@c -*- coding: utf-8; mode: texinfo; -*-
+@ignore
+ Translation of GIT committish: FILL-IN-HEAD-COMMITTISH
+
+ When revising a translation, copy the HEAD committish of the
+ version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
+@end ignore
+
+@c \version "2.11.38"
@node Staff notation
@section Staff notation
-staff = singular, staves = plural
+@lilypondfile[quote]{staff-headword.ly}
+
+
+This section explains how to influence the staff appearance,
+print scores with more than one staff, and
+how to apply specific performance marks to single staves.
@menu
* Displaying staves::
+* Modifying single staves::
* Writing parts::
@end menu
@node Displaying staves
@subsection Displaying staves
+This section shows the different possibilities to create and group
+staves into groups, which can be marked in the beginning of each
+line with either a bracket or a brace.
+
@menu
-* System start delimiters::
-* Staff symbol::
-* Hiding staves::
+* Instantiating new staves::
+* Grouping staves::
+* Deeper nested staff groups::
@end menu
-@node System start delimiters
-@unnumberedsubsubsec System start delimiters
+@node Instantiating new staves
+@subsubsection Instantiating new staves
+
+@cindex new staff
+@cindex staff initiation
+@cindex staff instantiation
+@cindex staff, new
+@cindex staff, single
+@cindex drum staff
+@cindex percussion staff
+@cindex Gregorian transcription staff
+@cindex rhythmic staff
+@cindex tabstaff
+@cindex tablature
+
+Staves (sg. staff) are created with the @code{\new} or
+@code{\context} commands. For an explanation on these commands,
+see @ref{Creating contexts}.
+
+There are different predefined staff contexts available in LilyPond:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+The default is @code{Staff}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new Staff { c d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{DrumStaff} creates a five line staff set up for a typical drum set.
+It uses different names for each instrument. The instrument names have to
+be set using the @code{drummode}. See @ref{Percussion staves}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \drummode { cymc hh ss tomh }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@c FIXME: remove when mentioned in NR 2.8
+@item
+@code{GregorianTranscriptionStaff} sets up a staff to notate modern
+Gregorian chant. It does not show bar lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new GregorianTranscriptionStaff { c d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{RhythmicStaff} can be used to show the rhythm of some music. The
+notes are printed on one line regardless of their pitch, but the duration
+is preserved. See @ref{Showing melody rhythms}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new RhythmicStaff { c d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+@code{TabStaff} creates by default a tablature with six strings in
+standard guitar tuning. See @ref{Guitar tablatures}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new TabStaff { c d e f }
+@end lilypond
+
+@end itemize
+
+@noindent
+Besides these staves there are two staff contexts specific for the notation
+of ancient music: @code{MensuralStaff} and @code{VaticanaStaff}. They are
+described in @ref{Pre-defined contexts}.
+
+Once a staff is instantiated it can be started or stopped at every point
+in the score. This is done with the commands @code{\startStaff} and
+@code{\stopStaff}. How to use it is explained in @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{staff}, @rglos{staves}.
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Guitar tablatures}, @ref{Gregorian chant contexts},
+@ref{Mensural contexts}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{DrumStaff},
+@rinternals{GregorianTranscriptionStaff}, @rinternals{RhythmicStaff},
+@rinternals{TabStaff}, @rinternals{MensuralStaff},
+@rinternals{VaticanaStaff}, @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
+
+
+
+@node Grouping staves
+@subsubsection Grouping staves
@cindex start of system
-@cindex Staff, multiple
+@cindex staff, multiple
+@cindex staves, multiple
+@cindex system start delimiters
@cindex bracket, vertical
@cindex brace, vertical
@cindex grand staff
+@cindex piano staff
@cindex staff group
@cindex staff, choir
+@cindex choir staff
+@cindex system
-Many scores consist of more than one staff. These staves can be
-joined in four different ways
+LilyPond provides different types of contexts to group single staves
+together. These contexts influence in the first place the appearance
+of the system start delimiter, but they have also influence on the
+behavior of the bar lines.
-@itemize @bullet
-@item The group is started with a brace at the left, and bar lines are
-connected. This is done with the @internalsref{GrandStaff} context.
+@itemize
+@item
+If no context is specified, the default properties for the score
+will be used: the group is started with a vertical line, and the
+bar lines are not connected. The name of the beginning bar line
+grob is @code{SystemStartBar}.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new GrandStaff
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+<<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item The group is started with a bracket, and bar lines are connected.
-This is done with the
-@internalsref{StaffGroup} context
+@item
+In a @code{StaffGroup}, the bar lines will be drawn through
+all the staves, and the group is started with a bracket.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new StaffGroup
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new StaffGroup <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item The group is started with a bracket, but bar lines are not
-connected. This is done with the @internalsref{ChoirStaff} context.
+@item
+In a @code{ChoirStaff}, the group is
+started with a bracket, but bar lines are not connected.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\new ChoirStaff
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new ChoirStaff <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
-@item The group is started with a vertical line. Bar lines are not
-connected. This is the default for the score.
+@item
+In a @code{GrandStaff}, the group is started with a brace
+at the left, and bar lines are connected between the staves.
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative <<
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new GrandStaff <<
+ \new Staff { c1 c }
+ \new Staff { c c }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The @code{PianoStaff} behaves almost as the @code{GrandStaff} but is
+optimized for setting piano music. In particular it supports the printing
+of an instrument name directly, see @ref{Instrument names}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote,fragment,relative=2]
+\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff { c1 c }
\new Staff { c c }
>>
@end lilypond
+
@end itemize
+Each staff group context sets the property
+@code{systemStartDelimiter} to one of the values
+@code{SystemStartBar}, @code{SystemStartBrace},
+and @code{SystemStartBracket}. A fourth delimiter,
+@code{systemStartSquare}, is also available, but must be
+instantiated manually. The usage of this last delimiter is shown further
+down in the snippet section.
+
+According to classic engraver rules an orchestral score consists of
+staves connected only with a single line at the beginning of the system.
+In LilyPond this is produced grouping the @code{Staff} contexts with
+@code{<< ... >>}.
+
+Each instrument family is grouped inside of a @code{StaffGroup} with a
+starting bracket. A group of same instruments or an instrument using
+more than one staff is grouped with braces in a @code{GrandStaff}.
+
+As the context names tell, @code{PianoStaff} is used for notating
+piano music and @code{ChoirStaff} for all kind of vocal ensemble music.
+
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{use-square-bracket-at-the-start-of-a-staff-group.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{display-bracket-with-only-one-staff-in-a-system.ly}
+
+@cindex mensurstriche layout
+@cindex renaissance music
+@cindex transcription of mensural music
+@cindex mensural music, transcription of
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{mensurstriche-layout-bar-lines-between-the-staves.ly}
+@c FIXME: move to NR 2.8.x when sectioning is ready
@seealso
-The bar lines at the start of each system are
-@internalsref{SystemStartBar}, @internalsref{SystemStartBrace}, and
-@internalsref{SystemStartBracket}. Only one of these types is created
-in every context, and that type is determined by the property
-@code{systemStartDelimiter}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{brace},
+@rglos{bracket}, @rglos{grand staff}.
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-@commonprop
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{ChoirStaff},
+@rinternals{GrandStaff}, @rinternals{PianoStaff},
+@rinternals{StaffGroup}, @rinternals{systemStartDelimiter},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBar}, @rinternals{SystemStartBrace},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBracket}, @rinternals{systemStartSquare}.
-System start delimiters may be deeply nested,
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\new StaffGroup
-\relative <<
- \set StaffGroup.systemStartDelimiterHierarchy
- = #'(SystemStartSquare (SystemStartBracket a (SystemStartSquare b)) d)
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
- \new Staff { c1 }
->>
+@node Deeper nested staff groups
+@subsubsection Deeper nested staff groups
+
+There are also two inner staff contexts named @code{InnerStaffGroup}
+and @code{InnerChoirStaffGroup} besides the grouping contexts mentioned
+in @ref{Grouping staves}. They behave in the same way as their simple
+counterparts, except that they are contained in another staff grouping
+context, thus producing one more bracket on top of the existing one.
+Note that @code{GrandStaff} and @code{PianoStaff} do not have any inner
+grouping contexts. They can both be inside any other staff context,
+including inner staff groups, though.
+
+Here is an example of an orchestral score using groupings and nesting
+of these groupings. Note that the instrument names are omitted from the
+source code, for instructions how to set them see @ref{Instrument names}.
+
+@cindex staff, nested
+@cindex staves, nested
+@cindex nesting of staves
+@cindex system start delimiters, nested
+@cindex nested staff brackets
+@cindex brackets, nesting of
+@cindex braces, nesting of
+@cindex inner staff group
+@cindex inner choir staff group
+
+
+@example
+\score @{ <<
+ \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c'1 d' @} %flute
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %sax
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %oboe
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %English horn
+ >>
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @} %bassoon
+ >>
+ \new StaffGroup %the brass group
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @} %trumpet
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @} %trombone
+ \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ \new Staff @{ \clef bass c d @}
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ >>
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ >>
+ \new PianoStaff %for the piano
+ <<
+ \new Staff @{ c' d' @}
+ \new Staff @{\clef bass c d @}
+ >>
+>> @}
+@end example
+
+@c no verbatim so instrument names are only in the music
+@lilypond[ragged-right,quote]
+\score { <<
+ \new StaffGroup %woodwinds
+ <<
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "fl" c'1 d' } %flute
+ \new InnerStaffGroup <<
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "sax" c' d' } %sax 1
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ob" c' d' } %sax 2
+ \new Staff { \set Staff.instrumentName = "ca" c' d' }
+ >>
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "bs" \clef bass c d } %bassoon
+ >>
+ \new StaffGroup %the brass group
+ <<
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "tr" c' d' } %trumpet
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "tb" \clef bass c d } %trombone
+ \new GrandStaff %the horns need a GrandStaff (same instrument)
+ <<
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "cor1" c' d' }
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "cor2" \clef bass c d }
+ >>
+ >>
+ \new ChoirStaff %for setting vocal music
+ <<
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "S" c' d' }
+ \new InnerChoirStaff <<
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "A1" c' d' }
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "A2" c' d' }
+ >>
+ \new Staff {\set Staff.instrumentName = "T" c' d' }
+ >>
+ \new PianoStaff %for the piano
+ <<
+ \new Staff { c' d' }
+ \new Staff {\clef bass c d }
+ >>
+>> }
@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{nesting-staves.ly}
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{InnerChoirStaffGroup},
+@rinternals{InnerStaffGroup}, @rinternals{SystemStartBar},
+@rinternals{SystemStartBrace}, @rinternals{SystemStartBracket},
+@rinternals{systemStartDelimiterHierarchy}.
+
+
+
+@node Modifying single staves
+@subsection Modifying single staves
+
+This section explains how to change specific attributes of one
+staff like the staff lines, starting and stopping of staves, sizing
+of staves, and setting ossia sections.
+
+@menu
+* Staff symbol::
+* Ossia staves::
+* Hiding staves::
+@end menu
+
@node Staff symbol
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff symbol
+@subsubsection Staff symbol
@cindex adjusting staff symbol
+@cindex drawing staff symbol
+@cindex staff symbol, setting of
+@cindex stop staff lines
+@cindex start staff lines
+@cindex staff lines, amount of
+@cindex staff lines, number of
+@cindex staff line, thickness of
+@cindex amount of staff lines
+@cindex thickness of staff lines
+@cindex ledger lines, setting
+@cindex setting of ledger lines
+@cindex spacing of ledger lines
+@cindex number of staff lines
+
+The layout object which draws the lines of a staff is called
+@code{staff symbol}. The staff symbol may be tuned in number,
+thickness and distance of lines, using properties. It may also
+be started and stopped at every point in the score.
+
+@itemize
+@item
+Changing the number of staff lines is done by overriding
+@code{line-count}. You may need to adjust the clef position
+and the position of the middle C to fit to the new staff. For
+an explanation, see the snippet section in @ref{Displaying pitches}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff {
+ \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = #3
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The placement and amount of the staff lines can also set totally
+manually by defining their positions explicitly. The middle
+of the staff has the value of 0, each half staff space up and down
+adds an integer. The default values are 4 2 0 -2 -4. Bar lines
+are drawn according to the calculated width of the system, but
+they are always centered. As the
+example shows, the positions of the notes are not influenced
+by the position of the staff lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' line-positions = #' ( 7 3 0 -4 -6 -7 )
+ }{
+ a e' f' b' d''
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The staff line thickness can be set by overriding the @code{thickness}
+property. Note that it gets applied also to ledger lines and stems,
+since they depend on the staff line thickness. The argument of
+@code{thickness} is a factor of @code{line-thickness} which defaults
+to the normal staff line thickness.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = #3
+ }{
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The thickness of the ledger lines can also be set independent of the
+settings for staff lines. The setting is calculated from a pair of
+values which will be added for the final thickness. The first value
+is the staff line thickness multiplied by a factor, the second is
+the staff space multiplied by a factor. In the example the ledger
+lines get their thickness from one staff line thickness plus 1/5
+staff space, so they are heavier than a normal staff line.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' ledger-line-thickness = #' ( 1 . 0.2 ) }
+ {
+ d d d d
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+The distance of the stafflines can be changed with the
+@code{staff-space} property. Its argument is the amount
+of staff spaces that should be inserted between the lines.
+The default value is 1. Setting the distance has
+influence on the staff lines as well as on ledger lines.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' staff-space = #1.5
+ }{
+ a b c' d'
+}
+@end lilypond
-Notes, dynamic signs, etc., are grouped
-with a set of horizontal lines, called a staff (plural @q{staves}). In
-LilyPond, these lines are drawn using a separate layout object called
-@code{staff symbol}.
+@item
+The length of the staff line can also be adjusted
+manually. The unit is one staff space. Spacing
+of the objects inside the staff does not get influenced
+by this setting.
-The staff symbol may be tuned in the number, thickness and distance
-of lines, using properties. This is demonstrated in the example files
-@lsr{staff,changing-the-number-of-lines-in-a-staff.ly} and
-@lsr{staff,changing-the-staff-size.ly}.
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\new Staff \with {
+ \override StaffSymbol #' width = #23
+ }{
+ a e' f' b' d''
+}
+@end lilypond
-In addition, staves may be started and stopped at will. This is done
-with @code{\startStaff} and @code{\stopStaff}.
+@end itemize
+
+These properties can only be set before instantiating the staff symbol.
+But it is possible to start and stop staves in the middle of a score,
+so each new setting will be applied to the newly instantiated staff.
@lilypond[verbatim,relative=2,fragment]
b4 b
+%Set here the overrides for the staff
\override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count = 2
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
+%Revert to the default
\revert Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-count
\stopStaff \startStaff
b b
@end lilypond
+
+@predefined
+
+@code{\stopStaff}, @code{\startStaff}
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+
+@seealso
+
+Glossary: @rglos{line}, @rglos{ledger line}, @rglos{staff}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
-In combination with Frenched staves, this may be used to typeset ossia
-sections. An example is shown here
+@knownissues
+When setting staff lines manually, bar lines are
+always drawn centered on the position 0, so the
+maximum distance of the bar lines in either direction
+must be equal.
+
+
+@node Ossia staves
+@subsubsection Ossia staves
+
+@cindex staff, Frenched
@cindex ossia
+@cindex Frenched staves
+@cindex staff, resizing of
+@cindex resizing of staves
+
+Tweaking the staff object allows to resize the staff:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+ \new Staff \with {
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
+ }
+ {
+ \clef bass
+ c8 c c c c c c c
+ }
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+This involves shrinking the staff spaces, the staff lines and
+the font size by the factor 3. You find a more precise explanation
+in @ref{Setting the staff size}.
+
+The @emph{ossia} section in the next example are just put parallel
+to the main staff with @code{<<} and @code{>>} brackets. The @emph{ossia}
+staff is stopped and started explicitely and white space is inserted
+with the @code{\skip} command.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+<<
+ \new Staff \with
+ {
+ %No time signature in the ossia staff
+ \remove "Time_signature_engraver"
+ fontSize = #-3
+ \override StaffSymbol #'staff-space = #(magstep -3)
+ \override StaffSymbol #'thickness = # (magstep -3)
+ firstClef = ##f
+ }
+ \relative c'' {
+ \stopStaff
+ \skip 2
+
+ \startStaff
+ \clef treble
+ bes8[^"ossia" g bes g]
+ \stopStaff
+
+ s2
+
+ \startStaff
+ f8 d g4
+ }
+ \new Staff \relative c'' {
+ \time 2/4
+ c4 c g' g a a g2
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
-@lilypondfile{ossia.ly}
+@snippets
-@cindex staff lines, setting number of
-@cindex staff lines, setting thickness of
-@cindex thickness of staff lines, setting
-@cindex number of staff lines, setting
+@c lilypondfile{Making-some-staff-lines-thicker-than-the-others.ly}
+@c snippet 277
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{StaffSymbol}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{ossia}, @rglos{staff}, @rglos{Frenched staff}.
-Examples: @lsrdir{staff}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{StaffSymbol}.
@node Hiding staves
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Hiding staves
+@subsubsection Hiding staves
@cindex Frenched scores
-@cindex Hiding staves
+@cindex staff, hiding
+@cindex staff, empty
+@cindex hiding of staves
+@cindex empty staves
+@cindex Frenched staves
In orchestral scores, staff lines that only have rests are usually
-removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French Score}.
-For @internalsref{Lyrics},
-@internalsref{ChordNames} and @internalsref{FiguredBass}, this is
-switched on by default. When the lines of these contexts turn out
-empty after the line-breaking process, they are removed.
-
-For normal staves, a specialized @internalsref{Staff} context is
-available, which does the same: staves containing nothing (or only
-multi-measure rests) are removed. The context definition is stored in
-@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} variable. Observe how the second staff
-in this example disappears in the second line
+removed; this saves some space. This style is called @q{French
+Score}. For the @code{Lyrics}, @code{ChordNames}, and
+@code{FiguredBass} contexts, this is switched on by default. When
+the lines of these contexts turn out empty after the line-breaking
+process, they are removed.
+
+For normal staves this behaviour is called
+with the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} command. It is set
+in the @code{\layout} block. As a result staves containing
+nothing or whole mesure rests are removed after a line break.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\layout {
\context { \RemoveEmptyStaffContext }
}
-
-{
- \relative c' <<
+\relative c'' {
+ <<
\new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
\new Staff { c4 d e f \break R1 }
- >>
+ >>
}
@end lilypond
-The first system shows all staves in full. If empty staves should be
-removed from the first system too, set @code{remove-first} to true in
-@internalsref{VerticalAxisGroup}.
-@example
-\override Score.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
-@end example
+To remove other types of contexts, use
+@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext} or
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
+
+@cindex ossia
+
+Another application of the @code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext} is to
+make ossia sections, i.e., alternative melodies on a separate
+piece of staff, with help of a Frenched staff. See @ref{Ossia staves}.
+
+You can make the staff lines invisible by removing the
+@code{Staff_symbol_engraver} from the @code{Staff} context.
+
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\score {
+ \new Staff \relative c'' { c8 c c16 c c c }
+ \layout{
+ \context {
+ \Staff
+ \remove Staff_symbol_engraver
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@snippets
-To remove other types of contexts, use @code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext}
-or @code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext}.
+The first empty staff can also be removed from the score with a
+setting in the @code{VerticalAxisGroup} property. This can be done
+globally inside the @code{\layout} block, or locally inside the
+specific staff that should be removed. In the latter case,
+you have to specify the context (@code{Staff} applies only to the
+current staff) in front of the property.
+
+The lower staff of the second staff group is not removed,
+because the setting applies only to the specific staff inside
+of which it is written.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+\layout {
+ \context {
+ \RemoveEmptyStaffContext
+ %To use the setting globally, uncomment the following line:
+ %\override VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ }
+}
+\new StaffGroup
+ \relative c'' <<
+ \new Staff {
+ e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff {
+ %To use the setting globally, comment this line, uncomment the line above
+ \override Staff.VerticalAxisGroup #'remove-first = ##t
+ R1 \break R1 }
+ >>
+\new StaffGroup
+ <<
+ \new Staff { e4 f g a \break c1 }
+ \new Staff { R \break R1 }
+ >>
+@end lilypond
-Another application is making ossia sections, i.e., alternative
-melodies on a separate piece of staff, with help of a Frenched
-staff.
+@c FIXME not yet in master
+@c lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {remove-the-first-empy-line.ly}
+@predefined
+@code{\RemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@code{\AncientRemoveEmptyStaffContext},
+@code{\RemoveEmptyRhythmicStaffContext},
+
+@seealso
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{ChordNames},
+@rinternals{FiguredBass}, @rinternals{Lyrics},
+@rinternals{Staff}, @rinternals{VerticalAxisGroup}.
@node Writing parts
@subsection Writing parts
@end menu
@node Metronome marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Metronome marks
+@subsubsection Metronome marks
@cindex Tempo
@cindex beats per minute
@cindex metronome marking
Metronome settings can be entered as follows
+
@example
\tempo @var{duration} = @var{per-minute}
@end example
-In the MIDI output, they are interpreted as a tempo change. In the
-layout output, a metronome marking is printed
+In the MIDI output, they are interpreted as a tempo change. In
+the layout output, a metronome marking is printed
+
@funindex \tempo
+
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\tempo 8.=120 c''1
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
-To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything, make
-the metronome marking invisible
-@example
-\once \override Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t
-@end example
+To change the tempo in the MIDI output without printing anything,
+make the metronome marking invisible @example \once \override
+Score.MetronomeMark #'transparent = ##t @end example
To print other metronome markings, use these markup commands
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,relative,fragment]
@end lilypond
@noindent
-See @ref{Text markup}, for more details.
+For more details, see @ref{Formatting text}.
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{MetronomeMark}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{metronome}, @rglos{metronomic indication},
+@rglos{tempo indication}, @rglos{metronome mark}.
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Formatting text}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{MetronomeMark}, @ref{MIDI
+output}.
-@refbugs
-Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line of
-the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then the
-metronome marking may be printed on top of musical symbols. If this
-occurs, increase the padding of the metronome mark to place it
-further away from the staff.
+@knownissues
+
+Collisions are not checked. If you have notes above the top line
+of the staff (or notes with articulations, slurs, text, etc), then
+the metronome marking may be printed on top of musical symbols.
+If this occurs, increase the padding of the metronome mark to
+place it further away from the staff.
@example
\override Score.MetronomeMark #'padding = #2.5
@end example
+@c perhaps also an example of how to move it horizontally?
+
@node Instrument names
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument names
+@subsubsection Instrument names
+
+@cindex instrument names
+@cindex instrument names, short
-In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left side
-of the staves.
+In an orchestral score, instrument names are printed at the left
+side of the staves.
-This can be achieved by setting @internalsref{Staff}.@code{instrumentName}
-and @internalsref{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
-@internalsref{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will
-print text before
-the start of the staff. For the first staff, @code{instrumentName} is
-used, for the following ones, @code{shortInstrumentName} is used.
+This can be achieved by setting @code{Staff}.@code{instrumentName} and
+@code{Staff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}, or
+@code{PianoStaff}.@code{instrumentName} and
+@code{PianoStaff}.@code{shortInstrumentName}. This will print text
+before the start of the staff. For the first staff,
+@code{instrumentName} is used. If set, @code{shortInstrumentName} is
+used for the following staves.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right,relative=1,fragment]
\set Staff.instrumentName = "Ploink "
c''
@end lilypond
-You can also use markup texts to construct more complicated instrument
-names, for example
+You can also use markup texts to construct more complicated
+instrument names, for example
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim,ragged-right]
\set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
c''1
@end lilypond
-If you wish to center the instrument names, you must center all of them
+@cindex instrument names, centering
+
+As instrument names are centered by default, multi line names
+are better entered using @code{\center-align}:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
{ <<
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup {
- \center-align { "Clarinetti"
- \line { "in B" \smaller \flat } } }
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup \center-align {
+ Clarinetti
+ \line { "in B" \smaller \flat }
+ }
c''1
}
\new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup{ \center-align { Vibraphone }}
+ \set Staff.instrumentName = "Vibraphone"
c''1
}
>>
For longer instrument names, it may be useful to increase the
@code{indent} setting in the @code{\layout} block.
-To center instrument names while leaving extra space to the right,
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new StaffGroup \relative
-<<
- \new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blabla" }
- c1 c1
- }
- \new Staff {
- \set Staff.instrumentName = \markup { \hcenter-in #10 "blo" }
- c1 c1
- }
->>
-@end lilypond
+Short instrument names, printed before the systems following the first
+one, are also centered by default, in a space which width is given by
+the @code{short-indent} variable of the @code{\layout} block.
-To add instrument names to other contexts (such as @code{GrandStaff},
-@code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the engraver must
-be added to that context.
+To add instrument names to other contexts (such as
+@code{GrandStaff}, @code{ChoirStaff}, or @code{StaffGroup}), the
+engraver must be added to that context.
@example
\layout@{
@end example
@noindent
-More information about adding and removing engravers can
-be found in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+More information about adding and removing engravers can be found
+in @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+
+@cindex instrument names, changing
Instrument names may be changed in the middle of a piece,
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{InstrumentName}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{InstrumentName},
+@rinternals{PianoStaff}, @rinternals{Staff}.
@node Quoting other voices
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Quoting other voices
+@subsubsection Quoting other voices
@cindex cues
+@cindex quoting other voices
+@cindex fragments
+@cindex cue notes
-With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a part
-directly. Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked especially as
-quotable. This is done with the @code{\addQuote} command.
+With quotations, fragments of other parts can be inserted into a
+part directly. Before a part can be quoted, it must be marked
+especially as quotable. This is done with the @code{\addQuote}
+command.
@example
\addQuote @var{name} @var{music}
@noindent
-Here, @var{name} is an identifying string. The @var{music} is any kind
-of music. Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}
+Here, @var{name} is an identifying string. The @var{music} is any
+kind of music. Here is an example of @code{\addQuote}
@example
\addQuote clarinet \relative c' @{
@end example
This command must be entered at toplevel, i.e., outside any music
-blocks.
+blocks. Typically, one would use an already defined music event
+as the @var{music}:
+
+@example
+clarinet = \relative c' @{
+ f4 fis g gis
+@}
+\addQuote clarinet @{ \clarinet @}
+@end example
-After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done with
-@code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},
+
+After calling @code{\addQuote}, the quotation may then be done
+with @code{\quoteDuring} or @code{\cueDuring},
@example
\quoteDuring #@var{name} @var{music}
@end example
-During a part, a piece of music can be quoted with the @code{\quoteDuring}
-command.
+During a part, a piece of music can be quoted with the
+@code{\quoteDuring} command.
@example
\quoteDuring #"clarinet" @{ s2. @}
@end example
-This would cite three quarter notes (the duration of @code{s2.}) of
-the previously added @code{clarinet} voice.
-
+This would cite three quarter notes (the duration of @code{s2.})
+of the previously added @code{clarinet} voice.
More precisely, it takes the current time-step of the part being
printed, and extracts the notes at the corresponding point of the
-@code{\addQuote}d voice. Therefore, the argument to @code{\addQuote}
-should be the entire part of the voice to be quoted, including any
-rests at the beginning.
+@code{\addQuote}d voice. Therefore, the argument to
+@code{\addQuote} should be the entire part of the voice to be
+quoted, including any rests at the beginning.
+
+It is possible to use another music expression instead of
+@code{s}, thus creating a polyphonic section, but this may not
+always give the desired result.
-Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and target
-instruments, if they are specified using the @code{\transposition} command.
+Quotations take into account the transposition of both source and
+target instruments, if they are specified using the
+@code{\transposition} command.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\addQuote clarinet \relative c' {
}
@end lilypond
-The type of events that are present in cue notes can be trimmed with
-the @code{quotedEventTypes} property. The default value is
-@code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only notes and
-rests of the cued voice end up in the @code{\quoteDuring}.
-Setting
+The type of events that are present in the quoted music can be
+trimmed with the @code{quotedEventTypes} property. The default
+value is @code{(note-event rest-event)}, which means that only
+notes and rests of the quoted voice end up in the
+@code{\quoteDuring}. Setting
@example
\set Staff.quotedEventTypes =
@end example
@noindent
-will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and dynamics.
+will quote notes (but no rests), together with scripts and
+dynamics.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
-Only the contents of the first @internalsref{Voice} occurring in an
+Only the contents of the first @code{Voice} occurring in an
@code{\addQuote} command will be considered for quotation, so
@var{music} can not contain @code{\new} and @code{\context Voice}
statements that would switch to a different Voice.
-Quoting grace notes is broken and can even cause LilyPond to crash.
+Quoting grace notes is broken and can even cause LilyPond to
+crash.
Quoting nested triplets may result in poor notation.
+In earlier versions of LilyPond (pre 2.11), @code{addQuote} was
+written entirely in lower-case letters: @code{\addquote}.
@seealso
-In this manual: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Instrument transpositions}.
-Examples: @lsr{parts,quote.ly}, @lsr{parts,quote-transportation.ly}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-Program reference: @internalsref{QuoteMusic}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{QuoteMusic}, @rinternals{Voice}.
@node Formatting cue notes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Formatting cue notes
+@subsubsection Formatting cue notes
+@cindex cues
+@cindex cue notes
+@cindex cue notes, formatting
+@cindex fragments
+@cindex quoting other voices
@cindex cues, formatting
-The previous section deals with inserting notes from another voice.
-There is a more advanced music function called @code{\cueDuring},
-which makes formatting cue notes easier.
+The previous section deals with inserting notes from another
+voice. There is a more advanced music function called
+@code{\cueDuring}, which makes formatting cue notes easier.
The syntax is
@end example
This will insert notes from the part @var{name} into a
-@internalsref{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens simultaneously
-with @var{music}, which usually is a rest. When the cue notes start,
-the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a moment. The argument
-@var{updown} determines whether the cue notes should be notated as a
-first or second voice.
+@code{Voice} called @code{cue}. This happens
+simultaneously with @var{music}, which usually is a rest. When
+the cue notes start, the staff in effect becomes polyphonic for a
+moment. The argument @var{updown} determines whether the cue
+notes should be notated as a first or second voice.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right]
@end lilypond
-Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes
+Here are a couple of hints for successful cue notes:
-@itemize @bullet
+@itemize
@item
Cue notes have smaller font sizes.
-@item
- the cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
-@item
- when the original part takes over again, this should be marked with
- the name of the original instrument.
-
-@c really? Are you sure about that last point? I'll check after 3.0 -gp
-@c Yes, this is good practice. Otherwise, the start of the original
-@c part can only be seen from the font size. This is not good enough
-@c for sight-reading. It is possilbe to use other
-@c markers (e.g. a big close-bracket over the staff) to indicate the cue
-@c notes are
-@c finished.
-@c -hwn
+@item
+The cued part is marked with the instrument playing the cue.
+@item
+When the original part takes over again, this should be marked
+with the name of the original instrument.
+@item
Any other changes introduced by the cued part should also be
-undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different clef,
-the original clef should be stated once again.
+undone. For example, if the cued instrument plays in a different
+clef, the original clef should be stated once again.
@end itemize
-The macro @code{\transposedCueDuring} is
-useful to add cues to instruments which use a completely different
-octave range (for example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within
-a contra bassoon part).
+The macro @code{\transposedCueDuring} is useful to add cues to
+instruments which use a completely different octave range (for
+example, having a cue of a piccolo flute within a contra bassoon
+part).
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
picc = \relative c''' {
}
<<
- \context Staff = "picc" \picc
- \context Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
+ \new Staff = "picc" \picc
+ \new Staff = "cbsn" \cbsn
>>
@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Staff notation}.
-
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{Voice}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff