cindex mensurstriche layout
+@cindex renaissance music
+@cindex transcription of mensural music
+@cindex mensural music, transcription of
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
+@c FIXME: move to NR 2.8.x when sectioning is ready
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{brace},
+@rglos{bracket},
+@rglos{grand staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument names}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{ChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{GrandStaff},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup},
+@rinternals{systemStartDelimiter},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{systemStartSquare}.
+
+
+@node Deeper nested staff groups
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Deeper nested staff groups
+
+There are also two inner staff contexts named
+@code{InnerStaffGroup} and @code{InnerChoirStaffGroup} besides the
+grouping contexts mentioned in @ref{Grouping staves}. They behave
+in the same way as their simple counterparts, except that they are
+contained in another staff grouping context, thus producing one
+more bracket on top of the existing one. Note that
+@code{GrandStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} do not have any inner
+grouping contexts. They can both be inside any other staff
+context, including inner staff groups, though.
+
+Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings and
+nesting of these groupings. Note that the instrument names are
+omitted from the source code, for instructions how to set them see
+@ref{Instrument names}.
+
+@cindex staff, nested
+@cindex staves, nested
+@cindex nesting of staves
+@cindex system start delimiters, nested
+@cindex nested staff brackets
+@cindex brackets, nesting of
+@cindex braces, nesting of
+@cindex inner staff group
+@cindex inner choir staff group
+
+@example
+\score @{
+\relative c' <<
+ \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %flute
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %sax
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %oboe
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @} %English horn
+ >>
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @} %bassoon
+ >>
+ \new StaffGroup %the brass group
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c'1 d @} %trumpet
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @} %trombone
+ \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c'1 d @}
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @}
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c'1 d @}
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
+ >>
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
+ >>
+ \new PianoStaff %for the piano
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c1 d @}
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c,1 d @}
+ >>
+>> @}
+@end example
+
+@c no verbatim so instrument names are only in the music
+@lilypond[quote]
+\score {
+\relative c' <<
+ \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "fl" c1 d } %flute
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "sax" c1 d } %sax 1
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ob" c1 d } %sax 2
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ca" c1 d }
+ >>
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "bs" \clef bass c,1 d } %bassoon
+ >>
+ \new StaffGroup %the brass group
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "tr" c'1 d } %trumpet
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "tb" \clef bass c,1 d } %trombone
+ \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "cor1" c'1 d }
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "cor2" \clef bass c,1 d }
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
+ <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "S" c'1 d }
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "A1" c1 d }
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "A2" c1 d }
+ >>
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "T" c1 d }
+ >>
+ \new PianoStaff %for the piano
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c1 d }
+ \new Staff { \clef bass c,1 d }
+ >>
+>> }
@end lilypond
-Each staff group context sets the property
-@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
-@internalsref{SystemStartBar}, @internalsref{SystemStartBrace},
-and @internalsref{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
-@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
-instantiated manually
-@c FIXME: Graham will deal with this. -gp
-@c snippet 201
-To display a bracket even if there is only one staff, see
-@c @lsr{staff,display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a system.ly}
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{nesting-staves.ly}
+
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{brace}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}
-@rglos{bracket}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Grouping staves},
+@ref{Instrument names}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{InnerChoirStaffGroup},
+@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
+
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+@node Modifying single staves
+@subsection Modifying single staves
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChoirStaff},
-@internalsref{GrandStaff}, @internalsref{StaffGroup},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBar}, @internalsref{SystemStartBrace},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBracket},
-@internalsref{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
+This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
+staff like the staff lines, starting and stopping of staves,
+sizing of staves, and setting ossia sections.
+@menu
+* Staff symbol::
+* Ossia staves::
+* Hiding staves::
+@end menu
@node Staff symbol
-@subsubsection Staff symbol
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff symbol
@cindex adjusting staff symbol
+@cindex drawing staff symbol
+@cindex staff symbol, setting of
+@cindex stop staff lines
+@cindex start staff lines
+@cindex staff lines, amount of
+@cindex staff lines, number of
+@cindex staff line, thickness of
+@cindex amount of staff lines
+@cindex thickness of staff lines
+@cindex ledger lines, setting
+@cindex setting of ledger lines
+@cindex spacing of ledger lines
+@cindex number of staff lines
The layout object which draws the lines of a staff is called
-@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in the number,
-thickness and distance of lines, using properties. This is
-demonstrated in the example files
-@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff.ly} and
-@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-staff-size.ly}.
+@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in number,
+thickness and distance of lines, using properties. It may also be
+started and stopped at every point in the score.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Changing the number of staff lines is done by overriding
+@code{line-count}. You may need to adjust the clef position and
+the position of the middle C to fit to the new staff. For an
+explanation, see the snippet section in @ref{Displaying pitches}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\new Staff {
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
+ d4 d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The placement and amount of the staff lines can also set totally
+manually by defining their positions explicitly. The middle of
+the staff has the value of 0, each half staff space up and down
+adds an integer. The default values are 4 2 0 -2 -4. Bar lines
+are drawn according to the calculated width of the system, but
+they are always centered. As the example shows, the positions of
+the notes are not influenced by the position of the staff lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(7 3 0 -4 -6 -7)
+}
+{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The staff line thickness can be set by overriding the
+@code{thickness} property. Note that it gets applied also to
+ledger lines and stems, since they depend on the staff line
+thickness. The argument of @code{thickness} is a factor of
+@code{line-thickness} which defaults to the normal staff line
+thickness.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #3
+}
+{ d4 d d d }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The thickness of the ledger lines can also be set independent of
+the settings for staff lines. The setting is calculated from a
+pair of values which will be added for the final thickness. The
+first value is the staff line thickness multiplied by a factor,
+the second is the staff space multiplied by a factor. In the
+example the ledger lines get their thickness from one staff line
+thickness plus 1/5 staff space, so they are heavier than a normal
+staff line.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'ledger-line-thickness = #'(1 . 0.2)
+}
+{ d4 d d d }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The distance of the stafflines can be changed with the
+@code{staff-space} property. Its argument is the amount of staff
+spaces that should be inserted between the lines. The default
+value is 1. Setting the distance has influence on the staff lines
+as well as on ledger lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #1.5
+}
+{ a4 b c d }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The length of the staff line can also be adjusted manually. The
+unit is one staff space. Spacing of the objects inside the staff
+does not get influenced by this setting.
-In addition, staves may be started and stopped at will. This is
-done with @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'width = #23
+}
+{ a4 e' f b | d1 }
+@end lilypond
+
+@end itemize
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
+These properties can only be set before instantiating the staff
+symbol. But it is possible to start and stop staves in the middle
+of a score, so each new setting will be applied to the newly
+instantiated staff.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
b4 b
+%Set here the overrides for the staff
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = 2
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
+%Revert to the default
\revert Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
@end lilypond
+
+
+@predefined
+
+@funindex \startStaff
+@code{\startStaff},
+@funindex \stopStaff
+@code{\stopStaff}.
-@cindex staves, Frenched
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{line},
+@rglos{ledger line},
+@rglos{staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Displaying pitches}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are always drawn
+centered on the position 0, so the maximum distance of the bar
+lines in either direction must be equal.
+
+
+@node Ossia staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Ossia staves
+
+@cindex staff, Frenched
@cindex ossia
@cindex Frenched staves
+@cindex staff, resizing of
+@cindex resizing of staves
+
+Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
+}
+\relative c {
+ \clef bass
+ c8 c c c c c c c
+}
+@end lilypond
-In combination with Frenched staves, this may be used to typeset
-@emph{ossia} sections. An example is shown here
+@noindent
+This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and the
+font size by the factor 3. You find a more precise explanation in
+@ref{Setting the staff size}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,quote]
+The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
+to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets. The
+@emph{ossia} staff is stopped and started explicitely and white
+space is inserted with the @code{\skip} command.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
<<
\new Staff \with
{
+ %No time signature in the ossia staff
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- fontSize = #-2
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -2)
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #(magstep -3)
firstClef = ##f
}
\relative c'' {
\startStaff
f8 d g4
}
- \new Staff \relative
- {
+ \new Staff \relative c'' {
\time 2/4
c4 c g' g a a g2
}
-
>>
@end lilypond
-@cindex staff lines, setting number of
-@cindex staff lines, setting thickness of
-@cindex thickness of staff lines, setting
-@cindex number of staff lines, setting
+
+@snippets
+
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+@c snippet 277
+
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{ossia}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{Frenched staff}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{ossia},
+@rglos{staff},
+@rglos{Frenched staff}.
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Setting the staff size}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{StaffSymbol},
-@internalsref{DrumStaff}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@node Hiding staves
-@subsubsection Hiding staves
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves
@cindex Frenched scores
-@cindex staves, hiding
-@cindex staves, empty
+@cindex staff, hiding
+@cindex staff, empty
+@cindex hiding of staves
+@cindex empty staves
+@cindex Frenched staves
In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French
-Score}. For @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames} and
-@code{FiguredBass}, this is switched on by default. When
+Score}. For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
+@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default. When
the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
process, they are removed.
-For normal staves, a specialized @code{Staff} context is
-available, which does the same: staves containing nothing (or only
-multi-measure rests) are removed. The context definition is
-stored in @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} variable. Observe how
-the second staff in this example disappears in the second line
+For normal staves this behaviour is called with the
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command. It is set in the
+@code{\layout} block. As a result staves containing nothing or
+whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\layout {
- \context { \RemoveEmptyStaffContext }
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ }
}
-
-{
- \relative c' <<
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
\new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
\new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
- >>
+ >>
}
@end lilypond
-The first system shows all staves in full. If empty staves should
-be removed from the first system too, set @code{remove-first} to
-true in @code{VerticalAxisGroup}.
-
-@example
-\override Score.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
-@end example
-
To remove other types of contexts, use
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
-piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See @ref{Staff
-symbol}.
+piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See
+@ref{Ossia staves}.
You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\score {
- \context Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
+ \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
\layout{
\context {
\Staff
}
@end lilypond
+
+@snippets
+
+The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
+setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property. This can be
+done globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside
+the specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case, you
+have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
+current staff) in front of the property.
+
+The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed, because
+the setting applies only to the specific staff inside of which it
+is written.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
+ %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ }
+}
+\new StaffGroup
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff {
+ %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
+ \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ R1 \break R1 }
+ >>
+\new StaffGroup
+ <<
+ \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff { R \break R1 }
+ >>
+@end lilypond
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{removing-the-first-empty-line.ly}
+
+
+@predefined
+
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@funindex \AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext
+@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@funindex \RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
+
+
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Staff symbol}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Staff symbol},
+@ref{Ossia staves}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{ChordNames},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass},
+@rinternals{Lyrics},
+@rinternals{Staff},
+@rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChordNames},
-@internalsref{FiguredBass}, @internalsref{Lyrics},
-@internalsref{Staff}, @internalsref{VerticalAxisGroup}.
@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts
* Formatting cue notes::
@end menu
+
@node Metronome marks
-@subsubsection Metronome marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Metronome marks
@cindex Tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@funindex \tempo
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-\tempo 8.=120 c''1
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\tempo 8. = 120
+c1
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t @end example
To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative,fragment]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
c4^\markup {
(
\smaller \general-align #Y #DOWN \note #"16." #1
@end lilypond
@noindent
-For more details, see @ref{Text markup}.
+For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{metronome}, @rglos{metronomic indication},
-@rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome mark}.
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{metronome},
+@rglos{metronomic indication},
+@rglos{tempo indication},
+@rglos{metronome mark}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Text markup}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Formatting text}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
-output}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{MetronomeMark},
+@ref{MIDI output}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line
of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
@node Instrument names
-@subsubsection Instrument names
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names
@cindex instrument names
@cindex instrument names, short
In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
side of the staves.
-This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
+This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName}
+and @code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print text
-before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
-@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName} is
-used for the following staves.
+@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print
+text before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
+@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName}
+is used for the following staves.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,relative=1,fragment]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "Plk "
c1
\break
-c''
+c''1
@end lilypond
You can also use markup texts to construct more complicated
instrument names, for example
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
\column { "Clarinetti"
\line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
-c''1
+c1
@end lilypond
@cindex instrument names, centering
-If you wish to center the instrument names, you must center all of
-them individually:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-{ <<
-\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
- \center-align { "Clarinetti"
- \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
- c''1
-}
-\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup{ \center-align { Vibraphone }}
- c''1
-}
->>
-}
-@end lilypond
+As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names are
+better entered using @code{\center-align}:
-For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
-@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
-
-To center instrument names while leaving extra space to the right,
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new StaffGroup \relative
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
<<
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blabla" }
- c1 c1
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
+ Clarinetti
+ \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+ }
+ c1
}
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName =
- \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blo" }
- c1 c1
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
+ c1
}
>>
@end lilypond
+For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
+@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
+
+Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the
+first one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is
+given by the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout}
+block.
+
To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
engraver must be added to that context.
Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece,
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "First"
\set Staff.shortInstrumentName = "one"
c1 c c c \break
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{InstrumentName},
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}, @internalsref{Staff}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{InstrumentName},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{Staff}.
@node Quoting other voices
-@subsubsection Quoting other voices
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Quoting other voices
@cindex cues
@cindex quoting other voices
\addQuote @var{name} @var{music}
@end example
-
@noindent
Here, @var{name} is an identifying string. The @var{music} is any
kind of music. Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}
\addQuote clarinet @{ \clarinet @}
@end example
-
After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done
with @code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},
target instruments, if they are specified using the
@code{\transposition} command.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\addQuote clarinet \relative c' {
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
+\addQuote clarinet
+{
\transposition bes
f4 fis g gis
}
{
- e'8 f'8 \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
+ e8 f8 \quoteDuring #"clarinet" { s2 }
}
@end lilypond
will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
dynamics.
-@refbugs
+
+@seealso
+
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{QuoteMusic},
+@rinternals{Voice}.
+
+
+@knownissues
Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
In earlier versions of LilyPond (pre 2.11), @code{addQuote} was
written entirely in lower-case letters: @code{\addquote}.
-@seealso
-
-Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{QuoteMusic}, @internalsref{Voice}.
-
@node Formatting cue notes
-@subsubsection Formatting cue notes
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Formatting cue notes
@cindex cues
@cindex cue notes
@end example
This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
-@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens
-simultaneously with @var{music}, which usually is a rest. When
-the cue notes start, the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a
-moment. The argument @var{updown} determines whether the cue
-notes should be notated as a first or second voice.
-
+@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens simultaneously with
+@var{music}, which usually is a rest. When the cue notes start,
+the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a moment. The argument
+@var{updown} determines whether the cue notes should be notated as
+a first or second voice.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim]
smaller = {
\set fontSize = #-2
\override Stem #'length-fraction = #0.8
\override Beam #'length-fraction = #0.8
}
-\addQuote clarinet \relative {
+\addQuote clarinet
+\relative c' {
R1*20
r2 r8 c' f f
}
-\new Staff \relative <<
+\new Staff \relative c' <<
% setup a context for cue notes.
\new Voice = "cue" { \smaller \skip 1*21 }
>>
@end lilypond
-
Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:
@itemize
example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within a contra bassoon
part).
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
picc = \relative c''' {
\clef "treble^8"
R1 |
}
<<
- \context Staff = "picc" \picc
- \context Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
+ \new Staff = "picc" \picc
+ \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+@seealso
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Voice}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Voice}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff