Notation Reference:
@ref{Automatic beams},
@ref{Ties},
+@ref{Stems},
@ref{Writing rhythms},
@ref{Writing rests},
@ref{Vocal music},
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-the-tuplet-number.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{non-default-tuplet-numbers.ly}
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets.ly}
@rglos{cadenza}.
Notation Reference:
-@c ref{Controlling visibility of objects}.
+@ref{Visibility of objects}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Rhythms}.
@cindex beams, setting rules for
@cindex beams, custom rules for
-@funindex measureLength
-@funindex beatLength
-@funindex beatGrouping
@funindex \autoBeamOn
@funindex autoBeamOn
@funindex \autoBeamOff
@end lilypond
If these automatic decisions are not satisfactory, beaming can be
-entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. It is also possible
-to define beaming patterns that differ from the defaults. The
-default beaming rules for most common time signatures are defined
-in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. If there are no beaming rules
-defined for a particular beam's duration in the time signature being
-used, its beaming is controlled by the values of three context
-properties, @code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and
-@code{beatGrouping}. Both the beaming rules and the context
-properties can be overridden, see @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
-
-
-@warning{If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then automatic
-beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff} and the beams
-indicated manually.}
+entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. Beams @emph{must} be
+entered manually if beams are to be extended over rests.
-
-@noindent
-Automatic beaming may be turned off and on with
-@code{\autoBeamOff} and @code{\autoBeamOn} commands:
+If automatic beaming is not required, it may be turned off with
+@code{\autoBeamOff} and on with @code{\autoBeamOn}:
@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. c16 c8
c16 c8
@end lilypond
+@warning{If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then
+automatic beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff}
+and the beams indicated manually.}
+
+Beaming patterns that differ from the automatic defaults may be
+created, see @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
+
@predefined
@code{\autoBeamOff},
@funindex \set
@funindex set
-The placement of automatic beams is determined by the rules
-described in @ref{Automatic beams}. There are two mutually
-exclusive ways in which these rules may be modified. The
-first, modifying the grouping of beats, applies to uncommon time
-signatures, i.e. those for which there are no predefined rules
-defining the beam end points. The second method, modifying the
-specification of the beam end points, can be used for any time
-signature. This second method @strong{must} be used for those time
-signatures and beam durations combinations for which beam ending
-rules are pre-defined, unless these have all been reverted. There
-are predefined rules for time signatures of 3/2, 3/4, 4/4, 2/4,
-4/8, 4/16, 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8.
+There are two types of beaming rules: @emph{beam-grouping}
+rules and @emph{beam-ending} rules. Beam-grouping rules are the
+simplest, but are over-ridden by any beam-ending rules which apply.
+
+The placement of automatic beams is determined by applying the
+following rules in order:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item If a manual beam is specified with @code{[..]} set the beam
+as specified, otherwise
+
+@item if @code{\autoBeamOff} is in force do not beam, otherwise
+
+@item if a beam-ending rule applies use it to determine the valid
+places where beams may end, otherwise
+
+@item if a valid (see below) beat-grouping rule applies use it to
+group notes with beams, otherwise
+
+@item use the value of @code{beatLength} to group notes with beams
+
+@end itemize
@i{@strong{Modifying the grouping of beats}}
@code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and @code{beatGrouping}.
These properties may be set in the @code{Score}, @code{Staff} or
@code{Voice} contexts to delimit their scope. The default values
-are set while processing @code{\time} commands, so the @code{\set}
-commands must be placed after all @code{\time} commands.
+are set while processing @code{\time} commands, so any @code{\set}
+commands to modify their value must be placed after all @code{\time}
+commands.
+
+@warning{These three properties become effective for a particular
+beam @strong{only} if there are no beam-ending rules predefined for
+that beam's duration in the time signature in use, or if these
+beam-ending rules have all been reverted.}
These determine the beaming as follows:
@end itemize
-@warning{These three properties become effective for a particular
-beam @strong{only} if there are no beam-ending rules predefined for
-that beam's duration in the time signature in use, or if these
-beam-ending rules have all been reverted.}
-
By default the @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are
derived from the time signature set by the @code{\time} command.
The @code{measureLength} is set to be exactly the same length as
The default value of @code{beatGrouping} is taken from a table in
@file{scm/@/music@/-functions@/.scm}. To find this, see
@rlearning{Other sources of information}. It defines the beat
-grouping for 5/8, 6/8, 8/8, 9/8 and 12/8 time signatures.
+grouping for 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 8/8, and all the common compound time
+signatures.
Both @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are @i{moments},
units of musical duration. A quantity of type @i{moment} is
@strong{@i{Modifying the beam end points}}
-In common time signatures, automatic beams can start on any note
-but can end at only a few positions within the measure, namely at
-durations specified by the properties in @code{autoBeamSettings}.
-These properties consist of a list of rules defining where beams can
-end. The default @code{autoBeamSettings} rules are defined in
-@file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. To find this, see
+Beam-ending rules are required when beams of different durations are
+to end at different points within the measure. For example, it may
+be desirable for eighth-note beams in 4/4 time to end only at the
+end of the measure or half-way through it, but for sixteenth-note
+beams to end at quarter note positions to avoid overly long beamed
+runs. The rules work as follows:
+
+Automatic beams can start on any note but can end at only a few
+positions within the measure, namely at positions specified by the
+properties in @code{autoBeamSettings}. These properties consist of
+a list of rules defining where beams can end. The default
+@code{autoBeamSettings} rules are defined in
+@file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. To find this file, see
@rlearning{Other sources of information}.
-This method @strong{must} be used for the time signatures for which
-beam-ending rules are defined by default, unless these have all
-been reverted. It is also particularly suitable for many other time
-signatures if the time signature of the measures changes frequently,
-or if the beaming should be different for different beam durations.
-
In order to add a rule to the list, use
@example
still apply in addition to your own.}
Any unwanted or conflicting default endings must be reverted for
-your time signature(s). Existing auto-beam rules are removed by
-using
+your time signature(s). Existing default or user-defined
+beam-ending rules are removed by using
@example
#(revert-auto-beam-setting
do not affect the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic
bar lines.
-The simple bar line and five types of double bar line are available
+Two types of simple bar lines and five types of double bar lines are available
for manual insertion:
@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
-f1 \bar "|" g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|.|" d \bar "|." e
+f1 \bar "|" f \bar "." g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|.|" d \bar "|." e
@end lilypond
@noindent
f1 \bar "|:" g \bar ":|:" a \bar ":|.|:" b \bar ":|.:" c \bar ":|" d
@end lilypond
+Additionally, a bar line can be printed as a simple tick:
+@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
+f1 \bar "'"
+@end lilypond
+However, as such ticks are typically used in Gregorian chant, it is preferable
+to use @code{\divisioMinima} there instead, described in the section
+@ref{Divisiones} in Gregorian chant.
+
+
@cindex repeats
Although the bar line types signifying repeats may be inserted
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