@cindex chords
@cindex brackets, angle
+@cindex relative pitch in chords
@funindex <
@funindex >
@funindex <...>
<c e g>2 <c f a>4-> <e g c>-.
@end lilypond
+Relative mode can be used for pitches in chords; the preceding pitch
+into the same chord is still used as a reference for relative pitches,
+but when a chord is completed, the reference pitch for relative mode
+is the first note of this chord --not the last note of the chord.
+
For more information about chords, see @ref{Chord notation}.
@seealso
@unnumberedsubsubsec Clusters
@cindex cluster
+@cindex note cluster
@funindex \makeClusters
+@funindex makeClusters
A cluster indicates a continuous range of pitches to be played. They
can be denoted as the envelope of a set of notes. They are entered by
@node Single-staff polyphony
@unnumberedsubsubsec Single-staff polyphony
-To typeset parallel pieces of music that have the same rhythm, they
-can be combined into a single @code{Voice} context, thus forming
-chords. To achieve this, enclose them in a simultaneous music
-construction:
+@cindex single-staff polyphony
+@cindex polyphony, single-staff
+@cindex voice
+@cindex lyrics assigned to one voice
+@funindex \voiceOne
+@funindex voiceOne
+@funindex \voiceOne ... \voiceFour
+@funindex Voice
+@funindex \oneVoice
+@funindex oneVoice
-@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
-\new Voice <<
- { e4 f8 d e16 f g8 d4 }
- { c4 d8 b c16 d e8 b4 }
+The basic structure of code needed to achieve multiple, independent
+voices in a single staff is illustrated in the following example:
+
+@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
+\new Staff <<
+ \new Voice = "first"
+ { \voiceOne r8 r16 g e8. f16 g8[ c,] f e16 d }
+ \new Voice= "second"
+ { \voiceTwo d16 c d8~ d16 b c8~ c16 b c8~ c16 b8. }
>>
@end lilypond
-This method leads to strange beamings and warnings if the pieces of
-music do not have the same rhythm. To typeset multiple, truly
-independent voices in a single staff, the @code{<<@{...@} \\
-@{...@}>>} construction is used, where the two (or more) voices are
-separated by double backslashes.
+Here, voices are instantiated explicitly and are given a name. The
+@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands set up the voices so
+that first and third voices get stems up, second and fourth voices get
+stems down, third and fourth voice note heads are horizontally
+shifted, and rests in the respective voices are automatically moved to
+avoid collisions. Using the @code{\oneVoice} command, all the voice
+settings are put back to the neutral directions typical of a
+single-voice passage.
+
+We can make a voice to be in the same @code{Voice} context before
+and after a temporary polyphonic passage. For example, the following
+construct keeps a voice alive throughout the polyphonic section. Said
+voice is the first one inside of the two-voice section, and the extra
+voice is the second one.
+
+@example
+<< @{ \voiceOne ... @} \new Voice @{ \voiceTwo ... @} >> \oneVoice
+@end example
+
+Using the name given when created, this allows lyrics to be assigned
+to one consistent voice.
+
+@lilypond[quote, verbatim, relative=2]
+<<
+ \new Voice = "melody" {
+ a4
+ <<
+ {
+ \voiceOne
+ g f
+ }
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo
+ e d
+ }
+ >>
+ \oneVoice
+ e
+ }
+ \new Lyrics \lyricsto "melody" {
+ This is my song.
+ }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+Here, the \voiceOne and \voiceTwo commands help to make clear what
+settings does each voice receive.
+
+The @code{<<@{...@} \\ @{...@}>>} construction, where the two (or
+more) voices are separated by double backslashes, can be used as a
+simplified method to print multiple voices in a single staff. Our
+first example could be typeset as follows:
@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-First and third voices get stems up, second and fourth voices get
-stems down, third and fourth voice noteheads are horizontally shifted,
-and rests move to avoid collisions. In the following example, the
-intermediate voice has stems up, therefore we enter it in the third
-place, so it becomes voice three which has the stems up as desired.
+This syntax is simpler and can be used where it does not matter that
+temporary voices are created and then discarded. These implicitly
+created voices are given the settings equivalent to the effect of the
+@code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour} commands, in the order in which
+they appear in the code. In the following example, the intermediate
+voice has stems up, therefore we enter it in the third place, so it
+becomes voice three which has the stems up as desired.
@lilypond[quote,relative=3,verbatim]
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-Spacing rests are often used to avoid too many rests, as seen in the
+Spacer rests are often used to avoid too many rests, as seen in the
example above.
-Each music expression in the @code{<<{...} \\ {...}>>} construct
-is placed in a new voice, distinct from the voice for single-voice
-music; to temporarily add only one additional voice to an existing
-one, it is necessary to instantiate that voice explicitly. For
-these purposes, the @code{\voiceOne} ... @code{\voiceFour}, and
-@code{\oneVoice} commands can be used:
+In all but simplest works it is advisable to create explicit
+@code{Voice} contexts using the @code{\new} and @code{\context}
+commands as it is explained in @rlearning{Contexts and engravers} and
+@rlearning{Explicitly instantiating voices}.
-@example
-<< @{ \voiceOne ... @} \new Voice @{ \voiceTwo ... @} >> \oneVoice
-@end example
+In the special case that we want to typeset parallel pieces of music
+that have the same rhythm, we can combine them into a single
+@code{Voice} context, thus forming chords. To achieve this, enclose
+them in a simple simultaneous music construction and make it to be an
+explicit voice:
-This is a better construct to keep the control of the voices, for
-example, to ease a consistent assign of lyrics to the proper voice
-context.
+@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
+\new Voice <<
+ { e4 f8 d e16 f g8 d4 }
+ { c4 d8 b c16 d e8 b4 }
+>>
+@end lilypond
+
+This method leads to strange beamings and warnings if the pieces of
+music do not have the same rhythm.
@predefined
-@funindex \voiceOne
@code{\voiceOne},
-@funindex \voiceTwo
@code{\voiceTwo},
-@funindex \voiceThree
@code{\voiceThree},
-@funindex \voiceFour
@code{\voiceFour},
-@funindex \oneVoice
@code{\oneVoice}.
@seealso
@rlearning{Explicitly instantiating voices}.
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Percussion staves}.
+@ref{Percussion staves},
+@ref{Invisible rests}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Simultaneous notes}.
@cindex voice styles
@cindex styles, voice
@cindex coloring voices
+@funindex \voiceOneStyle
+@funindex \voiceTwoStyle
+@funindex \voiceThreeStyle
+@funindex \voiceFourStyle
+@funindex \voiceNeutralStyle
Voices may be given distinct colors and shapes, allowing them to be
easily identified:
@predefined
-@funindex \voiceOneStyle
+
@code{\voiceOneStyle},
-@funindex \voiceTwoStyle
+
@code{\voiceTwoStyle},
-@funindex \voiceThreeStyle
@code{\voiceThreeStyle},
-@funindex \voiceFourStyle
@code{\voiceFourStyle},
-@funindex \voiceNeutralStyle
@code{\voiceNeutralStyle}.
@seealso
@cindex merging notes
@cindex note collisions
@cindex collisions
+@cindex shift note
+@cindex multiple voices
+@cindex voices, multiple
+@cindex polyphonic music
+@cindex shifting voices
+@cindex voices, multiple
+@cindex shift rest, automatic
@funindex \shiftOn
+@funindex shiftOn
@funindex \shiftOnn
+@funindex shiftOnn
@funindex \shiftOnnn
+@funindex shiftOnnn
@funindex \shiftOff
-@cindex shift rest, automatic
+@funindex shiftOff
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
+@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
+@funindex mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
Note heads with equal durations are automatically merged, while
note heads with unequal durations are not merged. Rests opposite
>>
@end lilypond
-@cindex shift note
The collision on the second measure happens because
-@code{merge-differently-headed} cannot successfully complete the
+@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn} cannot successfully complete the
merge when three or more notes line up in the same column -- in
fact, you will obtain a warning for this reason. To allow the
merge to work properly, apply a @code{\shift} to the note that
should not be merged. Here, @code{\shiftOn} is applied to move
the top @code{g} out of the column, and
-@code{merge-differently-headed} works properly.
+@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn} works properly.
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
<<
Notes are only merged if they have opposing stem directions (i.e., in
@code{Voice} 1 and 2).
-@cindex multiple voices
-@cindex polyphonic music
-@cindex shifting voices
@predefined
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOn
@code{\mergeDifferentlyDottedOn},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyDottedOff
@code{\mergeDifferentlyDottedOff},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn
@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn},
-@funindex \mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff
@code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOff}.
-@funindex \shiftOn
@code{\shiftOn},
-@funindex \shiftOnn
@code{\shiftOnn},
-@funindex \shiftOnnn
@code{\shiftOnnn},
-@funindex \shiftOff
@code{\shiftOff}.
@snippets
@knownissues
-When using @code{merge-differently-headed} with an upstem eighth
+When using @code{\mergeDifferentlyHeadedOn} with an upstem eighth
or a shorter note, and a downstem half note, the eighth note stem
gets a slightly wrong offset because of the different width of the
half note head symbol.
@cindex automatic part combining
@cindex part combiner
@cindex combining parts
+@cindex a due part
+@cindex solo part
@funindex \partcombine
+@funindex partcombine
Automatic part combining is used to merge two parts of music onto
a staff. It is aimed at typesetting orchestral scores. When the
>>
@end lilypond
-The notes in the third measure appear only once, although they
-were specified in both parts. Stem, slur, and tie directions are
-set automatically, depending whether there is a solo or unison.
-When needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with context
-called @code{one}) always gets up stems, while the second (called
-@code{two}) always gets down stems. In solo situations, the parts
-get marked with @q{Solo} and @q{Solo II}, respectively. The
-unisono (@notation{a due}) parts are marked by default with the
-text @qq{a2}.
+The notes in the third measure appear only once, although they were
+specified in both parts. Stem, slur, and tie directions are set
+automatically, depending whether there is a solo or unison. When
+needed in polyphony situations, the first part (with context called
+@code{one}) always gets up stems, while the second (called @code{two})
+always gets down stems. In solo situations, the first and second
+parts get marked with @q{Solo} and @q{Solo II}, respectively. The
+unisono (@notation{a due}) parts are marked by default with the text
+@qq{a2}.
Both arguments to @code{\partcombine} will be interpreted as
@code{Voice} contexts. If using relative octaves,
@node Writing music in parallel
@unnumberedsubsubsec Writing music in parallel
-@cindex Writing music in parallel
-@cindex Interleaved music
+@cindex writing music in parallel
+@cindex interleaved music
+@cindex parallel music
+@funindex \parallelMusic
@funindex parallelMusic
Music for multiple parts can be interleaved in input code. The
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff