@end menu
@node Durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Durations
+@subsubsection Durations
@cindex durations, of notes
@cindex note durations
@noindent
Here are the same durations with automatic beaming turned off.
-(See @ref{Automatic beams}.)
@c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing,
@c but it's ok here. -gp
ways of aligning lyrics to notes, see @ref{Vocal music}.
Optionally, notes can be spaced strictly proportionately to their
-duration. For details of this and other settings which control
+duration. For details of this and other settings which control
proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
polyphonic situations. The following commands may be used to
@internalsref{DotColumn}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
-@c deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited:
rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole) may be printed.
@node Tuplets
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets
+@subsubsection Tuplets
@cindex tuplets
@cindex triplets
@funindex \times
-Tuplets are made out of a music expression by multiplying all
+Tuplets are made from a music expression by multiplying all the
durations with a fraction:
@example
The duration of @var{musicexpr} will be multiplied by the
fraction. The fraction's denominator will be printed over or
under the notes, optionally with a bracket. The most common
-tuplet is the triplet in which 3 notes have the length of 2, so
+tuplet is the triplet in which 3 notes have the duration of 2, so
the notes are 2/3 of their written length.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-g4 \times 2/3 {c4 c c} d4 d4
+a2 \times 2/3 {b4 b b}
+c4 c \times 2/3 {b4 a g}
+
@end lilypond
-Tuplets may be nested; for example,
+Tuplets may be nested:
-@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-\times 2/3 {
- a4 a
- \times 3/5 { a a a a a }
-}
+@lilypond[quote,fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
+\autoBeamOff
+c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 {e[ f g] } } f4 |
@end lilypond
-@refcommands
+Modifying nested tuplets which begin at the same musical moment
+must be done with @code{\tweak}.
+@c TODO Add link to LM section which deals with this.
+
+@predefined
@funindex \tupletUp
@code{\tupletUp},
@code{\tupletNeutral}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
-@funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
-@funindex tupletSpannerDuration
@cindex tuplet formatting
+@cindex triplet formatting
-The property @code{tupletSpannerDuration} specifies how long each
-bracket should last. With this, you can make lots of tuplets
-while typing @code{\times} only once, thus saving lots of typing.
-In the next example, there are two triplets shown, while
-@code{\times} was only used once.
+@funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
+@funindex tupletSpannerDuration
-@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
-\set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
-\times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c }
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile [verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+{entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--times-command.ly}
@noindent
For more information about @code{make-moment}, see
@funindex TupletNumber
-The format of the number is determined by the property @code{text}
-in @code{TupletNumber}. The default prints only the denominator,
-but if the property is set with @code{\override
-TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text},
-@var{num}:@var{den} will be printed instead.
+By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number
+is printed over the tuplet bracket, i.e. the denominator
+of the argument to the @code{\times} command. Alternatively,
+@var{num}:@var{den} of the tuplet number may be printed, or
+the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether.
-To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use
-@code{\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t}:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
\times 2/3 { c8 c c } \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
@end lilypond
-To change the appearance of nested tuplets beginning at the same
-music moment individually, the @code{\tweak} function must be used
-(see @ref{Objects connected to the input}). In the following
-example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer
-@code{TupletNumber} and denominator text for the
-@code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three inner tuplets.
+@c TODO Add snippet to show this
+Tuplets may extend over bar lines, but they will inhibit a
+line break unless the @code{Forbid_line_break_engraver} is
+removed from the @code{Voice context}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@c TODO Move to LM 4
+@ignore
+@subheading Modifying nested tuplets
+
+@cindex tuplets, nested
+@cindex triplets, nested
+@cindex bracket, tuplet
+@cindex tuplet bracket
+@cindex triplet bracket
+@funindex TupletBracket
+
+If nested tuplets do not begin at the same moment their
+appearance may be modified in the usual way with
+@code{\override} commands:
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+\once \override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
+\times 2/3 {
+ c[ c]
+ c[ c]
+ \once \override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t
+ \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+However, if the nested tuplets begin at the same musical moment,
+@code{\override} commands cannot be applied to just one of them
+-- they apply to both. So to change the appearance of nested
+tuplets beginning at the same musical moment individually, the
+@code{\tweak} function must be used (see @ref{Objects connected
+to the input}). The @code{\tweak} function is applied to the
+following @code{\times} command as it appears in the input stream,
+and so can distinguish between separate @code{\times} commands
+even if their tuplets begin at the same musical moment.
+
+In this example, the @code{\tweak} command is used to specify
+fraction text for the outer @code{TupletNumber} and denominator
+text for the @code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three
+inner tuplets.
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c so use relative=1 until this is fixed
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
\times 4/3 {
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text
}
@end lilypond
-@cindex bracket, tuplet
-@funindex TupletBracket
-
-@c FIXME: after LM 6 Tweaks includes \tweak info, look at this.-gp
-@c It *should* be explained why \tweak must be used here, and why
-@c \override doesn't work. I've made an attempt, but I'm not sure
-@c if it is factually correct to say that \tweak must be used.
In the next example, @code{\tweak} and @code{\override} work
together to specify @code{TupletBracket} direction. The first
@code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the outer
tuplet above the staff. The second @code{\tweak} positions the
@code{TupletBracket} of the first of the three inner tuplets below
-the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} function affects only
-events that begin at the same music moment: the outer tuplet and
-the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
-@code{TupletBrackets} of the second and third of the inner tuplets
-below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way.
+the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} command needs to be used
+only for events that begin at the same music moment: the outer
+tuplet and the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
+@code{TupletBracket}s of the second and third of the inner tuplets
+below the staff, we can use @code{\override} in the usual way.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
\times 2/3 { c8[ c8 c8] }
}
@end lilypond
+@end ignore
+
+@c TODO - tidy up
+@c Sent to Valentin for LSR (general list of Rhythm snippets) 22 Feb
+@c Maybe try referencing with:
+@c For example of modifying bracket length see @lsr{..}
+@c Index entries could then be added above this.
+@c Delete ignore block when available in LSR
+
+@ignore
+@subheading Modifying tuplet bracket length
+
+@cindex tuplet bracket length
+@cindex triplet bracket length
+@cindex bracket length, tuplets
+@funindex tupletFullLength
+@funindex tupletFullLengthNote
+
+Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the
+next note.
+Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note
+of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the
+right, either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the
+following note, or to cover only the whitespace before the next
+item of notation, be that a clef, time signature, key signature,
+or another note. The example shows how to switch tuplets to
+full length mode and how to modify what material they cover.
-Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next
-note:
@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
\new RhythmicStaff {
+ % Set tuplets to be extendable ..
\set tupletFullLength = ##t
+ % .. to cover all items up to the next note
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t
\time 2/4
\times 2/3 { c4 c c }
+ % .. or to cover just whitespace
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f
\time 4/4
\times 4/5 { c4 c1 }
\time 3/4
- c4
+ c4
}
@end lilypond
+@end ignore
+
+@c Compressing music
+@cindex compressing music
@funindex \compressMusic
-@funindex \times
@code{\compressMusic} works similarly to \times, but does not
-create a tuplet bracket; see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
+create a tuplet bracket. One application is in polymetric
+notation, see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
+@lilypondfile [verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+{printing-music-with-different-time-signatures.ly}
-@refbugs
-
-Tuplets which cross bar lines will prevent a line break at that
-point.
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tuplet}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{triplet}, @rglos{tuplet},
+@rglos{polymetric}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration},
@ref{Objects connected to the input}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{TupletBracket},
-@internalsref{TupletNumber}, and @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
+@internalsref{TupletNumber}, @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
+
+@knownissues
+Lines may be broken within a tuplet with @code{\bar "" \break},
+but the tuplet bracket does not correctly carry over.
@node Scaling durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
+@subsubsection Scaling durations
You can alter the length of a duration by a fraction @var{N/M}
by appending @code{*@var{N/M}} (or @code{*@var{N}} if @var{M=1}).
@end lilypond
The duration of skip or spacing notes may also be modified by
-a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
+a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
@code{s1*23}.
@seealso
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Ties
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
+@subsubsection Ties
@cindex tie
@funindex ~
A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie
-in effect extends the length of a note.
+in effect extends the length of a note.
@warning{Ties should not be confused with @emph{slurs}, which
indicate articulation, or @emph{phrasing slurs}, which indicate
@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
\repeat volta 2 { c g <c e>2 ~ }
-\alternative {{ <c e>2. r4 } {<c e>2\repeatTie d4 c }}
+\alternative {{ <c e>2. r4 } {<c e>2\repeatTie d4 c }}
@end lilypond
@cindex laissez vibrer
<c f g>\laissezVibrer
@end lilypond
-The direction of a tie can be specified with @code{\tieUp} or
+The vertical placement of ties may be controlled; see
+@ref{Controlling direction and placement}.
+
+@quotation
+DELETE THIS ?
@code{\tieDown} (see example below). @code{\tieNeutral} reverts
to the default behaviour again.
@lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,fragment]
c4_~ c c^~ c)
@end lilypond
+@end quotation
+@predefined
-@seealso
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
-@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
-
-Internals Reference:
-@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
-@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}
-
-Example files:
-@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}
+@funindex \tieUp
+@code{\tieUp},
+@funindex \tieDown
+@code{\tieDown},
+@funindex \tieNeutral
+@code{\tieNeutral},
+@funindex \tieDotted
+@code{\tieDotted},
+@funindex \tieDashed
+@code{\tieDashed},
+@funindex \tieSolid
+@code{\tieSolid}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
Ties are sometimes used to write out arpeggios. In this case, two
tied notes need not be consecutive. This can be achieved by
@end lilypond
-@refcommands
+@seealso
-@funindex \tieUp
-@code{\tieUp},
-@funindex \tieDown
-@code{\tieDown},
-@funindex \tieNeutral
-@code{\tieNeutral},
-@funindex \tieDotted
-@code{\tieDotted},
-@funindex \tieDashed
-@code{\tieDashed},
-@funindex \tieSolid
-@code{\tieSolid}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
+@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
+
+Internals Reference:
+@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
+@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}
+
+Example files:
+@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}
-@seealso
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Tie}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Switching staves when a tie is active will not produce a slanted
tie.
@subsection Writing rests
@menu
-* Rests::
-* Skips::
-* Full measure rests::
+* Rests::
+* Skips::
+* Full measure rests::
@end menu
@node Rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
+@subsubsection Rests
@cindex rest
@cindex maxima
@cindex longa
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Rest}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
-@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
@node Skips
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Skips
+@subsubsection Skips
@cindex skip
@cindex invisible rest
@node Full measure rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Full measure rests
+@subsubsection Full measure rests
@cindex multi measure rests
@cindex full measure rests
specified texts.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
If an attempt is made to use fingerings (e.g.,
@code{R1*10-4}) to put numbers over multi-measure rests, the
@end menu
@node Time signature
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature
+@subsubsection Time signature
@cindex time signature
@cindex meter
\time 2/4 c2 \time 3/4 c2.
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
The symbol that is printed can be customized with the @code{style}
property. Setting it to @code{#'()} uses fraction style for 4/4
Examples: @c @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature.ly}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Automatic beaming does not use the measure grouping specified with
@code{set-time-signature}.
@node Upbeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats
+@subsubsection Upbeats
@cindex anacrusis
@cindex upbeat
translated to mean @qq{there is a quarter note left in the bar.}
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
This command does not take into account grace notes at the start
of the music. When a piece starts with grace notes in the
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Unmetered music
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
+@subsubsection Unmetered music
@cindex cadenza
@funindex \cadenzaOn
d4 e d c
@end lilypond
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
LilyPond will only insert line breaks and page breaks at a
bar line. Unless the unmetered music ends before the end of the
@node Polymetric notation
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation
+@subsubsection Polymetric notation
@cindex double time signatures
@cindex signatures, polymetric
@end lilypond
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
When using different time signatures in parallel, the spacing is
aligned vertically, but bar lines distort the regular spacing.
@node Automatic note splitting
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting
+@subsubsection Automatic note splitting
Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
also remove @internalsref{Forbid_line_break_engraver}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Not all durations (especially those containing tuplets) can be
represented exactly with normal notes and dots, but the engraver
@end menu
@node Automatic beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams
+@subsubsection Automatic beams
By default, beams are inserted automatically:
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
Beaming patterns may be altered with the @code{beatGrouping} property,
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Automatically kneed cross-staff beams cannot be used together with
hidden staves. See @ref{Hiding staves}.
@node Setting automatic beam behavior
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
+@subsubsection Setting automatic beam behavior
@funindex autoBeamSettings
@funindex (end * * * *)
beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff}.
-@refcommands
+@predefined
@funindex \autoBeamOff
@code{\autoBeamOff},
@code{\autoBeamOn}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
If a score ends while an automatic beam has not been ended and is
still accepting notes, this last beam will not be typeset at all.
@node Manual beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
+@subsubsection Manual beams
@cindex beams, manual
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
@node Feathered beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams
+@subsubsection Feathered beams
@cindex beams, feathered
@funindex \featherDurations
The spacing in the printed output represents the
note durations only approximately, but the midi output is exact.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
The @code{\featherDurations} command only works with very short
music snippets, and when numbers in the fraction are small.
@end menu
@node Bar lines
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
+@subsubsection Bar lines
@cindex bar lines
@funindex \bar
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
@funindex whichBar
@funindex defaultBarType
@node Bar numbers
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers
+@subsubsection Bar numbers
@cindex bar numbers
@cindex measure numbers
@end lilypond
-@commonprop
+@snippets
@funindex barNumberVisibility
@cindex bar numbers, regular spacing
Internals Reference: @internalsref{BarNumber}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
Bar numbers may collide with the top of the
@internalsref{StaffGroup} bracket, if there is one. To solve
@node Bar and bar number checks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
+@subsubsection Bar and bar number checks
@cindex bar check
@funindex barCheckSynchronize
@node Rehearsal marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks
+@subsubsection Rehearsal marks
@cindex rehearsal marks
@cindex mark, rehearsal
@end menu
@node Grace notes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
+@subsubsection Grace notes
@funindex \grace
@cindex ornaments
#"grace"}.
-@commonprop
+@snippets
Grace notes may be forced to use align with regular notes
in other staves by setting @code{strict-grace-spacing} to
Internals Reference: @internalsref{GraceMusic}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
@emph{appoggiatura}.
-@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
+@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
Grace note synchronization can also lead to surprises. Staff
notation, such as key signatures, bar lines, etc., are also
supported, and might produce crashes or other errors.
@node Aligning to cadenzas
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas
+@subsubsection Aligning to cadenzas
@cindex cadenza
@cindex cadenza, aligning to
@node Time administration
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration
+@subsubsection Time administration
@cindex time administration
@cindex timing (within the score)
+
+
+
+
+
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