version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.61"
+@c \version "2.12.0"
@node Rhythms
@section Rhythms
@cindex durations, of notes
@cindex note durations
+@cindex length of notes
+@cindex note lengths
@funindex \longa
+@funindex longa
@funindex \breve
+@funindex breve
@funindex \maxima
+@funindex maxima
-Durations are designated by numbers and dots.
-Durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
-quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note),
-and a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
-note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the
-@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands.
-Durations as short as 128th notes may be specified. Shorter values
-are possible, but only as beamed notes.
+Durations are designated by numbers and dots. Durations are entered
+as their reciprocal values. For example, a quarter note is entered
+using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note), and a half note is entered
+using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2 note). For notes longer than a
+whole you must use the @code{\longa} (a double breve) and
+@code{\breve} commands. Durations as short as 128th notes may be
+specified. Shorter values are possible, but only as beamed notes.
@c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\time 8/1
c\longa c\breve c1 c2
-c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64
+c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c128 c128
@end lilypond
@noindent
\time 8/1
\autoBeamOff
c\longa c\breve c1 c2
-c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64
+c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c128 c128
@end lilypond
A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
notation. For details, see @ref{Ancient notation}.
+@cindex duration, default
+@cindex default note duration
+@cindex note duration, default
+
If the duration is omitted, it is set to the previously
entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter
note.
@cindex notes, dotted
@cindex dotted notes
+@cindex notes, double-dotted
+@cindex double-dotted notes
@funindex .
proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}.
@funindex \dotsUp
+@funindex dotsUp
@funindex \dotsDown
+@funindex dotsDown
@funindex \dotsNeutral
+@funindex dotsNeutral
Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
-polyphonic situations. Predefined commands are available to
-force a particular direction manually, for details
-see @ref{Direction and placement}.
+polyphonic situations. Dots may be manually placed above or below
+the staff; see @ref{Direction and placement}.
@predefined
+@code{\autoBeamOn},
@code{\autoBeamOff},
@code{\dotsUp},
@code{\dotsDown},
Music Glossary:
@rglos{breve},
@rglos{longa},
+@rglos{maxima},
@rglos{note value},
@rglos{Duration names notes and rests}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Automatic beams},
@ref{Ties},
+@ref{Stems},
@ref{Writing rhythms},
@ref{Writing rests},
@ref{Vocal music},
@cindex tuplets
@cindex triplets
+
@funindex \times
+@funindex times
Tuplets are made from a music expression by multiplying all the
durations with a fraction:
c4 c \times 2/3 { b4 a g }
@end lilypond
+@cindex tuplet bracket placement
+
@funindex \tupletUp
+@funindex tupletUp
@funindex \tupletDown
+@funindex tupletDown
@funindex \tupletNeutral
+@funindex tupletNeutral
-The automatic placement of the tuplet bracket above or below the
-notes may be overridden manually with predefined commands, for
-details see @ref{Direction and placement}.
+Tuplet brackets may be manually placed above or below the staff;
+see @ref{Direction and placement}.
Tuplets may be nested:
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one--times-command.ly}
+@cindex Tuplet number changes
+
@funindex TupletNumber
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{changing-the-tuplet-number.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{non-default-tuplet-numbers.ly}
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{permitting-line-breaks-within-beamed-tuplets.ly}
@rinternals{TupletNumber},
@rinternals{TimeScaledMusic}.
+@cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
@knownissues
-@cindex grace notes within tuplet brackets
When the first note on a staff is a grace note followed by a
tuplet the grace note must be placed before the @code{\times}
command to avoid errors. Anywhere else, grace notes may be
@cindex durations, scaling
You can alter the duration of single notes, rests or chords by a
-fraction @code{N/M} by appending @code{*N/M} (or @code{*N} if
-@code{M} is 1) to the duration.
-This will not affect the appearance of the notes or rests
-produced, but the altered duration will be used in calculating the
-position within the measure and setting the duration in the MIDI
-output. Multiplying factors may be combined such as @code{*L*M/N}.
+fraction @code{N/M} by appending @code{*N/M} (or @code{*N} if @code{M}
+is 1) to the duration. This will not affect the appearance of the
+notes or rests produced, but the altered duration will be used in
+calculating the position within the measure and setting the duration
+in the MIDI output. Multiplying factors may be combined such as
+@code{*L*M/N}.
In the following example, the first three notes take up exactly
two beats, but no triplet bracket is printed.
@code{s1*23}.
@cindex compressing music
+@cindex expanding music
+
@funindex \scaleDurations
+@funindex scaleDurations
Longer stretches of music may be compressed by a fraction in the
same way, as if every note, chord or rest had the fraction as a
@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
@cindex tie
+
@funindex ~
A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie
musical phrasing. A tie is just a way of extending a note
duration, similar to the augmentation dot.}
-A tie is entered using the tilde symbol @code{~}
+A tie is entered using the tilde symbol (@code{~}).
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
a2 ~ a
<c~ e g~ b> <c e g b>
@end lilypond
-@funindex \repeatTie
@cindex repeating ties
@cindex ties, repeating
@cindex volta brackets and ties
@cindex ties and volta brackets
+@funindex \repeatTie
+@funindex repeatTie
+
When a second alternative of a repeat starts with a tied note, you
have to specify the repeated tie as follows:
@cindex laissez vibrer
@cindex ties, laissez vibrer
+
@funindex \laissezVibrer
+@funindex laissezVibrer
@notation{L.v.} ties (@notation{laissez vibrer}) indicate that
notes must not be damped at the end. It is used in notation for
@end lilypond
@cindex ties, placement
+
@funindex \tieUp
+@funindex tieUp
@funindex \tieDown
+@funindex tieDown
@funindex \tieNeutral
+@funindex tieNeutral
-The vertical placement of ties may be controlled, see
-Predefined commands, or for details, see
+Ties may be manually placed above or below the staff; see
@ref{Direction and placement}.
@cindex ties, appearance
+@cindex ties, dotted
+@cindex ties, dashed
+@cindex dashed ties
+@cindex dotted ties
+
@funindex \tieDotted
+@funindex tieDotted
@funindex \tieDashed
+@funindex tieDashed
@funindex \tieSolid
+@funindex tieSolid
-Solid, dotted or dashed ties may be specified, see Predefined
-commands.
+Ties may be made dashed, dotted, or a combination of solid and
+dashed.
+@lilypond[quote, verbatim, relative=1]
+\tieDotted
+c2 ~ c
+\tieDashed
+c2 ~ c
+\tieHalfDashed
+c2 ~ c
+\tieHalfSolid
+c2 ~ c
+\tieSolid
+c2 ~ c
+@end lilypond
+
+Custom dash patterns can be specified:
+
+@lilypond[quote, verbatim, relative=1]
+\tieDashPattern #0.3 #0.75
+c2 ~ c
+\tieDashPattern #0.7 #1.5
+c2 ~ c
+\tieSolid
+c2 ~ c
+@end lilypond
+
+Dash pattern definitions for ties have the same structure as
+dash pattern definitions for slurs.
+For more information about complex dash patterns,
+see the snippets under @ref{Slurs}.
@predefined
@code{\tieUp},
@code{\tieNeutral},
@code{\tieDotted},
@code{\tieDashed},
+@code{\tieDashPattern},
+@code{\tieHalfDashed},
+@code{\tieHalfSolid},
@code{\tieSolid}.
@endpredefined
@rglos{tie},
@rglos{laissez vibrer}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic note splitting}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Slurs},
+@ref{Automatic note splitting}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Rhythms}.
-
-
@node Writing rests
@subsection Writing rests
@node Rests
@unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
+
@cindex rest
@cindex rest, entering durations
-@cindex maxima
-@cindex longa
-@cindex breve
+@cindex maxima rest
+@cindex longa rest
+@cindex breve rest
@funindex \rest
+@funindex rest
@funindex r
@funindex \maxima
+@funindex maxima
@funindex \longa
+@funindex longa
@funindex \breve
+@funindex breve
Rests are entered like notes with the note name @code{r}.
Durations longer than a whole rest use the predefined
@seealso
+Music Glossary:
+@rglos{breve},
+@rglos{longa},
+@rglos{maxima}.
+
Notation Reference:
@ref{Full measure rests}.
@cindex invisible rest
@cindex rest, invisible
@cindex spacer note
+@cindex spacer rest
+
@funindex s
@funindex \skip
+@funindex skip
An invisible rest (also called a @q{spacer rest}) can be entered
like a note with the note name@tie{}@code{s}:
@cindex rest, multi-measure
@cindex rest, full-measure
@cindex whole rest for a full measure
+@cindex rest, whole for a full measure
+
@funindex R
Rests for one or more full measures are entered like notes with
b2^"Tutti" b4 a4
@end lilypond
-The duration of full-measure rests is identical to the duration notation
-used for notes. The duration in a multi-measure rest must always be an
-integral number of measure-lengths, so augmentation
-dots or fractions must often be used:
+The duration of full-measure rests is identical to the duration
+notation used for notes. The duration in a multi-measure rest must
+always be an integral number of measure-lengths, so augmentation dots
+or fractions must often be used:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
\compressFullBarRests
R4*5*4 |
@end lilypond
-A full-measure rest is printed as either a whole
-or breve rest, centered in the measure, depending on the time
-signature.
+A full-measure rest is printed as either a whole or breve rest,
+centered in the measure, depending on the time signature.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment]
\time 4/4
\time 8/4
R1*2 |
@end lilypond
-@funindex \expandFullBarRests
-@funindex \compressFullBarRests
+
@cindex multi-measure rest, expanding
@cindex multi-measure rest, contracting
-By default a multi-measure rest is expanded in the printed score
-to show all the rest measures explicitly.
-Alternatively, a mult-measure rest can be shown as a single measure
-containing a multi-measure rest symbol, with the number of measures of rest
-printed above the measure:
+@funindex \expandFullBarRests
+@funindex expandFullBarRests
+@funindex \compressFullBarRests
+@funindex compressFullBarRests
+
+By default a multi-measure rest is expanded in the printed score to
+show all the rest measures explicitly. Alternatively, a multi-measure
+rest can be shown as a single measure containing a multi-measure rest
+symbol, with the number of measures of rest printed above the measure:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,verbatim]
% Default behavior
@cindex multi-measure rest, script
@cindex fermata on multi-measure rest
@cindex multi-measure rest, attaching fermata
+@cindex markup on multi-measure rest
+@cindex multi-measure rest with markup
+
+@funindex \fermataMarkup
+@funindex fermataMarkup
+@funindex MultiMeasureRestText
Markups can be added to multi-measure rests.
The predefined command @code{\fermataMarkup}
setting, resulting bar-check warnings may not be displayed.
+@funindex \textLengthOn
+@funindex textLengthOn
+@funindex \textLengthOff
+@funindex textLenthOff
+@funindex \fermataMarkup
+@funindex fermataMarkup
+@funindex \compressFullBarRests
+@funindex compressFullBarRests
+@funindex \expandFullBarRests
+@funindex expandFullBarRests
+
@predefined
@code{\textLengthOn},
@code{\textLengthOff},
@cindex kirchenpausen
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{changing-form-of-multi--measure-rests.ly}
+{changing-form-of-multi-measure-rests.ly}
@cindex multi-measure rests, positioning
@cindex positioning multi-measure rests
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{positioning-multi--measure-rests.ly}
+{positioning-multi-measure-rests.ly}
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
-{multi--measure-rest-markup.ly}
+{multi-measure-rest-markup.ly}
@seealso
@rinternals{MultiMeasureRestText}.
+@cindex fingerings and multi-measure rests
+@cindex multi-measure rests and fingerings
+
@knownissues
If an attempt is made to use fingerings (e.g.,
@cindex time signature
@cindex meter
+
@funindex \time
+@funindex time
The time signature is set as follows:
\time 3/4 c2.
@end lilypond
-@cindex Time signature, visibility of
+@cindex time signature, visibility of
Time signatures are printed at the beginning of a piece
and whenever the time signature changes. If a change takes place
c c c c
@end lilypond
+@cindex time signature style
+@cindex meter style
+
@funindex \numericTimeSignature
+@funindex numericTimeSignature
@funindex \defaultTimeSignature
-@cindex time signature style
+@funindex defaultTimeSignature
The time signature symbol that is used in 2/2 and 4/4 time can be
changed to a numeric style:
@cindex measure, partial
@cindex pickup measure
@cindex measure, change length
-@cindex measurePosition
+
+@funindex measurePosition
@funindex \partial
+@funindex partial
Partial or pick-up measures, such as an anacrusis or upbeat, are
entered using the @code{\partial} command, with the syntax
@node Unmetered music
@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
-@funindex \cadenzaOn
-@funindex \cadenzaOff
@cindex bar lines, turning off
@cindex bar numbering, turning off
@cindex cadenza
@cindex unmetered music
+@funindex \cadenzaOn
+@funindex cadenzaOn
+@funindex \cadenzaOff
+@funindex cadenzaOff
+
Bar lines and bar numbers are calculated automatically. For
unmetered music (some cadenzas, for example), this is not desirable.
To turn off automatic calculation of bar lines and bar numbers,
@rglos{cadenza}.
Notation Reference:
-@c ref{Controlling visibility of objects}.
+@ref{Visibility of objects}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Rhythms}.
+@cindex cadenza line breaks
+@cindex cadenza page breaks
+@cindex unmetered music, line breaks
+@cindex unmetered music, page breaks
+@cindex breaks in unmetered music
+@cindex line breaks in cadenzas
+@cindex page breaks in cadenzas
+@cindex line breaks in unmetered music
+@cindex page breaks in unmetered music
+
@knownissues
LilyPond will insert line breaks and page breaks only at a
@cindex double time signatures
@cindex signatures, polymetric
+@cindex time signatures, polymetric
+@cindex time signatures, double
@cindex polymetric signatures
@cindex meter, polymetric
+@funindex timeSignatureFraction
+@funindex \scaleDurations
+@funindex scaleDurations
+@funindex \times
+@funindex times
+
Polymetric notation is supported, either explicitly or by modifying
the visible time signature symbol and scaling the note durations.
@code{\times}, but does not create a tuplet bracket; see
@ref{Scaling durations}.
+@cindex beaming in polymetric music
+@cindex beaming in polymetric meter
+
In this example, music with the time signatures of 3/4, 9/8, and
10/8 are used in parallel. In the second staff, shown durations
are multiplied by 2/3, as 2/3 * 9/8 = 3/4, and in the third
@cindex notes, splitting
@cindex splitting notes
+@funindex Note_heads_engraver
+@funindex Completion_heads_engraver
+
Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
@code{Note_heads_engraver} with the
@node Showing melody rhythms
@unnumberedsubsubsec Showing melody rhythms
+@cindex melody rhythms, showing
+@cindex rhythms, showing melody
+
Sometimes you might want to show only the rhythm of a melody. This
can be done with the rhythmic staff. All pitches of notes on such a
staff are squashed, and the staff itself has a single line
>>
@end lilypond
+@cindex guitar chord charts
+@cindex strumming rhythms, showing
+@cindex guitar strumming rhythms, showing
+
+@funindex Pitch_squash_engraver
+@funindex \improvisationOn
+@funindex improvisationOn
+@funindex \improvisationOff
+@funindex improvisationOff
+
Guitar chord charts often show the strumming rhythms. This can
be done with the @code{Pitch_squash_engraver} and
@code{\improvisationOn}.
@cindex beams, manual
@cindex manual beams
+@cindex beams, setting rules for
+@cindex beams, custom rules for
+
+@funindex \autoBeamOn
+@funindex autoBeamOn
+@funindex \autoBeamOff
+@funindex autoBeamOff
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\time 2/4 c8 c c c
@end lilypond
If these automatic decisions are not satisfactory, beaming can be
-entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. It is also possible
-to define beaming patterns that differ from the defaults. The
-default beaming rules for most common time signatures are defined
-in @file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. If there are no beaming rules
-defined for a particular beam's duration in the time signature being
-used, its beaming is controlled by the values of three context
-properties, @code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and
-@code{beatGrouping}. Both the beaming rules and the context
-properties can be overridden, see @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
+entered explicitly; see @ref{Manual beams}. Beams @emph{must} be
+entered manually if beams are to be extended over rests.
-@cindex autoBeamOn
-@cindex autoBeamOff
-
-@warning{If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then automatic
-beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff} and the beams
-indicated manually.}
-
-
-@noindent
-Automatic beaming may be turned off and on with
-@code{\autoBeamOff} and @code{\autoBeamOn} commands:
+If automatic beaming is not required, it may be turned off with
+@code{\autoBeamOff} and on with @code{\autoBeamOn}:
@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
c4 c8 c8. c16 c8. c16 c8
c16 c8
@end lilypond
+@cindex melismata, beams
+@cindex beams and melismata
+
+@warning{If beams are used to indicate melismata in songs, then
+automatic beaming should be switched off with @code{\autoBeamOff}
+and the beams indicated manually.}
+
+Beaming patterns that differ from the automatic defaults may be
+created, see @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
+
@predefined
@code{\autoBeamOff},
@snippets
+@cindex line breaks and beams
+@cindex beams and line breaks
+
@funindex breakable
-@cindex break, line
-@cindex line breaks
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{beams-across-line-breaks.ly}
@knownissues
-Automatically kneed cross-staff beams cannot be used together with
-hidden staves. See @ref{Hiding staves}.
-
Beams can collide with note heads and accidentals in other voices
@node Setting automatic beam behavior
@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
-@funindex autoBeaming
-@funindex autoBeamSettings
-@funindex (end * * * *)
-@funindex (begin * * * *)
@cindex automatic beams, tuning
@cindex tuning automatic beaming
@cindex autobeam
@cindex lyrics and beaming
+@funindex autoBeaming
+@funindex autoBeamSettings
+@funindex (end * * * *)
+@funindex (begin * * * *)
+@funindex measureLength
+@funindex beatLength
+@funindex beatGrouping
+@funindex \time
+@funindex time
+@funindex \set
+@funindex set
+
+There are two types of beaming rules: @emph{beam-grouping}
+rules and @emph{beam-ending} rules. Beam-grouping rules are the
+simplest, but are over-ridden by any beam-ending rules which apply.
+
+The placement of automatic beams is determined by applying the
+following rules in order:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item If a manual beam is specified with @code{[..]} set the beam
+as specified, otherwise
+
+@item if @code{\autoBeamOff} is in force do not beam, otherwise
+
+@item if a beam-ending rule applies use it to determine the valid
+places where beams may end, otherwise
-The placement of automatic beams is determined by the rules
-described in @ref{Automatic beams}. There are two mutually
-exclusive ways in which these rules may be modified. The
-first, modifying the grouping of beats, applies to uncommon time
-signatures, i.e. those for which there are no predefined rules
-defining the beam end points. The second method, modifying the
-specification of the beam end points, can be used for any time
-signature. This second method @strong{must} be used for those time
-signatures and beam durations combinations for which beam ending
-rules are pre-defined, unless these have all been reverted. There
-are predefined rules for time signatures of 3/2, 3/4, 4/4, 2/4,
-4/8, 4/16, 6/8, 9/8 and 12/8.
+@item if a valid (see below) beat-grouping rule applies use it to
+group notes with beams, otherwise
+
+@item use the value of @code{beatLength} to group notes with beams
+
+@end itemize
@i{@strong{Modifying the grouping of beats}}
If there are no beam-ending rules defined for the beam duration of a
particular beam in the time signature in use, its beaming is
-controlled by three context properties:
-@code{measureLength}, @code{beatLength} and @code{beatGrouping}.
-These properties may be set in the @code{Score}, @code{Staff} or
-@code{Voice} contexts to delimit their scope.
+controlled by three context properties: @code{measureLength},
+@code{beatLength} and @code{beatGrouping}. These properties may be
+set in the @code{Score}, @code{Staff} or @code{Voice} contexts to
+delimit their scope. The default values are set while processing
+@code{\time} commands, so any @code{\set} commands to modify their
+value must be placed after all @code{\time} commands.
+
+@warning{These three properties become effective for a particular
+beam @strong{only} if there are no beam-ending rules predefined for
+that beam's duration in the time signature in use, or if these
+beam-ending rules have all been reverted.}
These determine the beaming as follows:
@end itemize
-@warning{These three properties become effective for a particular
-beam @strong{only} if there are no beam-ending rules predefined for
-that beam's duration in the time signature in use, or if these
-beam-ending rules have all been reverted.}
-
By default the @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are
derived from the time signature set by the @code{\time} command.
The @code{measureLength} is set to be exactly the same length as
The default value of @code{beatGrouping} is taken from a table in
@file{scm/@/music@/-functions@/.scm}. To find this, see
@rlearning{Other sources of information}. It defines the beat
-grouping for 5/8, 6/8, 8/8, 9/8 and 12/8 time signatures.
+grouping for 3/8, 4/8, 5/8, 8/8, and all the common compound time
+signatures.
Both @code{measureLength} and @code{beatLength} are @i{moments},
units of musical duration. A quantity of type @i{moment} is
@cindex grouping beats
@cindex measure sub-grouping
+@funindex autoBeamSettings
+
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{conducting-signs,-measure-grouping-signs.ly}
@strong{@i{Modifying the beam end points}}
-In common time signatures, automatic beams can start on any note
-but can end at only a few positions within the measure, namely at
-durations specified by the properties in @code{autoBeamSettings}.
-These properties consist of a list of rules defining where beams can
-end. The default @code{autoBeamSettings} rules are defined in
-@file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. To find this, see
+Beam-ending rules are required when beams of different durations are
+to end at different points within the measure. For example, it may
+be desirable for eighth-note beams in 4/4 time to end only at the
+end of the measure or half-way through it, but for sixteenth-note
+beams to end at quarter note positions to avoid overly long beamed
+runs. The rules work as follows:
+
+Automatic beams can start on any note but can end at only a few
+positions within the measure, namely at positions specified by the
+properties in @code{autoBeamSettings}. These properties consist of
+a list of rules defining where beams can end. The default
+@code{autoBeamSettings} rules are defined in
+@file{scm/@/auto@/-beam@/.scm}. To find this file, see
@rlearning{Other sources of information}.
-This method @strong{must} be used for the time signatures for which
-beam-ending rules are defined by default, unless these have all
-been reverted. It is also particularly suitable for many other time
-signatures if the time signature of the measures changes frequently,
-or if the beaming should be different for different beam durations.
-
In order to add a rule to the list, use
@example
only @code{end} is effective.
@item @code{beam-numerator/beam-denominator} is the beam duration
-to which the rule is to apply. A beam is considered to have
-the duration of its shortest note. Set @code{beam-numerator}
-and @code{beam-denominator} to @code{'*'} to have this rule apply
-to beams of any duration.
+to which the rule is to apply. A beam is considered to have the
+duration of its shortest note. Set @code{beam-numerator} and
+@code{beam-denominator} to @code{'*'} to have this rule apply to beams
+of any duration.
@item @code{time-signature-numerator/time-signature-denominator}
-specifies the time signature to which this rule should apply.
-If @code{time-signature-numerator} and
-@code{time-signature-denominator} are set to @code{'*'} this rule
-will apply in any time signature.
+specifies the time signature to which this rule should apply. If
+@code{time-signature-numerator} and @code{time-signature-denominator}
+are set to @code{'*'} this rule will apply in any time signature.
-@item @code{monent-numerator/moment-denominator} is the position
+@item @code{moment-numerator/moment-denominator} is the position
in the bar at which the beam should end.
+@funindex score-override-auto-beam-setting
+@funindex override-auto-beam-setting
+
@item @code{context} is optional, and it specifies the context at which
the change should be made. The default is @code{'Voice}.
possible interference, because the beam endings defined there will
still apply in addition to your own.}
+@funindex revert-auto-beam-setting
+
Any unwanted or conflicting default endings must be reverted for
-your time signature(s). Existing auto-beam rules are removed by
-using
+your time signature(s). Existing default or user-defined
+beam-ending rules are removed by using
@example
#(revert-auto-beam-setting
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
{beam-endings-in-score-context.ly}
+@funindex \autoBeamOff
+@funindex autoBeamOff
+@funindex \autoBeamOn
+@funindex autoBeamOn
@predefined
-@funindex \autoBeamOff
@code{\autoBeamOff},
-@funindex \autoBeamOn
@code{\autoBeamOn}.
@endpredefined
+@cindex beam, last in score
+@cindex beam, last in polyphonic voice
+
@knownissues
If a score ends while an automatic beam has not been ended and is
@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
@cindex beams, manual
+@cindex manual beams
+
@funindex ]
@funindex [
@end lilypond
+@funindex \noBeam
+@funindex noBeam
+
Individual notes may be marked with @code{\noBeam} to prevent them
from being beamed:
@unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams
@cindex beams, feathered
+@cindex feathered beams
+
@funindex \featherDurations
+@funindex featherDurations
+@funindex grow-direction
Feathered beams are used to indicate that a small group of notes
should be played at an increasing (or decreasing) tempo, without
@code{]}, and the beam feathering is turned on by specifying a
direction to the @code{Beam} property @code{grow-direction}.
-If the placement of the notes and the sound in the MIDI output
-is to reflect the ritardando or accelerando indicated by the
-feathered beam the notes must be grouped as a
-music expression delimited by braces and preceded by a
-@code{featheredDurations} command which specifies the ratio
-between the durations of the first and last notes in the group.
+If the placement of the notes and the sound in the MIDI output is to
+reflect the ritardando or accelerando indicated by the feathered beam
+the notes must be grouped as a music expression delimited by braces
+and preceded by a @code{featherDurations} command which specifies
+the ratio between the durations of the first and last notes in the
+group.
-The square brackets
-show the extent of the beam and the braces show
-which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally
-these would delimit the same group of notes, but this is not
-required: the two commands are independent.
+The square brackets show the extent of the beam and the braces show
+which notes are to have their durations modified. Normally these
+would delimit the same group of notes, but this is not required: the
+two commands are independent.
In the following example the eight 16th notes occupy exactly the
same time as a half note, but the first note is one half as long
@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
@cindex bar lines
-@funindex \bar
@cindex measure lines
+@cindex closing bar lines
+@cindex bar lines, closing
+@cindex double bar lines
+@cindex bar lines, double
@cindex repeat bars
+@funindex \bar
+@funindex bar
+
Bar lines delimit measures, and are also used to indicate
repeats. Normally, simple bar lines are automatically inserted
into the printed output at places based on the current time
counter is not increased. To force a line break see
@ref{Line breaking}.
+@cindex manual bar lines
+@cindex manual measure lines
+@cindex bar lines, manual
+@cindex measure lines, manual
+
This and other special bar lines may be inserted manually at any
-point. When they coincide with the end of a measure they replace
-the simple bar line which would have been inserted there
-automatically. When they do not coincide
-with the end of a measure the specified bar line is inserted at that
-point in the printed output. Such insertions do not affect
-the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic bar lines.
-
-The simple bar line and five types of double bar line are available
+point. When they coincide with the end of a measure they replace the
+simple bar line which would have been inserted there automatically.
+When they do not coincide with the end of a measure the specified bar
+line is inserted at that point in the printed output. Such insertions
+do not affect the calculation and placement of subsequent automatic
+bar lines.
+
+Two types of simple bar lines and five types of double bar lines are available
for manual insertion:
@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
-f1 \bar "|" g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|.|" d \bar "|." e
+f1 \bar "|" f \bar "." g \bar "||" a \bar ".|" b \bar ".|." c \bar "|.|" d \bar "|." e
@end lilypond
@noindent
f1 \bar "|:" g \bar ":|:" a \bar ":|.|:" b \bar ":|.:" c \bar ":|" d
@end lilypond
+Additionally, a bar line can be printed as a simple tick:
+@lilypond[quote,relative=1,verbatim]
+f1 \bar "'"
+@end lilypond
+However, as such ticks are typically used in Gregorian chant, it is preferable
+to use @code{\divisioMinima} there instead, described in the section
+@ref{Divisiones} in Gregorian chant.
+
+
@cindex repeats
Although the bar line types signifying repeats may be inserted
@end lilypond
+@cindex default bar lines, changing
+@cindex bar lines, default, changing
+
@snippets
@funindex whichBar
@funindex defaultBarType
+@funindex \bar
+@funindex bar
+@funindex bartype
The command @code{\bar }@var{bartype} is a shortcut for
@code{\set Timing.whichBar = }@var{bartype}. A bar line is
@cindex bar numbers
@cindex measure numbers
+@cindex numbers, bar
+@cindex numbers, measure
+
@funindex currentBarNumber
Bar numbers are typeset by default at the start of every line except
c1 c c c
@end lilypond
-
-@snippets
+@cindex bar numbers, regular spacing
@funindex barNumberVisibility
-@cindex bar numbers, regular spacing
+@funindex BarNumber
Bar numbers can be typeset at regular intervals instead of just at
the beginning of every line. To do this the default behavior
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
\override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#t #t #t)
\set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
-\bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
-c1 c c c
+% Permit first bar number to be printed
+\bar ""
+c1 | c | c | c
\break
-c c c c
+c1 | c | c | c
@end lilypond
-@c All the rest of these examples will be added to LSR
-@c and moved into the Snippets. -gp
-@noindent
-and here the bar numbers are printed every two measures
-except at the end of the line:
+@snippets
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#f #t #t)
-\set Score.currentBarNumber = #11
-\bar "" % Permit first bar number to be printed
-% Print a bar number every second measure
-\set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
-c1 c c c c
-\break
-c c c c c
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-the-bar-number-for-the-first-measure.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-bar-numbers-at-regular-intervals.ly}
@cindex measure number, format
@cindex bar number, format
-The size of the bar number may be changed. This is illustrated
-in the following example, which also shows how to enclose bar
-numbers in boxes and circles, and shows an alternative way
-of specifying @code{#(#f #t #t)} for @code{break-visibility}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-% Prevent bar numbers at the end of a line and permit them elsewhere
-\override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility
- = #end-of-line-invisible
-
-% Increase the size of the bar number by 2
-\override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
-\repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
-
-% Draw a box round the following bar number(s)
-\override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
- = #(make-stencil-boxer 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
-\repeat unfold 3 { c1 } \bar "|"
-
-% Draw a circle round the following bar number(s)
-\override Score.BarNumber #'stencil
- = #(make-stencil-circler 0.1 0.25 ly:text-interface::print)
-\repeat unfold 4 { c1 } \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-bar-numbers-inside-boxes-or-circles.ly}
@cindex bar number alignment
-Bar numbers by default are left-aligned to their parent object.
-This is usually the left edge of a line or, if numbers are printed
-within a line, the left bar line of the measure. The numbers may also
-be positioned directly on the bar line or right-aligned to the
-bar line:
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{aligning-bar-numbers.ly}
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\set Score.currentBarNumber = #111
-\override Score.BarNumber #'break-visibility = #'#(#t #t #t)
-% Increase the size of the bar number by 2
-\override Score.BarNumber #'font-size = #2
-% Print a bar number every second measure
-\set Score.barNumberVisibility = #(every-nth-bar-number-visible 2)
-c1 c1
-% Center-align bar numbers
-\override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #0
-c1 c1
-% Right-align bar numbers
-\override Score.BarNumber #'self-alignment-X = #-1
-c1 c1
-@end lilypond
-
-Bar numbers can be removed entirely by removing the
-@code{Bar_number_engraver} from the @code{Score} context.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\layout {
- \context {
- \Score
- \remove "Bar_number_engraver"
- }
-}
-\relative c''{
- c4 c c c \break
- c4 c c c
-}
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{removing-bar-numbers-from-a-score.ly}
@seealso
Internals Reference: @rinternals{BarNumber}.
+@cindex bar number collision
+@cindex collision, bar number
+
@knownissues
Bar numbers may collide with the top of the
this, the @code{padding} property of @rinternals{BarNumber} can
be used to position the number correctly.
-Bar numbers may only be printed at bar lines; to print a bar
-number at the beginning of a piece, an empty bar line must be
-inserted there, and a value other than @code{1} must be placed
-in @code{currentBarNumber}:
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
-\set Score.currentBarNumber = #50
-\bar ""
-c1 c c c
-c1 c c c
-\break
-@end lilypond
-
@node Bar and bar number checks
@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
@cindex bar check
+@cindex bar number check
+@cindex measure check
+@cindex measure number check
+
@funindex barCheckSynchronize
@funindex |
-Bar checks help detect errors in the entered durations.
-A bar check may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|},
-at any place where a bar line is expected to fall.
-If bar check lines are encountered at other places,
-a list of warnings is printed in the log file,
-showing the line numbers and lines
-in which the bar checks failed. In the next
-example, the second bar check will signal an error.
+Bar checks help detect errors in the entered durations. A bar check
+may be entered using the bar symbol, @code{|}, at any place where a
+bar line is expected to fall. If bar check lines are encountered at
+other places, a list of warnings is printed in the log file, showing
+the line numbers and lines in which the bar checks failed. In the
+next example, the second bar check will signal an error.
@example
\time 3/4 c2 e4 | g2 |
}
@end lilypond
-When copying large pieces of music, it can be helpful to check
-that the LilyPond bar number corresponds to the original that you
-are entering from. This can be checked with
-@code{\barNumberCheck}, for example,
+@funindex \barNumberCheck
+@funindex barNumberCheck
+
+When copying large pieces of music, it can be helpful to check that
+the LilyPond bar number corresponds to the original that you are
+entering from. This can be checked with @code{\barNumberCheck}, for
+example,
@verbatim
\barNumberCheck #123
@cindex rehearsal marks
@cindex mark, rehearsal
+
@funindex \mark
+@funindex mark
To print a rehearsal mark, use the @code{\mark} command
@cindex format, rehearsal mark
@cindex mark, rehearsal, style
@cindex mark, rehearsal, format
+@cindex rehearsal mark, manual
+@cindex mark, rehearsal, manual
+@cindex custom rehearsal mark
+@cindex manual rehearsal mark
The style is defined by the property @code{markFormatter}. It is
a function taking the current mark (an integer) and the current
@cindex segno
@cindex coda
-@cindex D.S al Fine
+@cindex D.S. al Fine
+@cindex fermata
+@cindex music glyphs
+@cindex glyphs, music
+
+@funindex \musicglyph
+@funindex musicglyph
Music glyphs (such as the segno sign) may be printed inside a
@code{\mark}
@node Grace notes
@unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
-@funindex \grace
@cindex ornaments
@cindex grace notes
@cindex appoggiatura
@cindex acciaccatura
+@funindex \grace
+@funindex grace
+
Grace notes are ornaments that are written out. Grace notes
are printed in a smaller font and take up no logical time
in a measure.
\grace { c16[ d16] } c2
@end lilypond
-Lilypond also supports two special types of grace notes, the
+LilyPond also supports two special types of grace notes, the
@emph{acciaccatura}--an unmeasured grace note indicated by a slurred
small note with a slashed stem--and the @emph{appoggiatura}, which
takes a fixed fraction of the main note and appears in small print
\new Staff { c2 \grace { g8[ b] } c2 } >>
@end lilypond
-@funindex \afterGrace
-
@cindex grace notes, following
+@funindex \afterGrace
+@funindex afterGrace
+
If you want to end a note with a grace, use the @code{\afterGrace}
command. It takes two arguments: the main note, and the grace
notes following the main note.
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex tweaking grace notes
+@cindex grace notes, tweaking
+@cindex grace notes, changing layout settings
+
A @code{\grace} music expression will introduce special
typesetting settings, for example, to produce smaller type, and
set directions. Hence, when introducing layout tweaks to
override the special settings, they should be placed inside
the grace expression. The overrides should also be reverted
inside the grace expression. Here, the grace note's default stem
-direction is overriden and then reverted.
+direction is overridden and then reverted.
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Voice {
@snippets
-The slash through the stem found in @emph{acciaccatura}s can be applied
-in other situations:
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\relative c'' {
- \override Stem #'stroke-style = #"grace"
- c8( d2) e8( f4)
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-The layout of grace expressions can be changed throughout the
-music using the function @code{add-grace-property}. The following
-example undefines the @code{Stem} direction for this grace, so
-that stems do not always point up.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
-\relative c'' {
- \new Staff {
- #(add-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction ly:stem::calc-direction)
- #(remove-grace-property 'Voice 'Stem 'direction)
- \new Voice {
- \acciaccatura { f16 } g4
- \grace { d16[ e] } f4
- \appoggiatura { a,32[ b c d] } e2
- }
- }
-}
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{using-grace-note-slashes-with-normal-heads.ly}
-Another option is to change the variables @code{startGraceMusic},
-@code{stopGraceMusic}, @code{startAcciaccaturaMusic},
-@code{stopAcciaccaturaMusic}, @code{startAppoggiaturaMusic},
-@code{stopAppoggiaturaMusic}. The default values of these can be
-seen in the file @code{ly/@/grace@/-init@/.ly}. By redefining
-them other effects may be obtained.
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{tweaking-grace-layout-within-music.ly}
-Grace notes may be forced to align with regular notes
-in other staves:
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{redefining-grace-note-global-defaults.ly}
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
-\relative c'' {
- <<
- \override Score.SpacingSpanner #'strict-grace-spacing = ##t
- \new Staff {
- c4
- \afterGrace c4 { c16[ c8 c16] }
- c4 r
- }
- \new Staff {
- c16 c c c c c c c c4 r
- }
- >>
-}
-@end lilypond
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{positioning-grace-notes-with-floating-space.ly}
@seealso
@knownissues
+@cindex acciaccatura, multi-note
+@cindex multi-note acciaccatura
+@cindex grace-note synchronization
+
A multi-note beamed @i{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
@i{appoggiatura}.
staves without, for example,
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
-<< \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
- \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" d2. } >>
+<<
+ \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
+ \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" d2. }
+>>
@end lilypond
@noindent
durations in the other staves. For the above example
@lilypond[quote,relative=2,verbatim]
-<< \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
- \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" \grace s16 d2. } >>
+<<
+ \new Staff { e4 \bar "|:" \grace c16 d2. }
+ \new Staff { c4 \bar "|:" \grace s16 d2. }
+>>
@end lilypond
Grace sections should only be used within sequential music
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff