@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote]
{rhythms-headword.ly}
-This section discusses rhythms, durations, and bars.
+This section discusses rhythms, rests, durations, beaming and bars.
@menu
* Writing rhythms::
@end menu
@node Durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Durations
+@subsubsection Durations
+
+@cindex durations, of notes
+@cindex note durations
-@cindex duration
-@cindex beams, automatic
@funindex \longa
@funindex \breve
@funindex \maxima
-When entering notes, durations are designated by numbers and dots:
-durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
+Durations are designated by numbers and dots.
+Durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note),
-while a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
+and a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the
-@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands. Note
-durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
+@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands.
+Durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
are possible, but only as beamed notes.
@c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams
@end lilypond
@noindent
-and the same durations with automatic beaming turned off
-see @ref{Automatic beams}:
+Here are the same durations with automatic beaming turned off.
@c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing,
@c but it's ok here. -gp
c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64
@end lilypond
-If the duration is omitted then it is set to the previously
+A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
+@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
+notation. For details, see @ref{Ancient notation}.
+
+If the duration is omitted, it is set to the previously
entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter
note.
a a a2 a a4 a a1 a
@end lilypond
+@cindex notes, dotted
+@cindex dotted notes
@funindex .
-To obtain dotted note lengths, simply add a dot (@code{.}) to the
-number. Double-dotted notes are produced in a similar way.
+To obtain dotted note lengths, place a dot (@code{.}) after the
+duration. Double-dotted notes are specified by appending two
+dots, and so on.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
a4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8.
@end lilypond
-Some durations cannot be entered using only binary durations
-and dots, and can only be represented by tying two or more
-notes together. Tied notes are covered in @ref{Ties}.
+Some durations cannot be represented with just binary durations
+and dots; they can be represented only by tying two or more
+notes together. For details, see @ref{Ties}.
+
+For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
+ways of aligning lyrics to notes, see @ref{Vocal music}.
+
+Optionally, notes can be spaced strictly proportionately to their
+duration. For details of this and other settings which control
+proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}.
@refcommands
Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
polyphonic situations. The following commands may be used to
-force a particular direction manually:
+force a particular direction manually, and to return to the
+default behaviour:
@funindex \dotsUp
@code{\dotsUp},
@funindex \dotsNeutral
@code{\dotsNeutral}.
-For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
-ways of aligning lyrics to notes see @ref{Vocal music}.
-
-A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
-@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
-notation; see @ref{Ancient notation}.
-
-Optionally, notes can be spaced proportionately to their duration.
-For details of this and other settings which control proportional
-notation see @ref{Proportional notation}.
-
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}, @rglos{note value}
+@rglos{Duration names notes and rests}.
-Notation Reference:@ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music},
+Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties},
+@ref{Writing rhythms}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music},
@ref{Ancient notation}, @ref{Proportional notation}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@refbugs
-@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
-longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
-are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
+longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited:
+rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole) may be printed.
@node Tuplets
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets
+@subsubsection Tuplets
@cindex tuplets
@cindex triplets
the notes are 2/3 of their written length.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-g4 \times 2/3 {c4 c c} d4 d4
+a2 \times 2/3 {b4 b b}
+c4 c \times 2/3 {b4 a g}
+
@end lilypond
-Tuplets may be nested; for example,
+Tuplets may be nested:
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right,verbatim,relative=2]
-\times 2/3 {
- a4 a
- \times 3/5 { a a a a a }
+\relative c'' {
+ \autoBeamOff
+ c4 \times 4/5 { f8 e f \times 2/3 {e[ f g] } } f4 |
}
@end lilypond
@commonprop
+@cindex tuplet formatting
+@cindex triplet formatting
+
@funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
@funindex tupletSpannerDuration
-@cindex tuplet formatting
+@c when available
+@c @lilypondfile [ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote]
+@c {Entering-several-tuplets-using-only-one-\times-command.ly}
+
+@ignore
+@c TODO Remove when snippet works ok
+@c Sent to Snippet 5 Feb 08
The property @code{tupletSpannerDuration} specifies how long each
bracket should last. With this, you can make lots of tuplets
while typing @code{\times} only once, thus saving lots of typing.
\set tupletSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 1 4)
\times 2/3 { c8 c c c c c }
@end lilypond
+@end ignore
@noindent
For more information about @code{make-moment}, see
@funindex TupletNumber
-The format of the number is determined by the property @code{text}
-in @code{TupletNumber}. The default prints only the denominator,
-but if the property is set with @code{\override
-TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text},
-@var{num}:@var{den} will be printed instead.
+By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number
+is printed over the tuplet bracket, i.e. the denominator
+of the argument to the @code{\times} command. Alternatively,
+@var{num}:@var{den} of the tuplet number may be printed, or
+the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether.
-To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use
-@code{\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t}:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
\times 2/3 { c8 c c } \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
@end lilypond
-To change the appearance of nested tuplets beginning at the same
-music moment individually, the @code{\tweak} function must be used
-(see @ref{Objects connected to the input}). In the following
-example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer
-@code{TupletNumber} and denominator text for the
-@code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three inner tuplets.
+@c TODO Add snippet to show this
+Tuplets may extend over bar lines, but they will inhibit a
+line break unless the @code{Forbid_line_break_engraver} is
+removed from the @code{Voice context}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@subheading Modifying nested tuplets
+
+@cindex tuplets, nested
+@cindex triplets, nested
+@cindex bracket, tuplet
+@cindex tuplet bracket
+@cindex triplet bracket
+@funindex TupletBracket
+
+If nested tuplets do not begin at the same moment their
+appearance may be modified in the usual way with
+@code{\override} commands:
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+\once \override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
+\times 2/3 {
+ c[ c]
+ c[ c]
+ \once \override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t
+ \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+However, if the nested tuplets begin at the same musical moment,
+@code{\override} commands cannot be applied to just one of them
+-- they apply to both. So to change the appearance of nested
+tuplets beginning at the same musical moment individually, the
+@code{\tweak} function must be used (see @ref{Objects connected
+to the input}). The @code{\tweak} function is applied to the
+following @code{\times} command as it appears in the input stream,
+and so can distinguish between separate @code{\times} commands
+even if their tuplets begin at the same musical moment.
+
+In this example, the @code{\tweak} command is used to specify
+fraction text for the outer @code{TupletNumber} and denominator
+text for the @code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three
+inner tuplets.
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c so use relative=1 until this is fixed
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
\times 4/3 {
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text
}
@end lilypond
-@cindex bracket, tuplet
-@funindex TupletBracket
-
-@c FIXME: after LM 6 Tweaks includes \tweak info, look at this.-gp
-@c It *should* be explained why \tweak must be used here, and why
-@c \override doesn't work. I've made an attempt, but I'm not sure
-@c if it is factually correct to say that \tweak must be used.
In the next example, @code{\tweak} and @code{\override} work
together to specify @code{TupletBracket} direction. The first
@code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the outer
tuplet above the staff. The second @code{\tweak} positions the
@code{TupletBracket} of the first of the three inner tuplets below
-the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} function affects only
-events that begin at the same music moment: the outer tuplet and
-the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
-@code{TupletBrackets} of the second and third of the inner tuplets
-below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way.
+the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} command needs to be used
+only for events that begin at the same music moment: the outer
+tuplet and the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
+@code{TupletBracket}s of the second and third of the inner tuplets
+below the staff, we can use @code{\override} in the usual way.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
}
@end lilypond
-Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next
-note:
+@subheading Modifying tuplet bracket length
+
+@cindex tuplet bracket length
+@cindex triplet bracket length
+@cindex bracket length, tuplets
+@funindex tupletFullLength
+@funindex tupletFullLengthNote
+
+Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the
+next note.
+Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note
+of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the
+right, either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the
+following note, or to cover only the whitespace before the next
+item of notation, be that a clef, time signature, key signature,
+or another note. The example shows how to switch tuplets to
+full length mode and how to modify what material they cover.
+
@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
\new RhythmicStaff {
+ % Set tuplets to be extendable ..
\set tupletFullLength = ##t
+ % .. to cover all items up to the next note
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t
\time 2/4
\times 2/3 { c4 c c }
+ % .. or to cover just whitespace
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f
\time 4/4
\times 4/5 { c4 c1 }
\time 3/4
- c4
+ c4
}
@end lilypond
+@subheading Compressing music
+
+@cindex compressing music
@funindex \compressMusic
-@funindex \times
@code{\compressMusic} works similarly to \times, but does not
-create a tuplet bracket; see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
-
+create a tuplet bracket. One application is in polymetric
+notation, as shown in the following example. See
+@ref{Polymetric notation}.
-@refbugs
+@c when available
+@c @lilypondfile [ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote]
+@c {printing-music-with-different-time-signatures.ly}
-Tuplets which cross bar lines will prevent a line break at that
-point.
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tuplet}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{triplet}, @rglos{tuplet},
+@rglos{polymetric}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration},
@ref{Objects connected to the input}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{TupletBracket},
-@internalsref{TupletNumber}, and @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
+@internalsref{TupletNumber}, @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
+
+@refbugs
+Lines may be broken within a tuplet with @code{\bar "" \break},
+but the tuplet bracket does not correctly carry over.
@node Scaling durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
+@subsubsection Scaling durations
You can alter the length of a duration by a fraction @var{N/M}
by appending @code{*@var{N/M}} (or @code{*@var{N}} if @var{M=1}).
@end lilypond
The duration of skip or spacing notes may also be modified by
-a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
+a multiplier. This is useful for skipping many measures, e.g.,
@code{s1*23}.
@seealso
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Ties
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
+@subsubsection Ties
@cindex tie
@funindex ~
A tie connects two adjacent note heads of the same pitch. The tie
-in effect extends the length of a note.
+in effect extends the length of a note.
@warning{Ties should not be confused with @emph{slurs}, which
indicate articulation, or @emph{phrasing slurs}, which indicate
@lilypond[fragment,quote,ragged-right,relative=2,verbatim]
\repeat volta 2 { c g <c e>2 ~ }
-\alternative {{ <c e>2. r4 } {<c e>2\repeatTie d4 c }}
+\alternative {{ <c e>2. r4 } {<c e>2\repeatTie d4 c }}
@end lilypond
@cindex laissez vibrer
<c f g>\laissezVibrer
@end lilypond
-The direction of a tie can be specified with @code{\tieUp} or
+The vertical placement of ties may be controlled; see
+@ref{Controlling direction}.
+
+@quotation
+DELETE THIS ?
@code{\tieDown} (see example below). @code{\tieNeutral} reverts
to the default behaviour again.
@lilypond[relative=2,ragged-right,quote,verbatim,fragment]
c4_~ c c^~ c)
@end lilypond
+@end quotation
+@refcommands
-@seealso
-
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
-@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
-
-Internals Reference:
-@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
-@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}
-
-Example files:
-@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}
+@funindex \tieUp
+@code{\tieUp},
+@funindex \tieDown
+@code{\tieDown},
+@funindex \tieNeutral
+@code{\tieNeutral},
+@funindex \tieDotted
+@code{\tieDotted},
+@funindex \tieDashed
+@code{\tieDashed},
+@funindex \tieSolid
+@code{\tieSolid}.
@commonprop
@end lilypond
-@refcommands
+@seealso
-@funindex \tieUp
-@code{\tieUp},
-@funindex \tieDown
-@code{\tieDown},
-@funindex \tieNeutral
-@code{\tieNeutral},
-@funindex \tieDotted
-@code{\tieDotted},
-@funindex \tieDashed
-@code{\tieDashed},
-@funindex \tieSolid
-@code{\tieSolid}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
+@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
+
+Internals Reference:
+@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
+@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTieColumn}
+
+Example files:
+@c @lsr{connecting,laissez-vibrer-ties.ly}
-@seealso
@subsection Writing rests
@menu
-* Rests::
-* Skips::
-* Full measure rests::
+* Rests::
+* Skips::
+* Full measure rests::
@end menu
@node Rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
+@subsubsection Rests
@cindex rest
@cindex maxima
@cindex longa
@refbugs
-@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
@node Skips
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Skips
+@subsubsection Skips
@cindex skip
@cindex invisible rest
@node Full measure rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Full measure rests
+@subsubsection Full measure rests
@cindex multi measure rests
@cindex full measure rests
@end menu
@node Time signature
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature
+@subsubsection Time signature
@cindex time signature
@cindex meter
@node Upbeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats
+@subsubsection Upbeats
@cindex anacrusis
@cindex upbeat
Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Unmetered music
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
+@subsubsection Unmetered music
@cindex cadenza
@funindex \cadenzaOn
@node Polymetric notation
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation
+@subsubsection Polymetric notation
@cindex double time signatures
@cindex signatures, polymetric
@node Automatic note splitting
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting
+@subsubsection Automatic note splitting
Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
@end menu
@node Automatic beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams
+@subsubsection Automatic beams
By default, beams are inserted automatically:
@node Setting automatic beam behavior
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
+@subsubsection Setting automatic beam behavior
@funindex autoBeamSettings
@funindex (end * * * *)
@node Manual beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
+@subsubsection Manual beams
@cindex beams, manual
@commonprop
@node Feathered beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams
+@subsubsection Feathered beams
@cindex beams, feathered
@funindex \featherDurations
@end menu
@node Bar lines
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
+@subsubsection Bar lines
@cindex bar lines
@funindex \bar
@node Bar numbers
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers
+@subsubsection Bar numbers
@cindex bar numbers
@cindex measure numbers
@node Bar and bar number checks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
+@subsubsection Bar and bar number checks
@cindex bar check
@funindex barCheckSynchronize
@node Rehearsal marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks
+@subsubsection Rehearsal marks
@cindex rehearsal marks
@cindex mark, rehearsal
@end menu
@node Grace notes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
+@subsubsection Grace notes
@funindex \grace
@cindex ornaments
A multi-note beamed @emph{acciaccatura} is printed without a slash,
and looks exactly the same as a multi-note beamed
@emph{appoggiatura}.
-@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
+@c TODO Add link to LSR snippet to add slash when available
Grace note synchronization can also lead to surprises. Staff
notation, such as key signatures, bar lines, etc., are also
supported, and might produce crashes or other errors.
@node Aligning to cadenzas
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas
+@subsubsection Aligning to cadenzas
@cindex cadenza
@cindex cadenza, aligning to
@node Time administration
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration
+@subsubsection Time administration
@cindex time administration
@cindex timing (within the score)
+
+
+
+
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