@menu
* Paper and pages::
* Music layout::
+* Displaying spacing::
* Breaks::
* Vertical spacing::
* Horizontal spacing::
-* Displaying spacing::
-* Vertical collision avoidance::
@end menu
@end table
@end quotation
+
+@commonprop
+
+The header and footer are created by the functions make-footer and
+make-header, defined in \paper. The default implementations are in
+ly/paper-defaults.ly and ly/titling-init.ly.
+
+The page layout itself is done by two functions in the \paper block,
+page-music-height and page-make-stencil. The former tells the
+line-breaking algorithm how much space can be spent on a page, the
+latter creates the actual page given the system to put on it.
+
+You can define paper block values in Scheme. In that case mm, in, pt,
+and cm are variables defined in paper-defaults.ly with values in
+millimeters. That is why the value 2 cm must be multiplied in the
+example
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ #(define bottom-margin (* 2 cm))
+@}
+@end example
+
+
Example:
@example
@}
@end example
+This second example centers page numbers at the bottom of every page.
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ print-page-number = ##t
+ print-first-page-number = ##t
+ oddHeaderMarkup = \markup \fill-line @{ " " @}
+ evenHeaderMarkup = \markup \fill-line @{ " " @}
+ oddFooterMarkup = \markup @{ \fill-line @{
+ \bold \fontsize #3 \on-the-fly #print-page-number-check-first
+ \fromproperty #'page:page-number-string @} @}
+ evenFooterMarkup = \markup @{ \fill-line @{
+ \bold \fontsize #3 \on-the-fly #print-page-number-check-first
+ \fromproperty #'page:page-number-string @} @}
+@}
+@end example
+
You can also define these values in Scheme. In that case @code{mm},
@code{in}, @code{pt}, and @code{cm} are variables defined in
@file{paper-defaults.ly} with values in millimeters. That is why the
@seealso
-This manual: @ref{Changing context default settings}
+This manual: @ref{Changing context default settings}.
+
+
+@node Displaying spacing
+@section Displaying spacing
+
+@funindex annotate-spacing
+@cindex Spacing, display of properties
+
+To graphically display the dimensions of vertical properties that may
+be altered for page formatting, set @code{annotate-spacing} in the
+@code{\paper} block, like this
+
+
+@lilypond[verbatim]
+#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
+
+\book {
+ \score { { c4 } }
+ \paper { annotate-spacing = ##t }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@c need to have \book{} otherwise we get the separate systems. -hwn
+
+@noindent
+@c FIXME: really bad vagueness due to bug in annotate-spacing. -gp
+Some unit dimensions are measured in staff spaces, while others
+are measured in millimeters.
+The pairs
+(@var{a},@var{b}) are intervals, where @var{a} is the lower edge and
+@var{b} the upper edge of the interval.
@node Breaks
* Vertical spacing between systems::
* Explicit staff and system positioning::
* Two-pass vertical spacing::
+* Vertical collision avoidance::
@end menu
of the distance between adjacent staff lines. Positive values move staves
and lyrics up, negative values move staves and lyrics down.
-@c FIXME: delete, I think. Checking. -gp
-@c @i tem The subproperty @code{fixed-alignment-extra-space} of
-@c @c ode{line-break-system-details} is currently used to add extra space
-@c between the vertically fixed staves of a @code{PianoStaff}. This
-@c subproperty will disappear during the 2.11.x development series of releases.
-
@item Because the @code{NonMusicalPaperColumn #'line-break-system-details}
settings given here allow the positioning of staves and systems anywhere
on the page, it is possible to violate paper or margin boundaries or even
@end enumerate
The @code{ragged-bottom} property adds space between systems, while
-the two-pass technique adds space between staffs inside a system.
+the two-pass technique adds space between staves inside a system.
To allow this behaviour, a @code{tweak-key} variable has to be set in
each score @code{\layout} block, and the tweaks included in each score
lilypond <file>.ly
@end example
+
+@node Vertical collision avoidance
+@subsection Vertical collision avoidance
+
+@funindex outside-staff-priority
+@funindex outside-staff-padding
+@funindex outside-staff-horizontal-padding
+
+Intuitively, there are some objects in musical notation that belong
+to the staff and there are other objects that should be placed outside
+the staff. Objects belonging outside the staff include things such as
+rehearsal marks, text and dynamic markings (from now on, these will
+be called outside-staff objects). LilyPond's rule for the
+vertical placement of outside-staff objects is to place them as close
+to the staff as possible but not so close that they collide with
+another object.
+
+LilyPond uses the @code{outside-staff-priority} property to determine
+whether a grob is an outside-staff object: if @code{outside-staff-priority}
+is a number, the grob is an outside-staff object. In addition,
+@code{outside-staff-priority} tells LilyPond in which order the objects
+should be placed.
+
+First, LilyPond places all the objects that do not belong outside
+the staff. Then it sorts the outside-staff objects according to their
+@code{outside-staff-priority} (in increasing order). One by one, LilyPond
+takes the outside-staff objects and places them so that they do
+not collide with any objects that have already been placed. That
+is, if two outside-staff grobs are competing for the same space, the one
+with the lower @code{outside-staff-priority} will be placed closer to
+the staff.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
+c4_"Text"\pp
+r2.
+\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = #1
+c4_"Text"\pp % this time the text will be closer to the staff
+r2.
+% by setting outside-staff-priority to a non-number, we
+% disable the automatic collision avoidance
+\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
+\once \override DynamicLineSpanner #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
+c4_"Text"\pp % now they will collide
+@end lilypond
+
+The vertical padding between an outside-staff object and the
+previously-positioned grobs can be controlled with
+@code{outside-staff-padding}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
+\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #0
+a'^"This text is placed very close to the note"
+\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #3
+c^"This text is padded away from the previous text"
+c^"This text is placed close to the previous text"
+@end lilypond
+
+By default, outside-staff objects are placed without regard to
+their horizontal distance from the previously-posititioned grobs. This
+can lead to situations in which objects are placed very close to each
+other horizontally. Setting @code{outside-staff-horizontal-padding}
+causes an object to be offset vertically so that such a situation
+doesn't occur.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
+% the markup is too close to the following note
+c2^"Text"
+c''2
+% setting outside-staff-horizontal-padding fixes this
+R1
+\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-horizontal-padding = #1
+c,,2^"Text"
+c''2
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
@node Horizontal spacing
@section Horizontal Spacing
* New spacing area::
* Changing horizontal spacing::
* Line length::
+* Proportional notation::
@end menu
@end example
-@node Displaying spacing
-@section Displaying spacing
+@node Proportional notation
+@subsection Proportional notation
-@funindex annotate-spacing
-@cindex Spacing, display of properties
+LilyPond supports proportional notation, a type of horizontal spacing
+in which each note consumes an amount of horizontal space exactly
+equivalent to its rhythmic duration. This type of proportional spacing
+is comparable to horizontal spacing on top of graph paper. Some late
+20th- and early 21st-century scores use proportional notation to
+clarify complex rhythmic relationships or to faciliate the placement
+of timelines or other graphics directly in the score.
-To graphically display the dimensions of vertical properties that may
-be altered for page formatting, set @code{annotate-spacing} in the
-@code{\paper} block, like this
+LilyPond supports five different settings for proportional notation,
+which may be used together or alone:
+@itemize
+@item @code{proportionalNotationDuration}
+@item @code{uniform-stretching}
+@item @code{strict-note-spacing}
+@item @code{\remove Separating_line_group_engraver}
+@item @code{\override PaperColumn #'used = ##t}
+@end itemize
-@lilypond[verbatim]
-#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
+In the examples that follow, we explore these five different
+proportional notation settings and examine how these settings interact.
-\book {
- \score { { c4 } }
- \paper { annotate-spacing = ##t }
-}
+We start with the following one-measure example, which uses classical
+spacing with ragged-right turned on.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+>>
@end lilypond
-@c need to have \book{} otherwise we get the separate systems. -hwn
+Notice that the half note which begins the measure takes up far less
+than half of the horizontal space of the measure. Likewise, the
+sixteenth notes and sixteenth-note quintuplets (or twentieth notes)
+which end the measure together take up far more than half the
+horizontal space of the measure.
-@noindent
-@c FIXME: really bad vagueness due to bug in annotate-spacing. -gp
-Some unit dimensions are measured in staff spaces, while others
-are measured in millimeters.
-The pairs
-(@var{a},@var{b}) are intervals, where @var{a} is the lower edge and
-@var{b} the upper edge of the interval.
+In classical engraving, this spacing may be exactly what we want
+because we can borrow horizontal space from the half note and conserve
+horizontal space across the measure as a whole.
+On the other hand, if we want to insert a measured timeline or other
+graphic above or below our score, we need proportional notation. We
+turn proportional notation on with the proportionalNotationDuration
+setting.
-@node Vertical collision avoidance
-@section Vertical collision avoidance
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
-@funindex outside-staff-priority
-@funindex outside-staff-padding
-@funindex outside-staff-horizontal-padding
+The half note at the beginning of the measure and the faster notes in
+the second half of the measure now occupy equal amounts of horizontal
+space. We could place a measured timeline or graphic above or below
+this example.
+
+The @code{proportionalNotationDuration} setting is a context setting that
+lives in @context{Score}. Recall that context settings appear in one of
+three locations in our input file -- in a @code{\with} block, in a
+@code{\context} block, or directly in music entry
+preceeded by the @code{\set} command. As with all
+context settings, users can pick which of the three different
+locations they would like to set @code{proportionalNotationDuration}.
+
+The @code{proportionalNotationDuration} setting takes a single argument,
+which is the reference duration against which all music will be
+spaced. The LilyPond Scheme function make-moment takes two arguments
+-- a numerator and denominator which together express some fraction of
+a whole note. The call @code{#(ly:make-moment 1 20)} therefore produces a
+reference duration of a twentieth note. The values
+@code{#(ly:make-moment 1 16)}, @code{#(ly:make-moment 1 8)}, and
+@code{#(ly:make-moment 3 97)} are all possible as well.
+
+How do we select the right reference duration to pass to
+@code{proportionalNotationDuration}? Usually by a process of trial and error,
+beginning with a duration close to the fastest (or smallest) duration
+in the piece. Smaller reference durations space music loosely; larger
+reference durations space music tightly.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 8)
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+>>
-Intuitively, there are some objects in musical notation that belong
-to the staff and there are other objects that should be placed outside
-the staff. Objects belonging outside the staff include things such as
-rehearsal marks, text and dynamic markings (from now on, these will
-be called outside-staff objects). LilyPond's rule for the
-vertical placement of outside-staff objects is to place them as close
-to the staff as possible but not so close that they collide with
-another object.
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+>>
-LilyPond uses the @code{outside-staff-priority} property to determine
-whether a grob is an outside-staff object: if @code{outside-staff-priority}
-is a number, the grob is an outside-staff object. In addition,
-@code{outside-staff-priority} tells LilyPond in which order the objects
-should be placed.
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
-First, LilyPond places all the objects that do not belong outside
-the staff. Then it sorts the outside-staff objects according to their
-@code{outside-staff-priority} (in increasing order). One by one, LilyPond
-takes the outside-staff objects and places them so that they do
-not collide with any objects that have already been placed. That
-is, if two outside-staff grobs are competing for the same space, the one
-with the lower @code{outside-staff-priority} will be placed closer to
-the staff.
+Note that too large a reference duration -- such as the eighth note,
+above -- spaces music too tightly and can cause notehead collisions.
+Note also that proportional notation in general takes up more
+horizontal space that does classical spacing. Proportional spacing
+provides rhythmic clarity at the expense of horizontal space.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
-c4_"Text"\pp
-r2.
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = #1
-c4_"Text"\pp % this time the text will be closer to the staff
-r2.
-% by setting outside-staff-priority to a non-number, we
-% disable the automatic collision avoidance
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
-\once \override DynamicLineSpanner #'outside-staff-priority = ##f
-c4_"Text"\pp % now they will collide
+Next we examine how to optimally space overlapping tuplets.
+
+We start by examining what happens to our original example, with
+classical spacing, when we add a second staff with a different type of
+tuplet.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ \times 8/9 {
+ c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
+ }
+ }
+>>
@end lilypond
-The vertical padding between an outside-staff object and the
-previously-positioned grobs can be controlled with
-@code{outside-staff-padding}.
+The spacing is bad because the evenly notes of the bottom staff do not
+stretch uniformly. Classical engraving includes very few complex
+triplets and so classical engraving rules can generate this type of
+result. Setting @code{proportionalNotationDuration} remedies this
+situation considerably.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #0
-a'^"This text is placed very close to the note"
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-padding = #3
-c^"This text is padded away from the previous text"
-c^"This text is placed close to the previous text"
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ \times 8/9 {
+ c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
+ }
+ }
+>>
@end lilypond
-By default, outside-staff objects are placed without regard to
-their horizontal distance from the previously-posititioned grobs. This
-can lead to situations in which objects are placed very close to each
-other horizontally. Setting @code{outside-staff-horizontal-padding}
-causes an object to be offset vertically so that such a situation
-doesn't occur.
+But if we look very carefully we can see that notes of the second half
+of the 9-tuplet space ever so slightly more widely than do the notes
+of the first half of the 9-tuplet. To ensure uniform stretching, we
+turn on @code{uniform-stretching}, which is a property of
+@code{SpacingSpanner}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,relative=2,fragment,verbatim]
-% the markup is too close to the following note
-c2^"Text"
-c''2
-% setting outside-staff-horizontal-padding fixes this
-R1
-\once \override TextScript #'outside-staff-horizontal-padding = #1
-c,,2^"Text"
-c''2
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Score \with {
+ proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 20)
+ \override SpacingSpanner #'uniform-stretching = ##t
+} <<
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ c'2
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ \times 4/5 {
+ c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16 c'16
+ }
+ }
+ \new RhythmicStaff {
+ \times 8/9 {
+ c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8 c'8
+ }
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Our two-staff example now spaces exactly, our rhythmic relationships
+are visually clear, and we can include a measured timeline or graphic
+if we want.
+
+The @code{SpacingSpanner} is an abstract grob that lives in the
+@context{Score} context. As with our settings of
+@code{proportionalNotationDuration},
+overrides to the @code{SpacingSpanner} can occur in any of three different
+places in our input file -- in the Score @code{\with} block, in a
+Score @code{\context} block, or in note entry directly.
+
+There is by default only one @code{SpacingSpanner} per @code{Score}. This
+means that, by default, @code{uniform-stretching} is either turned on for the
+entire score or turned off for the entire score. We can, however,
+override this behavior and turn on different spacing features at
+different places in the score. We do this with the command
+@code{\newSpacingSection}. See @ref{New spacing area}, for more info.
+
+Next we examine the effects of the @code{Separating_line_group_engraver} and
+see why proportional scores frequently remove this engraver. The following
+example shows that there is a small amount of @qq{preferatory} space
+just before the first note in each system.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\paper {
+ indent = #0
+}
+
+\new Staff {
+ c'1
+ \break
+ c'1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+The amount of this preferatory space is the same whether after a time
+signature, a key signature or a clef. @code{Separating_line_group_engraver}
+is responsible for this space. Removing @code{Separating_line_group_engraver}
+reduces this space to zero.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\paper {
+ indent = #0
+}
+
+\new Staff \with {
+ \remove Separating_line_group_engraver
+} {
+ c'1
+ \break
+ c'1
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Nonmusical elements like time signatures, key signatures, clefs and
+accidentals are problemmatic in proportional notation. None of these
+elements has rhythmic duration. But all of these elements consume
+horizontal space. Different proportional scores approach these
+problems differently.
+
+It may be possible to avoid spacing problems with key signatures
+simply by not having any. This is a valid option since most
+proportional scores are contemporary music. The same may be true
+of time signatures, especially for those scores
+that include a measured timeline or other graphic. But these scores
+are exceptional and most proportional scores include at least some
+time signatures. Clefs and accidentals are even more essential.
+
+So what strategies exist for spacing nonmusical elements in a
+proportional context? One good option is the @code{strict-note-spacing}
+property of @code{SpacingSpanner}. Compare the two scores below:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Staff {
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
+ c''8
+ c''8
+ c''8
+ \clef alto
+ d'8
+ d'2
+}
+
+\new Staff {
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 16)
+ \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-note-spacing = ##t
+ c''8
+ c''8
+ c''8
+ \clef alto
+ d'8
+ d'2
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Both scores are proportional, but the spacing in the first score is
+too loose because of the clef change. The spacing of the second score
+remains strict, however, because @code{strict-note-spacing} is turned
+on. Turning on @code{strict-note-spacing} causes the width of time
+signatures, key signatures and clefs to play no part in the spacing
+algorithm. Accidentals are a different matter, however. By default, all
+accidentals consume a little extra space, as the following pair of
+scores shows.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Staff {
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+}
+
+\new Staff {
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
+ c'16
+ cis'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+}
@end lilypond
+
+Both scores are proportional but the second score exhibits spacing
+irregularities due to accidentals. Turning on @code{strict-note-spacing}
+does not work for accidentals. Instead,
+we override the @code{X-extent} of all accidentals to zero and then move the
+accidentals to the left of the notes they modify.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Staff {
+ \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
+ \override Accidental #'X-extent = #'(0 . 0)
+ \override Accidental #'extra-offset = #'(-1 . 0)
+ c'16
+ cis'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+ c'16
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+In addition to the settings given here, there are other settings that
+frequently appear in proportional scores. These include:
+
+@itemize
+@item @code{\override SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t}
+@item @code{tupletFullLength = ##t}
+@item @code{\override Beam #'breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\override Glissando #'breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\override TextSpanner #'breakable = ##t}
+@item @code{\remove Forbid_line_break_engraver in the Voice context}
+@end itemize
+
+These settings space grace notes strictly, extend tuplet brackets to
+mark both rhythmic start- and stop-points, and allow spanning elements
+to break across systems and pages. See the respective parts of the manual
+for these related settings.
+
+
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff