* Breaks::
* Vertical spacing::
* Horizontal spacing::
+* Page layout MOVED FROM LM::
@end menu
@code{\paper} block, like this
+@c need to have \book{} otherwise we get the separate systems. -hwn
@lilypond[verbatim]
#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
}
@end lilypond
-@c need to have \book{} otherwise we get the separate systems. -hwn
+@c TODO: really bad vagueness due to bug in annotate-spacing. -gp
@noindent
-@c FIXME: really bad vagueness due to bug in annotate-spacing. -gp
Some unit dimensions are measured in staff spaces, while others
are measured in millimeters.
The pairs
* Page breaking::
* Optimal page breaking::
* Optimal page turning::
-* Minimal page breaking::
+* Minimal page breaking::
* Explicit breaks::
* Using an extra voice for breaks::
@end menu
automatically. This allows vertical alignments to be stretched to
fit pages in a second formatting run. This is fairly new and
complicated. More details are available in
-@lsrdir{spacing}
+@c @lsrdir{spacing}
@refbugs
the absence of notes. This is so that single-staff polyphony with rests in one
of the parts does not throw off the @code{Page_turn_engraver}). When it finds
a sufficiently long section without notes, the @code{Page_turn_engraver} will
-insert an @code{\allowPageTurn} at the final barline in that section, unless
-there is a @q{special} barline (such as a double bar), in which case the
-@code{\allowPageTurn} will be inserted at the final @q{special} barline in
+insert an @code{\allowPageTurn} at the final bar line in that section, unless
+there is a @q{special} bar line (such as a double bar), in which case the
+@code{\allowPageTurn} will be inserted at the final @q{special} bar line in
the section.
@funindex minimumPageTurnLength
system is reevaluated in order to fill the page more evenly; if a page
has space left over, systems are stretched in order to fill that space.
The amount of stretching can be configured though the @code{max-stretch}
-property of the @internalsref{VerticalAlignment} grob. To disable this
-stretching entirely, set @code{max-stretch} to zero.
+property of the @internalsref{VerticalAlignment} grob. By default,
+@code{max-stretch} is set to zero, disabling stretching. To enable
+stretching, a sane value for @code{max-stretch}
+is @code{ly:align-interface::calc-max-stretch}.
In some situations, you may want to stretch most of a system while
leaving some parts fixed. For example, if a piano part occurs in the
ragged-last-bottom = ##f
}
-\score {
+\new Score \with
+{
+ \override VerticalAlignment #'max-stretch = #ly:align-interface::calc-max-stretch
+}
+{
\new GrandStaff
<<
\new StaffGroup
specifying the vertical extent are described in connection with
the @internalsref{Axis_group_engraver}.
-Example files: @lsr{spacing,page-spacing.ly},
-@lsr{spacing,alignment-vertical-spacing.ly}.
+Example files: @c @lsr{spacing,page-spacing.ly},
+@c @lsr{spacing,alignment-vertical-spacing.ly}.
@node Vertical spacing between systems
c^"This text is placed close to the previous text"
@end lilypond
+TODO: this example doesn't work any more ?
+
By default, outside-staff objects are placed without regard to
their horizontal distance from the previously-posititioned grobs. This
can lead to situations in which objects are placed very close to each
this example.
The @code{proportionalNotationDuration} setting is a context setting that
-lives in @context{Score}. Recall that context settings appear in one of
+lives in @code{Score}. Recall that context settings appear in one of
three locations in our input file -- in a @code{\with} block, in a
@code{\context} block, or directly in music entry
preceeded by the @code{\set} command. As with all
@end lilypond
Note that too large a reference duration -- such as the eighth note,
-above -- spaces music too tightly and can cause notehead collisions.
+above -- spaces music too tightly and can cause note head collisions.
Note also that proportional notation in general takes up more
horizontal space that does classical spacing. Proportional spacing
provides rhythmic clarity at the expense of horizontal space.
>>
@end lilypond
-Our two-staff example now spaces exactly, our rhythmic relationships
-are visually clear, and we can include a measured timeline or graphic
-if we want.
+Our two-staff example now spaces exactly, our rhythmic
+relationships are visually clear, and we can include a measured
+timeline or graphic if we want.
+
+Note that the LilyPond's proportional notation package expects
+that all proportional scores set the SpacingSpanner's
+'uniform-stretching attribute to ##t. Setting
+proportionalNotationDuration without also setting the
+SpacingSpanner's 'uniform-stretching attribute to ##t will, for
+example, cause Skips to consume an incorrect amount of horizontal
+space.
-The @code{SpacingSpanner} is an abstract grob that lives in the
-@context{Score} context. As with our settings of
-@code{proportionalNotationDuration},
-overrides to the @code{SpacingSpanner} can occur in any of three different
-places in our input file -- in the Score @code{\with} block, in a
-Score @code{\context} block, or in note entry directly.
+The SpacingSpanner is an abstract grob that lives in the Score
+context. As with our settings of proportionalNotationDuration,
+overrides to the SpacingSpanner can occur in any of three
+different places in our input file – in the Score \with block, in
+a Score \context block, or in note entry directly.
There is by default only one @code{SpacingSpanner} per @code{Score}. This
means that, by default, @code{uniform-stretching} is either turned on for the
}
@end lilypond
-Both scores are proportional, but the spacing in the first score is
-too loose because of the clef change. The spacing of the second score
-remains strict, however, because @code{strict-note-spacing} is turned
-on. Turning on @code{strict-note-spacing} causes the width of time
-signatures, key signatures and clefs to play no part in the spacing
-algorithm. Accidentals are a different matter, however. By default, all
-accidentals consume a little extra space, as the following pair of
-scores shows.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Staff {
- \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
-}
-
-\new Staff {
- \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
- c'16
- cis'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Both scores are proportional but the second score exhibits spacing
-irregularities due to accidentals. Turning on @code{strict-note-spacing}
-does not work for accidentals. Instead,
-we override the @code{X-extent} of all accidentals to zero and then move the
-accidentals to the left of the notes they modify.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Staff {
- \set Score.proportionalNotationDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 32)
- \override Accidental #'X-extent = #'(0 . 0)
- \override Accidental #'extra-offset = #'(-1 . 0)
- c'16
- cis'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
- c'16
-}
-@end lilypond
+Both scores are proportional, but the spacing in the first score
+is too loose because of the clef change. The spacing of the second
+score remains strict, however, because strict-note-spacing is
+turned on. Turning on strict-note-spacing causes the width of
+time signatures, key signatures, clefs and accidentals to play no
+part in the spacing algorithm.
-In addition to the settings given here, there are other settings that
-frequently appear in proportional scores. These include:
+In addition to the settings given here, there are other settings
+that frequently appear in proportional scores. These include:
@itemize
@item @code{\override SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t}
for these related settings.
+
+@node Page layout MOVED FROM LM
+@section Page layout MOVED FROM LM
+
+@menu
+* Introduction to layout::
+* Global sizes::
+* Line breaks::
+* Page breaks::
+* Fitting music onto fewer pages::
+@end menu
+
+@node Introduction to layout
+@subsection Introduction to layout
+
+The global paper layout is determined by three factors:
+the page layout, the line breaks, and the spacing. These all
+influence each other. The choice of spacing determines how
+densely each system of music is set. This influences where line
+breaks are chosen, and thus ultimately, how many pages a piece
+of music takes.
+
+Settings which influence layout may be placed in two blocks.
+The @code{\paper @{...@}} block is placed outside any
+@code{\score @{...@}} blocks and contains settings that
+relate to the entire document. The @code{\layout @{...@}}
+block is placed within a @code{\score @{...@}} block and
+contains settings for that particular score. If you have
+only one @code{\score @{...@}} block the two have the same
+effect. In general the commands shown in this section can
+be placed in either.
+
+Much more detail on the options for tweaking the laying out
+of music are contained in @ruser{Spacing issues}.
+
+@node Global sizes
+@subsection Global sizes
+
+TODO Check all these examples
+
+The default @strong{paper size} which LilyPond assumes in laying
+out the music is A4. This may be changed in two ways:
+
+@example
+#(set-default-paper-size "a6")
+
+\paper @{
+#(set-paper-size "letter")
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The first command sets the size of all pages. The second command
+sets the size of the pages to which the \paper block applies -- if
+the \paper block is at the top of the file, then it will apply
+to all pages. Support for the following paper sizes is available:
+a6, a5, a4, a3, legal, letter, 11x17 (also known as tabloid).
+Setting the paper size automatically sets suitable margins and
+line length.
+
+If the symbol @code{landscape} is supplied as an argument to
+@code{set-default-paper-size}, the pages will be rotated by 90
+degrees, and wider line widths will be set correspondingly, e.g.
+
+@example
+#(set-default-paper-size "a6" 'landscape)
+@end example
+
+The default @strong{staff size} is set to 20 points.
+This may be changed in two ways:
+
+@example
+#(set-global-staff-size 14)
+
+\paper @{
+#(set-global-staff-size 16)
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+The first command sets the size in all pages. The second command
+sets the size in the pages to which the \paper block applies -\96 if
+the \paper block is at the top of the file, then it will apply
+to all pages. All the fonts are automatically scaled to suit
+the new value of the staff size.
+
+@node Line breaks
+@subsection Line breaks
+
+Line breaks are normally determined automatically. They are chosen
+so that lines look neither cramped nor loose, and consecutive
+lines have similar density. Occasionally you might want to
+override the automatic breaks; you can do this by specifying
+@code{\break}. This will force a line break at this point. However,
+line breaks can only occur at the end of @q{complete} bars, i.e.,
+where there are no notes or tuplets left @q{hanging} over the bar
+line. If you want to have a line break where there is no bar line,
+you can force an invisible bar line by entering @code{\bar ""},
+although again there must be no notes left hanging over in any of
+the staves at this point, or it will be ignored.
+
+The opposite command, @code{\noBreak}, forbids a line break at the
+bar line where it is inserted.
+
+The most basic settings influencing line spacing are @code{indent}
+and @code{line-width}. They are set in the @code{\layout} block.
+They control the indentation of the first line of music, and the
+lengths of the lines.
+
+If @code{ragged-right} is set to true in the @code{\layout} block,
+then systems end at their natural horizontal length, instead of
+being spread horizontally to fill the whole line. This is useful
+for short fragments, and for checking how tight the natural
+spacing is.
+
+The option @code{ragged-last} is similar to @code{ragged-right},
+but affects only the last line of the piece.
+
+@example
+\layout @{
+indent = #0
+line-width = #150
+ragged-last = ##t
+@}
+@end example
+
+@node Page breaks
+@subsection Page breaks
+
+The default page breaking may be overriden by inserting
+@code{\pageBreak} or @code{\noPageBreak} commands.
+These commands are analogous to the @code{\break} and
+@code{\noBreak} commands discused above and force or forbid
+a page-break at the point where they are inserted.
+Of course, the @code{\pageBreak} command also forces a line break.
+Like @code{\break}, the @code{\pageBreak} command is effective only
+at the end of a @q{complete} bar as defined above. For more
+details see @ruser{Page breaking} and following sections.
+
+There are also analogous settings to @code{ragged-right} and
+@code{ragged-last} which have the same effect on vertical spacing:
+@code{ragged-bottom} and @code{ragged-last-bottom}. If set to
+@code{##t} the systems on all pages or just the last page
+respectively will not be justified vertically.
+
+For more details see @ruser{Vertical spacing}.
+
+@node Fitting music onto fewer pages
+@subsection Fitting music onto fewer pages
+
+Sometimes you can end up with one or two staves on a second
+(or third, or fourth...) page. This is annoying, especially
+if you look at previous pages and it looks like there is plenty
+of room left on those.
+
+When investigating layout issues, @code{annotate-spacing} is
+an invaluable tool. This command prints the values of various
+layout spacing commands; see @ruser{Displaying spacing}, for more
+details. From the output of @code{annotate-spacing}, we can
+see which margins we may wish to alter.
+
+Other than margins, there are a few other options to save space:
+
+@itemize
+@item
+You may tell LilyPond to place systems as close together as
+possible (to fit as many systems as possible onto a page), but
+then to space those systems out so that there is no blank
+space at the bottom of the page.
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ between-system-padding = #0.1
+ between-system-space = #0.1
+ ragged-last-bottom = ##f
+ ragged-bottom = ##f
+@}
+@end example
+
+@item
+You may force the number of systems (i.e., if LilyPond wants
+to typeset some music with 11 systems, you could force it to
+use 10).
+
+@example
+\paper @{
+ system-count = #10
+@}
+@end example
+
+@item
+Avoid (or reduce) objects which increase the vertical size of
+a system. For example, volta repeats (or alternate repeats)
+require extra space. If these repeats are spread over two
+systems, they will take up more space than one system with
+the volta repeats and another system without.
+
+Another example is moving dynamics which @q{stick out} of
+a system, as in the second bar here:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,fragment,ragged-right,relative=1]
+e4 c g\f c
+\override DynamicText #'extra-offset = #'( -2.2 . 2.0)
+e4 c g\f c
+@end lilypond
+
+@item
+Alter the horizontal spacing via @code{SpacingSpanner}. See
+@ruser{Changing horizontal spacing}, for more details. Here's
+an example first showing the default behaviour:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\score {
+ \relative c'' {
+ g4 e e2 |
+ f4 d d2 |
+ c4 d e f |
+ g4 g g2 |
+ g4 e e2 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+and now with @code{common-shortest-duration} increased from the
+value of @code{1/4} (a quarter note is the most common in this
+example) to @code{1/2}:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+\score {
+ \relative c'' {
+ g4 e e2 |
+ f4 d d2 |
+ c4 d e f |
+ g4 g g2 |
+ g4 e e2 |
+ }
+ \layout {
+ \context {
+ \Score
+ \override SpacingSpanner
+ #'common-shortest-duration = #(ly:make-moment 1 2)
+ }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@noindent
+Note that this override cannot be modified dynamically, so it must
+always be placed in a @code{\context@{..@}} block so that it applies
+to the whole score.
+
+TODO Add description of using \context in this way earlier if it is
+not already anywhere -td
+
+@end itemize
+
+
+
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff