version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.51"
+@c \version "2.12.0"
@node Simultaneous notes
@menu
* Chorded notes::
+* Simultaneous expressions::
* Clusters::
@end menu
@cindex chords
@cindex brackets, angle
+@cindex angle brackets
+@cindex relative pitch in chords
+
@funindex <
@funindex >
@funindex <...>
-A chord is formed by a enclosing a set of pitches between @code{<} and
-@code{>}. A chord may be followed by a duration and/or a set of
-articulations, just like simple notes:
+A chord is formed by enclosing a set of pitches between @code{<}
+and @code{>}. A chord may be followed by a duration and/or a set
+of articulations, just like simple notes:
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
<c e g>2 <c f a>4-> <e g c>-.
@end lilypond
+Relative mode can be used for pitches in chords. The octave of each
+pitch is chosen using the preceding pitch as a reference except in
+the case of the first pitch in a chord: the reference for the first
+pitch is the @emph{first} pitch of the preceding chord.
+
For more information about chords, see @ref{Chord notation}.
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{chord}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Simultaneous notes}.
-@ignore
-@knownissues
-For some reason, music expressions like @code{<< @{ g8 e8 @} a4 >>}
-that should automatically turn into chords, appear split in two
-staves. To avoid this, use explicit chords instead as in
-@code{<g a>8 <e a>8}.
-@end ignore
+@node Simultaneous expressions
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Simultaneous expressions
+
+One or more music expressions enclosed in double angle brackets are
+taken to be simultaneous. If the first expression begins with a
+single note or if the whole simultaneous expression appears
+explicitly within a single voice, the whole expression is placed on
+a single staff; otherwise the elements of the simultaneous
+expression are placed on separate staves.
+
+The following examples show simultaneous expressions on one staff:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\new Voice { % explicit single voice
+ << { a4 b g2 } { d4 g c,2 } >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+% single first note
+a << { a4 b g } { d4 g c, } >>
+@end lilypond
+
+This can be useful if the simultaneous sections have identical
+rhythms, but attempts to attach notes with different durations
+to the same stem will cause errors.
+
+The following example shows how simultaneous expressions can
+generate multiple staves implicitly:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+% no single first note
+<< { a4 b g2 } { d4 g2 c,4 } >>
+@end lilypond
+
+Here different rhythms cause no problems.
@node Clusters
@unnumberedsubsubsec Clusters
@cindex cluster
+@cindex note cluster
+
@funindex \makeClusters
+@funindex makeClusters
-A cluster indicates a continuous range of pitches to be played. They
-can be denoted as the envelope of a set of notes. They are entered by
-applying the function @code{\makeClusters} to a sequence of chords,
-e.g.,
+A cluster indicates a continuous range of pitches to be played.
+They can be denoted as the envelope of a set of notes. They are
+entered by applying the function @code{\makeClusters} to a sequence
+of chords, e.g.,
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
\makeClusters { <g b>2 <c g'> }
even simultaneously. In such a case no attempt is made to
automatically avoid collisions between ordinary notes and clusters.
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{cluster}.
@rinternals{ClusterSpannerBeacon},
@rinternals{Cluster_spanner_engraver}.
+
@knownissues
Clusters look good only if they span at least two chords; otherwise
they appear too narrow.
Clusters do not have a stem and cannot indicate durations by
-themselves. Separate clusters would need a separating rest between
-them.
+themselves, but the length of the printed cluster is determined by
+the durations of the defining chords. Separate clusters need a
+separating rest between them.
+Clusters do not produce MIDI output.
@node Multiple voices
@subsection Multiple voices
@node Single-staff polyphony
@unnumberedsubsubsec Single-staff polyphony
-To typeset parallel pieces of music that have the same rhythm, they
-can be combined into a single @code{Voice} context, thus forming
-chords. To achieve this, enclose them in a simultaneous music
-construction:
+@cindex single-staff polyphony
+@cindex polyphony, single-staff
+@cindex voice
+@cindex lyrics assigned to one voice
-@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
-\new Voice <<
- { e4 f8 d e16 f g8 d4 }
- { c4 d8 b c16 d e8 b4 }
->>
-@end lilypond
-
-This method leads to strange beamings and warnings if the pieces of
-music do not have the same rhythm. To typeset multiple, truly
-independent voices in a single staff, the @code{<<@{...@} \\
-@{...@}>>} construction is used, where the two (or more) voices are
-separated by double backslashes.
+@funindex \voiceOne
+@funindex voiceOne
+@funindex \voiceOne ... \voiceFour
+@funindex Voice
+@funindex \oneVoice
+@funindex oneVoice
-@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
-<<
- { r8 r16 g e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d }
- \\
- { d16 c d8~ d16 b c8~ c16 b c8~ c16 b8. }
->>
-@end lilypond
+@strong{@i{Explicitly instantiating voices}}
-First and third voices get stems up, second and fourth voices get
-stems down, third and fourth voice note heads are horizontally shifted,
-and rests move to avoid collisions. In the following example, the
-intermediate voice has stems up, therefore we enter it in the third
-place, so it becomes voice three which has the stems up as desired.
+The basic structure needed to achieve multiple independent
+voices in a single staff is illustrated in the following example:
@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
-<<
- { r8 g g g g f16 es f8 d }
- \\
- { es,8 r es r d r d r }
- \\
- { d'8 s c s bes s a s }
+\new Staff <<
+ \new Voice = "first"
+ { \voiceOne r8 r16 g e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d }
+ \new Voice= "second"
+ { \voiceTwo d16 c d8~ d16 b c8~ c16 b c8~ c16 b8. }
>>
@end lilypond
-Spacing rests are often used to avoid too many rests, as seen in the
-example above.
+Here, voices are instantiated explicitly and are given names. The
+@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands set up the voices
+so that first and third voices get stems up, second and fourth
+voices get stems down, third and fourth voice note heads are
+horizontally shifted, and rests in the respective voices are
+automatically moved to avoid collisions. The @code{\oneVoice}
+command returns all the voice settings to the neutral default
+directions.
-Each music expression in the @code{<<@{...@} \\ @{...@}>>} construct
-is placed in a new voice, distinct from the voice for single-voice
-music; to temporarily add only one additional voice to an existing
-one, it is necessary to instantiate that voice explicitly. For
-these purposes, the @code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour}, and
-@code{\oneVoice} commands can be used:
+@strong{@i{Temporary polyphonic passages}}
+
+A temporary polyphonic passage can be created with the following
+construct:
@example
-<< @{ \voiceOne ... @} \new Voice @{ \voiceTwo ... @} >> \oneVoice
+<< @{ \voiceOne ... @}
+ \new Voice @{ \voiceTwo ... @}
+>> \oneVoice
@end example
-This construct keeps a voice alive throughout the polyphonic section.
-For example, this allows lyrics to be assigned to one consistent voice.
+Here, the first expression within a temporary polyphonic passage is
+placed into the @code{Voice} context which was in use immediately
+before the polyphonic passage, and that same @code{Voice} context
+continues after the temporary section. Other expressions within
+the angle brackets are assigned to distinct temporary voices.
+This allows lyrics to be assigned to one continuing voice before,
+during and after a polyphonic section:
-@lilypond[quote, verbatim, relative=1]
+@lilypond[quote, verbatim, relative=2]
<<
\new Voice = "melody" {
a4
}
\new Voice {
\voiceTwo
- e d
+ d2
}
>>
\oneVoice
- e
+ e4
}
\new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" {
This is my song.
>>
@end lilypond
-@predefined
+Here, the @code{\voiceOne} and @code{\voiceTwo} commands are
+required to define the settings of each voice.
-@funindex \voiceOne
+@strong{@i{The double backslash construct}}
+
+The @code{<< @{...@} \\ @{...@} >>} construct, where the two (or
+more) expressions are separated by double backslashes, behaves
+differently to the similar construct without the double backslashes:
+@emph{all} the expressions within this contruct are assigned
+to new @code{Voice} contexts. These new @code{Voice} contexts
+are created implicitly and are given the fixed names @code{"1"},
+@code{"2"}, etc.
+
+The first example could be typeset as follows:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
+<<
+ { r8 r16 g e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d }
+ \\
+ { d16 c d8~ d16 b c8~ c16 b c8~ c16 b8. }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+This syntax can be used where it does not matter that temporary
+voices are created and then discarded. These implicitly created
+voices are given the settings equivalent to the effect of the
+@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands, in the order in
+which they appear in the code.
+
+In the following example, the intermediate voice has stems up,
+therefore we enter it in the third place, so it becomes voice
+three, which has the stems up as desired. Spacer rests are
+used to avoid printing doubled rests.
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
+<<
+ { r8 g g g g f16 ees f8 d }
+ \\
+ { ees,8 r ees r d r d r }
+ \\
+ { d'8 s c s bes s a s }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+In all but the simplest works it is advisable to create explicit
+@code{Voice} contexts as explained in @rlearning{Contexts and engravers} and
+@rlearning{Explicitly instantiating voices}.
+
+@strong{@i{Identical rhythms}}
+
+In the special case that we want to typeset parallel pieces of music
+that have the same rhythm, we can combine them into a single
+@code{Voice} context, thus forming chords. To achieve this, enclose
+them in a simple simultaneous music construct within an explicit voice:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
+\new Voice <<
+ { e4 f8 d e16 f g8 d4 }
+ { c4 d8 b c16 d e8 b4 }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+This method leads to strange beamings and warnings if the pieces of
+music do not have the same rhythm.
+
+
+@predefined
@code{\voiceOne},
-@funindex \voiceTwo
@code{\voiceTwo},
-@funindex \voiceThree
@code{\voiceThree},
-@funindex \voiceFour
@code{\voiceFour},
-@funindex \oneVoice
@code{\oneVoice}.
+@endpredefined
-@seealso
+@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Voices contain music},
@rlearning{Explicitly instantiating voices}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Percussion staves}.
+@ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Invisible rests},
+@ref{Stems}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Simultaneous notes}.
@cindex voice styles
@cindex styles, voice
@cindex coloring voices
+@funindex \voiceOneStyle
+@funindex \voiceTwoStyle
+@funindex \voiceThreeStyle
+@funindex \voiceFourStyle
+@funindex \voiceNeutralStyle
Voices may be given distinct colors and shapes, allowing them to be
easily identified:
>>
@end lilypond
-To revert the standard presentation, the @code{\voiceNeutralstyle}
-command is used.
+The @code{\voiceNeutralstyle} command is used to revert to the
+standard presentation.
-@predefined
-@funindex \voiceOneStyle
+@predefined
@code{\voiceOneStyle},
-@funindex \voiceTwoStyle
@code{\voiceTwoStyle},
-@funindex \voiceThreeStyle
@code{\voiceThreeStyle},
-@funindex \voiceFourStyle
@code{\voiceFourStyle},
-@funindex \voiceNeutralStyle
@code{\voiceNeutralStyle}.
+@endpredefined
-@seealso
+@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
@rlearning{Other sources of information}.
@cindex merging notes
@cindex note collisions
@cindex collisions
+@cindex shift note
+@cindex multiple voices
+@cindex voices, multiple
+@cindex polyphonic music
+@cindex shifting voices
+@cindex voices, multiple
+@cindex shift rest, automatic
@funindex \shiftOn
+@funindex shiftOn
@funindex \shiftOnn
+@funindex shiftOnn
@funindex \shiftOnnn
+@funindex shiftOnnn
@funindex \shiftOff
-@cindex shift rest, automatic
+@funindex shiftOff
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
-Note heads with equal durations are automatically merged, while
-note heads with unequal durations are not merged. Rests opposite
-a stem are shifted vertically.
+The note heads of notes in different voices with the same pitch,
+same note head and opposite stem direction are automatically
+merged, but notes with different note heads or the same stem
+direction are not. Rests opposite a stem in a different voice
+are shifted vertically.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-Note heads with different note heads may be merged, with the
+Notes with different note heads may be merged, with the
exception of half-note heads and quarter-note heads:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
>>
@end lilypond
-@cindex shift note
-The collision on the second measure happens because
-@code{merge-differently-headed} cannot successfully complete the
-merge when three or more notes line up in the same column -- in
-fact, you will obtain a warning for this reason. To allow the
-merge to work properly, apply a @code{\shift} to the note that
-should not be merged. Here, @code{\shiftOn} is applied to move
-the top @code{g} out of the column, and
-@code{merge-differently-headed} works properly.
+The half note and eighth note at the start of the second measure
+are incorrectly merged because @code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn}
+cannot successfully complete the merge when three or more notes
+line up in the same column, and in this case a warning is given.
+To allow the merge to work properly a @code{\shift} must be applied
+to the note that should not be merged. Here, @code{\shiftOn} is
+applied to move the top @notation{g} out of the column, and
+@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn} then works properly.
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
<<
four) have @code{\shiftOn}. @code{\shiftOnn} and
@code{\shiftOnnn} define further shift levels.
-Notes are only merged if they have opposing stem directions (i.e., in
+Notes are only merged if they have opposing stem directions (e.g. in
@code{Voice} 1 and 2).
-@cindex multiple voices
-@cindex polyphonic music
-@cindex shifting voices
@predefined
-
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
@code{\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
@code{\mergeDifferentlyDottedOff},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff}.
-@funindex \shiftOn
@code{\shiftOn},
-@funindex \shiftOnn
@code{\shiftOnn},
-@funindex \shiftOnnn
@code{\shiftOnnn},
-@funindex \shiftOff
@code{\shiftOff}.
+@endpredefined
+
@snippets
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{forcing-horizontal-shift-of-notes.ly}
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{polyphony}.
@rinternals{NoteCollision},
@rinternals{RestCollision}.
-@knownissues
-When using @code{merge-differently-headed} with an upstem eighth
-or a shorter note, and a downstem half note, the eighth note stem
-gets a slightly wrong offset because of the different width of the
-half note head symbol.
+@knownissues
-@c investigate! Sometimes it works, sometimes not. --FV
+@ignore
+@c TODO investigate! Sometimes it works, sometimes not. --FV
The requirements for successfully merging different note heads that
are at the same time differently dotted are not clear.
+@end ignore
There is no support for chords where the same note occurs with
different accidentals in the same chord. In this case, it is
@cindex automatic part combining
@cindex part combiner
@cindex combining parts
+@cindex a due part
+@cindex solo part
@funindex \partcombine
+@funindex partcombine
Automatic part combining is used to merge two parts of music onto
a staff. It is aimed at typesetting orchestral scores. When the
>>
@end lilypond
-The notes in the third measure appear only once, although they
-were specified in both parts. Stem, slur, and tie directions are
-set automatically, depending whether there is a solo or unison.
-When needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with context
-called @code{one}) always gets up stems, while the second (called
-@code{two}) always gets down stems. In solo situations, the parts
-get marked with @q{Solo} and @q{Solo II}, respectively. The
-unisono (@notation{a due}) parts are marked by default with the
-text @qq{a2}.
+The notes in the third measure appear only once, although they were
+specified in both parts. Stem, slur, and tie directions are set
+automatically, depending whether there is a solo or unison. When
+needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with context called
+@code{one}) always gets up stems, while the second (called @code{two})
+always gets down stems. In solo situations, the first and second
+parts get marked with @q{Solo} and @q{Solo II}, respectively. The
+unisono (@notation{a due}) parts are marked by default with the text
+@qq{a2}.
Both arguments to @code{\partcombine} will be interpreted as
@code{Voice} contexts. If using relative octaves,
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-partcombine-texts.ly}
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{a due},
@rglos{part}.
@rinternals{PartCombineMusic},
@rinternals{Voice}.
+
@knownissues
+@code{\partcombine} can only accept two voices.
+
When @code{printPartCombineTexts} is set, if the two voices play
the same notes on and off, the part combiner may typeset @code{a2}
more than once in a measure.
@code{\partcombine} cannot be inside @code{\relative}.
Internally, the @code{\partcombine} interprets both arguments as
-@code{Voice}s named @code{one} and @code{two}, and then decides
-when the parts can be combined. Consequently, if the arguments
-switch to differently named @rinternals{Voice} contexts, the
-events in those will be ignored.
+@code{Voice}s and decides when the parts can be combined. When they have
+different durations they cannot be combined and are given the names
+@code{one} and @code{two}. Consequently, if the arguments switch to
+differently named @rinternals{Voice} contexts, the events in those will
+be ignored. Likewise, partcombining isn't designed to work with lyrics;
+when one of the voices is explicitly named in order to attach lyrics to
+it, the partcombining stops working.
-@c IIRC in users list someone pointed out more issues. TODO: lookup FV
+@code{\partcombine} only observes onset times of notes. It cannot
+determine whether a previously started note is playing or not, leading
+to various problems.
@node Writing music in parallel
@unnumberedsubsubsec Writing music in parallel
-@cindex Writing music in parallel
-@cindex Interleaved music
+@cindex writing music in parallel
+@cindex interleaved music
+@cindex parallel music
+@funindex \parallelMusic
@funindex parallelMusic
Music for multiple parts can be interleaved in input code. The
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
+@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Organizing pieces with variables}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff