version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.38"
+
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
@cindex staff, single
@cindex drum staff
@cindex percussion staff
-@cindex Gregorian transciption staff
+@cindex Gregorian transcription staff
@cindex rhythmic staff
@cindex tabstaff
@cindex tablature
-The lines of a staff (pl. staves) are produced by the @code{staff symbol}
-layout object. Staves are created with the @code{\new} or
+Staves (sg. staff) are created with the @code{\new} or
@code{\context} commands. For an explanation on these commands,
see @ref{Creating contexts}.
-There are different predefined staff contexts available in Lilypond:
+There are different predefined staff contexts available in LilyPond:
@itemize
@item
The default is @code{Staff}:
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \new Staff { c d e f }
-}
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new Staff { c d e f }
@end lilypond
@item
@code{DrumStaff} creates a five line staff set up for a typical drum set.
It uses different names for each instrument. The instrument names have to
be set using the @code{drummode}. See @ref{Percussion staves}.
+
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
\new DrumStaff {
\drummode { cymc hh ss tomh }
}
@end lilypond
+@c FIXME: remove when mentioned in NR 2.8
@item
@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} sets up a staff to notate modern
Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c d e f }
-}
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c d e f }
@end lilypond
@item
@code{RhythmicStaff} can be used to show the rhythm of some music. The
notes are printed on one line regardless of their pitch, but the duration
is preserved. See @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \new RhythmicStaff { c d e f }
-}
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new RhythmicStaff { c d e f }
@end lilypond
@item
-@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tabulature with six strings in
-standard guitar tuning. See @ref{Tablatures basic}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- \new TabStaff { c d e f }
-}
+@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tablature with six strings in
+standard guitar tuning. See @ref{Guitar tablatures}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new TabStaff { c d e f }
@end lilypond
@end itemize
Music Glossary: @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion staves},
-@ref{Tablatures basic}, @ref{Gregorian Chant contexts}, and
+@ref{Guitar tablatures}, @ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
@ref{Mensural contexts}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Staff}, @internalsref{DrumStaff},
-@internalsref{GregorianTranscriptionStaff}, @internalsref{RhythmicStaff},
-@internalsref{TabStaff}, @internalsref{MensuralStaff},
-@internalsref{VaticanaStaff}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{DrumStaff},
+@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff}, @rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
+@rinternals{TabStaff}, @rinternals{MensuralStaff},
+@rinternals{VaticanaStaff}, @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single staves
together. These contexts influence in the first place the appearance
of the system start delimiter, but they have also influence on the
-behaviour of the bar lines.
-
-Each staff group context sets the property
-@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
-@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace},
-and @code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
-@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
-instantiated manually. The usage of this last delimiter is shown further
-down in the snippet section.
-
+behavior of the bar lines.
@itemize
@item
If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
-bar lines are not connected.
+bar lines are not connected. The name of the beginning bar line
+grob is @code{SystemStartBar}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c'' <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+<<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
>>
In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through
all the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new StaffGroup {
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
- >>
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new StaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+>>
@end lilypond
@item
In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is
started with a bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new ChoirStaff {
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
- >>
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new ChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+>>
@end lilypond
@item
In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new GrandStaff {
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
- >>
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new GrandStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+>>
@end lilypond
@item
The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but is
-optimized for setting piano music.
+optimized for setting piano music. In particular it supports the printing
+of an instrument name directly, see @ref{Instrument names}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new PianoStaff {
- \relative c'' <<
- \new Staff { c1 c }
- \new Staff { c c }
- >>
-}
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new PianoStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+>>
@end lilypond
@end itemize
+Each staff group context sets the property
+@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
+@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace},
+and @code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
+@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
+instantiated manually. The usage of this last delimiter is shown further
+down in the snippet section.
+
According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists of
staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of the system.
In LilyPond this is produced grouping the @code{Staff} contexts with
@snippets
-@c FIXME: not yet in master
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
-@c {use-sqare-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system.ly}
@cindex mensurstriche layout
@cindex transcription of mensural music
@cindex mensural music, transcription of
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
-
+@c FIXME: move to NR 2.8.x when sectioning is ready
@seealso
Music Glossary: @rglos{brace},
-@rglos{bracket}.
+@rglos{bracket}, @rglos{grand staff}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChoirStaff},
-@internalsref{GrandStaff}, @internalsref{StaffGroup},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBar}, @internalsref{SystemStartBrace},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBracket}, and @internalsref{systemStartSquare}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{ChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{GrandStaff}, @rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup}, @rinternals{systemStartDelimiter},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar}, @rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket}, @rinternals{systemStartSquare}.
@node Deeper nested staff groups
including inner staff groups, though.
Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings and nesting
-of these groupings. Note that the instrument names are omited from the
-source code, see @ref{Instrument names} how to set them.
+of these groupings. Note that the instrument names are omitted from the
+source code, for instructions how to set them see @ref{Instrument names}.
@cindex staff, nested
@cindex staves, nested
@snippets
-@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{nesting-staves.ly}
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{SystemStartBar},
-@internalsref{SystemStartBrace}, @internalsref{SystemStartBracket},
-@internalsref{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{InnerChoirStaffGroup},
+@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup}, @rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace}, @rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
@node Modifying single staves
@subsection Modifying single staves
+This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
+staff like the staff lines, starting and stopping of staves, sizing
+of staves, and setting ossia sections.
+
@menu
* Staff symbol::
* Ossia staves::
@cindex adjusting staff symbol
@cindex drawing staff symbol
+@cindex staff symbol, setting of
@cindex stop staff lines
@cindex start staff lines
@cindex staff lines, amount of
+@cindex staff lines, number of
@cindex staff line, thickness of
@cindex amount of staff lines
@cindex thickness of staff lines
+@cindex ledger lines, setting
+@cindex setting of ledger lines
+@cindex spacing of ledger lines
+@cindex number of staff lines
The layout object which draws the lines of a staff is called
-@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in the number,
-thickness and distance of lines, using properties. This is
-demonstrated in the example files
-@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff.ly} and
-@c @lsr{staff,changing-the-staff-size.ly}.
+@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in number,
+thickness and distance of lines, using properties. It may also
+be started and stopped at every point in the score.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Changing the number of staff lines is done by overriding
+@code{line-count}. You may need to adjust the clef position
+and the position of the middle C to fit to the new staff. For
+an explanation, see the snippet section in @ref{Displaying pitches}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff {
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
-In addition, staves may be started and stopped at will. This is
-done with @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}.
+@item
+The placement and amount of the staff lines can also set totally
+manually by defining their positions explicitly. The middle
+of the staff has the value of 0, each half staff space up and down
+adds an integer. The default values are 4 2 0 -2 -4. Bar lines
+are drawn according to the calculated width of the system, but
+they are always centered. As the
+example shows, the positions of the notes are not influenced
+by the position of the staff lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' line-positions = #' ( 7 3 0 -4 -6 -7 )
+ }{
+ a e' f' b' d''
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The staff line thickness can be set by overriding the @code{thickness}
+property. Note that it gets applied also to ledger lines and stems,
+since they depend on the staff line thickness. The argument of
+@code{thickness} is a factor of @code{line-thickness} which defaults
+to the normal staff line thickness.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #3
+ }{
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The thickness of the ledger lines can also be set independent of the
+settings for staff lines. The setting is calculated from a pair of
+values which will be added for the final thickness. The first value
+is the staff line thickness multiplied by a factor, the second is
+the staff space multiplied by a factor. In the example the ledger
+lines get their thickness from one staff line thickness plus 1/5
+staff space, so they are heavier than a normal staff line.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' ledger-line-thickness = #' ( 1 . 0.2 ) }
+ {
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The distance of the stafflines can be changed with the
+@code{staff-space} property. Its argument is the amount
+of staff spaces that should be inserted between the lines.
+The default value is 1. Setting the distance has
+influence on the staff lines as well as on ledger lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' staff-space = #1.5
+ }{
+ a b c' d'
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The length of the staff line can also be adjusted
+manually. The unit is one staff space. Spacing
+of the objects inside the staff does not get influenced
+by this setting.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' width = #23
+ }{
+ a e' f' b' d''
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@end itemize
+
+These properties can only be set before instantiating the staff symbol.
+But it is possible to start and stop staves in the middle of a score,
+so each new setting will be applied to the newly instantiated staff.
@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
b4 b
+%Set here the overrides for the staff
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = 2
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
+%Revert to the default
\revert Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
@end lilypond
+
+@predefined
+
+@code{\stopStaff}, @code{\startStaff}
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+
+@seealso
+
+Glossary: @rglos{line}, @rglos{ledger line}, @rglos{staff}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are
+always drawn centered on the position 0, so the
+maximum distance of the bar lines in either direction
+must be equal.
+
@node Ossia staves
@subsubsection Ossia staves
-@cindex staves, Frenched
+@cindex staff, Frenched
@cindex ossia
@cindex Frenched staves
+@cindex staff, resizing of
+@cindex resizing of staves
+
+Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+ \new Staff \with {
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
+ }
+ {
+ \clef bass
+ c8 c c c c c c c
+ }
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and
+the font size by the factor 3. You find a more precise explanation
+in @ref{Setting the staff size}.
-In combination with Frenched staves, this may be used to typeset
-@emph{ossia} sections. An example is shown here
+The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
+to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets. The @emph{ossia}
+staff is stopped and started explicitely and white space is inserted
+with the @code{\skip} command.
-@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
<<
\new Staff \with
{
+ %No time signature in the ossia staff
\remove "Time_signature_engraver"
- fontSize = #-2
- \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -2)
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
firstClef = ##f
}
\relative c'' {
\startStaff
f8 d g4
}
- \new Staff \relative
- {
+ \new Staff \relative c'' {
\time 2/4
c4 c g' g a a g2
}
-
>>
@end lilypond
-@cindex staff lines, setting number of
-@cindex staff lines, setting thickness of
-@cindex thickness of staff lines, setting
-@cindex number of staff lines, setting
@snippets
Music Glossary: @rglos{ossia}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{Frenched staff}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{StaffSymbol},
-@internalsref{DrumStaff}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@node Hiding staves
@subsubsection Hiding staves
@cindex Frenched scores
-@cindex staves, hiding
-@cindex staves, empty
+@cindex staff, hiding
+@cindex staff, empty
+@cindex hiding of staves
+@cindex empty staves
+@cindex Frenched staves
In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French
-Score}. For @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames} and
-@code{FiguredBass}, this is switched on by default. When
+Score}. For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
+@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default. When
the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
process, they are removed.
-For normal staves, a specialized @code{Staff} context is
-available, which does the same: staves containing nothing (or only
-multi-measure rests) are removed. The context definition is
-stored in @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} variable. Observe how
-the second staff in this example disappears in the second line
+For normal staves this behaviour is called
+with the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command. It is set
+in the @code{\layout} block. As a result staves containing
+nothing or whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\layout {
\context { \RemoveEmptyStaffContext }
}
-
-{
- \relative c' <<
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
\new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
\new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
- >>
+ >>
}
@end lilypond
-The first system shows all staves in full. If empty staves should
-be removed from the first system too, set @code{remove-first} to
-true in @code{VerticalAxisGroup}.
-
-@example
-\override Score.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
-@end example
To remove other types of contexts, use
@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
-piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See @ref{Staff
-symbol}.
+piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See @ref{Ossia staves}.
You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\score {
- \context Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
+ \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
\layout{
\context {
\Staff
}
@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
+setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property. This can be done
+globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside the
+specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case,
+you have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
+current staff) in front of the property.
+
+The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed,
+because the setting applies only to the specific staff inside
+of which it is written.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
+ %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ }
+}
+\new StaffGroup
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff {
+ %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
+ \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ R1 \break R1 }
+ >>
+\new StaffGroup
+ <<
+ \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff { R \break R1 }
+ >>
+@end lilypond
+
+@c FIXME not yet in master
+@c lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {remove-the-first-empy-line.ly}
+
+@predefined
+
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext},
+
@seealso
Notation Reference: @ref{Staff symbol}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{ChordNames},
-@internalsref{FiguredBass}, @internalsref{Lyrics},
-@internalsref{Staff}, @internalsref{VerticalAxisGroup}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{ChordNames},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass}, @rinternals{Lyrics},
+@rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts
@end lilypond
@noindent
-For more details, see @ref{Text markup}.
+For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
@seealso
Music Glossary: @rglos{metronome}, @rglos{metronomic indication},
@rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome mark}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Text markup}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Formatting text}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
output}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{InstrumentName},
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}, @internalsref{Staff}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{InstrumentName},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff}, @rinternals{Staff}.
@node Quoting other voices
Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{QuoteMusic}, @internalsref{Voice}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{QuoteMusic}, @rinternals{Voice}.
@node Formatting cue notes
}
<<
- \context Staff = "picc" \picc
- \context Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
+ \new Staff = "picc" \picc
+ \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
>>
@end lilypond
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Staff,Staff-notation}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Voice}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Voice}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff