@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote]
{rhythms-headword.ly}
-This section discusses rhythms, durations, and bars.
+This section discusses rhythms, rests, durations, beaming and bars.
@menu
* Writing rhythms::
@end menu
@node Durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Durations
+@subsubsection Durations
+
+@cindex durations, of notes
+@cindex note durations
-@cindex duration
-@cindex beams, automatic
@funindex \longa
@funindex \breve
@funindex \maxima
-When entering notes, durations are designated by numbers and dots:
-durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
+Durations are designated by numbers and dots.
+Durations are entered as their reciprocal values. For example, a
quarter note is entered using a @code{4} (since it is a 1/4 note),
-while a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
+and a half note is entered using a @code{2} (since it is a 1/2
note). For notes longer than a whole you must use the
-@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands. Note
-durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
+@code{\longa} (a double breve) and @code{\breve} commands.
+Durations as short as 64th notes may be specified. Shorter values
are possible, but only as beamed notes.
@c Two 64th notes are needed to obtain beams
@end lilypond
@noindent
-and the same durations with automatic beaming turned off
-see @ref{Automatic beams}:
+Here are the same durations with automatic beaming turned off.
@c not strictly "writing rhythms"; more of a "displaying" thing,
@c but it's ok here. -gp
c4 c8 c16 c32 c64 c64
@end lilypond
-If the duration is omitted then it is set to the previously
+A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
+@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
+notation. For details, see @ref{Ancient notation}.
+
+If the duration is omitted, it is set to the previously
entered duration. The default for the first note is a quarter
note.
a a a2 a a4 a a1 a
@end lilypond
+@cindex notes, dotted
+@cindex dotted notes
@funindex .
-To obtain dotted note lengths, simply add a dot (@code{.}) to the
-number. Double-dotted notes are produced in a similar way.
+To obtain dotted note lengths, place a dot (@code{.}) after the
+duration. Double-dotted notes are specified by appending two
+dots, and so on.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
a4 b c4. b8 a4. b4.. c8.
@end lilypond
-Some durations cannot be entered using only binary durations
-and dots, and can only be represented by tying two or more
-notes together. Tied notes are covered in @ref{Ties}.
+Some durations cannot be represented with just binary durations
+and dots; they can be represented only by tying two or more
+notes together. For details, see @ref{Ties}.
+
+For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
+ways of aligning lyrics to notes, see @ref{Vocal music}.
+
+Optionally, notes can be spaced strictly proportionately to their
+duration. For details of this and other settings which control
+proportional notation, see @ref{Proportional notation}.
@refcommands
Dots are normally moved up to avoid staff lines, except in
polyphonic situations. The following commands may be used to
-force a particular direction manually:
+force a particular direction manually, and to return to the
+default behaviour:
@funindex \dotsUp
@code{\dotsUp},
@funindex \dotsNeutral
@code{\dotsNeutral}.
-For ways of specifying durations for the syllables of lyrics and
-ways of aligning lyrics to notes see @ref{Vocal music}.
-
-A note with the duration of a quadruple breve may be entered with
-@code{\maxima}, but this is supported only within ancient music
-notation; see @ref{Ancient notation}.
-
-Optionally, notes can be spaced proportionately to their duration.
-For details of this and other settings which control proportional
-notation see @ref{Proportional notation}.
-
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{breve}, @rglos{longa}, @rglos{note value}
+@rglos{Duration names notes and rests}.
-Notation Reference:@ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music},
+Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic beams}, @ref{Ties},
+@ref{Writing rhythms}, @ref{Writing rests}, @ref{Vocal music},
@ref{Ancient notation}, @ref{Proportional notation}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Dots},
@internalsref{DotColumn}.
@refbugs
-@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
-longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
-are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
+longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited:
+rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole) may be printed.
@node Tuplets
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Tuplets
+@subsubsection Tuplets
@cindex tuplets
@cindex triplets
@commonprop
+@cindex tuplet formatting
+@cindex triplet formatting
+
@funindex tupletNumberFormatFunction
@funindex tupletSpannerDuration
-@cindex tuplet formatting
+@c Sent to Snippet 5 Feb 08
The property @code{tupletSpannerDuration} specifies how long each
bracket should last. With this, you can make lots of tuplets
while typing @code{\times} only once, thus saving lots of typing.
@funindex TupletNumber
-The format of the number is determined by the property @code{text}
-in @code{TupletNumber}. The default prints only the denominator,
-but if the property is set with @code{\override
-TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text},
-@var{num}:@var{den} will be printed instead.
+By default, only the numerator of the tuplet number
+is printed over the tuplet bracket, i.e. the denominator
+of the argument to the @code{\times} command. Alternatively,
+@var{num}:@var{den} of the tuplet number may be printed, or
+the tuplet number may be suppressed altogether.
-To print tuplets without tuplet numbers, use
-@code{\override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t}:
@lilypond[quote,fragment,relative=2,ragged-right,verbatim]
\times 2/3 { c8 c c } \times 2/3 { c8 c c }
\times 2/3 { c8 c c }
@end lilypond
-To change the appearance of nested tuplets beginning at the same
-music moment individually, the @code{\tweak} function must be used
-(see @ref{Objects connected to the input}). In the following
-example, @code{\tweak} specifies fraction text for the outer
-@code{TupletNumber} and denominator text for the
-@code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three inner tuplets.
+@c TODO Add snippet to show this
+Tuplets may extend over bar lines, but they will inhibit a
+line break unless the @code{Forbid_line_break_engraver} is
+removed from the @code{Voice context}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+@subheading Modifying nested tuplets
+
+@cindex tuplets, nested
+@cindex triplets, nested
+@cindex bracket, tuplet
+@cindex tuplet bracket
+@cindex triplet bracket
+@funindex TupletBracket
+
+If nested tuplets do not begin at the same moment their
+appearance may be modified in the usual way with
+@code{\override} commands:
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+\once \override TupletNumber #'text = #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
+\times 2/3 {
+ c[ c]
+ c[ c]
+ \once \override TupletNumber #'transparent = ##t
+ \times 2/3 { c8[ c c] }
+\times 2/3 { c8[ c c]}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+However, if the nested tuplets begin at the same musical moment,
+@code{\override} commands cannot be applied to just one of them
+-- they apply to both. So to change the appearance of nested
+tuplets beginning at the same musical moment individually, the
+@code{\tweak} function must be used (see @ref{Objects connected
+to the input}). The @code{\tweak} function is applied to the
+following @code{\times} command as it appears in the input stream,
+and so can distinguish between separate @code{\times} commands
+even if their tuplets begin at the same musical moment.
+
+In this example, the @code{\tweak} command is used to specify
+fraction text for the outer @code{TupletNumber} and denominator
+text for the @code{TupletNumber} of the first of the three
+inner tuplets.
+
+@c NOTE Tuplet brackets collide if notes are high on staff
+@c so use relative=1 until this is fixed
+@c See issue 509
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=1]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
\times 4/3 {
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-denominator-text
}
@end lilypond
-@cindex bracket, tuplet
-@funindex TupletBracket
-
-@c FIXME: after LM 6 Tweaks includes \tweak info, look at this.-gp
-@c It *should* be explained why \tweak must be used here, and why
-@c \override doesn't work. I've made an attempt, but I'm not sure
-@c if it is factually correct to say that \tweak must be used.
In the next example, @code{\tweak} and @code{\override} work
together to specify @code{TupletBracket} direction. The first
@code{\tweak} positions the @code{TupletBracket} of the outer
tuplet above the staff. The second @code{\tweak} positions the
@code{TupletBracket} of the first of the three inner tuplets below
-the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} function affects only
-events that begin at the same music moment: the outer tuplet and
-the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
-@code{TupletBrackets} of the second and third of the inner tuplets
-below the staff, we use @code{\override} in the usual way.
+the staff. Note that the @code{\tweak} command needs to be used
+only for events that begin at the same music moment: the outer
+tuplet and the first of the three inner tuplets. To position the
+@code{TupletBracket}s of the second and third of the inner tuplets
+below the staff, we can use @code{\override} in the usual way.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
\tweak #'text #tuplet-number::calc-fraction-text
}
@end lilypond
-Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the next
-note:
+@subheading Modifying tuplet bracket length
+
+@cindex tuplet bracket length
+@cindex triplet bracket length
+@cindex bracket length, tuplets
+@funindex tupletFullLength
+@funindex tupletFullLengthNote
+
+Tuplet brackets can be made to run to prefatory matter or the
+next note.
+Default tuplet brackets end at the right edge of the final note
+of the tuplet; full-length tuplet brackets extend farther to the
+right, either to cover all the non-rhythmic notation up to the
+following note, or to cover only the whitespace before the next
+item of notation, be that a clef, time signature, key signature,
+or another note. The example shows how to switch tuplets to
+full length mode and how to modify what material they cover.
+
@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
\new RhythmicStaff {
+ % Set tuplets to be extendable ..
\set tupletFullLength = ##t
+ % .. to cover all items up to the next note
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##t
\time 2/4
\times 2/3 { c4 c c }
+ % .. or to cover just whitespace
\set tupletFullLengthNote = ##f
\time 4/4
\times 4/5 { c4 c1 }
}
@end lilypond
+@subheading Compressing music
+
+@cindex compressing music
@funindex \compressMusic
-@funindex \times
@code{\compressMusic} works similarly to \times, but does not
-create a tuplet bracket; see @ref{Polymetric notation}.
-
+create a tuplet bracket. One application is in polymetric
+notation, as shown in the following example. See
+@ref{Polymetric notation}.
-@refbugs
+@c not added yet. -gp
+@c @lilypondfile [ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=14,quote]
+@c {printing-music-with-different-time-signatures.ly}
-Tuplets which cross bar lines will prevent a line break at that
-point.
@seealso
-Music Glossary: @rglos{tuplet}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{triplet}, @rglos{tuplet},
+@rglos{polymetric}.
Notation Reference: @ref{Time administration},
@ref{Objects connected to the input}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{TupletBracket},
@internalsref{TupletNumber}, and @internalsref{TimeScaledMusic}.
@node Scaling durations
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Scaling durations
+@subsubsection Scaling durations
You can alter the length of a duration by a fraction @var{N/M}
by appending @code{*@var{N/M}} (or @code{*@var{N}} if @var{M=1}).
Notation Reference: @ref{Tuplets}, @ref{Skips}, @ref{Polymetric notation}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Ties
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Ties
+@subsubsection Ties
@cindex tie
@funindex ~
Music Glossary: @rglos{tie},
@c [TODO]add @rglos{laissez vibrer}. when there is a glossary entry.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference:
@internalsref{LaissezVibrerTie}
Notation Reference: @ref{Automatic note splitting}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Tie}.
@end menu
@node Rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rests
+@subsubsection Rests
@cindex rest
@cindex maxima
@cindex longa
Notation Reference: @ref{Full measure rests}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Rest}.
@refbugs
-@c duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
+@c Deliberately duplicated in Durations and Rests. -gp
There is no fundamental limit to rest durations (both in terms of
longest and shortest), but the number of glyphs is limited: there
are rests from 128th to maxima (8 x whole).
@node Skips
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Skips
+@subsubsection Skips
@cindex skip
@cindex invisible rest
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{SkipMusic}.
@node Full measure rests
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Full measure rests
+@subsubsection Full measure rests
@cindex multi measure rests
@cindex full measure rests
Notation Reference: @ref{Durations}, @ref{Text},
@ref{Text markup}, @ref{Text scripts}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{MultiMeasureRest}.
@end menu
@node Time signature
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time signature
+@subsubsection Time signature
@cindex time signature
@cindex meter
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{TimeSignature}, and
@internalsref{Timing_translator}.
@node Upbeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Upbeats
+@subsubsection Upbeats
@cindex anacrusis
@cindex upbeat
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Unmetered music
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Unmetered music
+@subsubsection Unmetered music
@cindex cadenza
@funindex \cadenzaOn
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Polymetric notation
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Polymetric notation
+@subsubsection Polymetric notation
@cindex double time signatures
@cindex signatures, polymetric
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}, @c @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}, @c @lsr{contemporary,compound-time-signature}.
Internals Reference: @internalsref{TimeSignature}, @internalsref{Timing-translator}, @internalsref{Staff}.
@node Automatic note splitting
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic note splitting
+@subsubsection Automatic note splitting
Long notes which overrun bar lines can be converted automatically
to tied notes. This is done by replacing the
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Note_heads_engraver},
@internalsref{Completion_heads_engraver},
@end menu
@node Automatic beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic beams
+@subsubsection Automatic beams
By default, beams are inserted automatically:
Notation Reference: @ref{Manual beams}, @ref{Setting automatic beam behavior}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam}.
@node Setting automatic beam behavior
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Setting automatic beam behavior
+@subsubsection Setting automatic beam behavior
@funindex autoBeamSettings
@funindex (end * * * *)
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Manual beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual beams
+@subsubsection Manual beams
@cindex beams, manual
@commonprop
@node Feathered beams
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Feathered beams
+@subsubsection Feathered beams
@cindex beams, feathered
@funindex \featherDurations
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@end menu
@node Bar lines
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar lines
+@subsubsection Bar lines
@cindex bar lines
@funindex \bar
Notation Reference: @ref{Line breaking}, @ref{Repeats},
@ref{System start delimiters}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{BarLine} (created at
@internalsref{Staff} level), @internalsref{SpanBar} (across
@node Bar numbers
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar numbers
+@subsubsection Bar numbers
@cindex bar numbers
@cindex measure numbers
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{BarNumber}.
-Examples: @lsrdir{bar number}
-
@refbugs
@node Bar and bar number checks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Bar and bar number checks
+@subsubsection Bar and bar number checks
@cindex bar check
@funindex barCheckSynchronize
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Rehearsal marks
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Rehearsal marks
+@subsubsection Rehearsal marks
@cindex rehearsal marks
@cindex mark, rehearsal
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
This manual: @ref{The Feta font}, @ref{Text marks}.
@end menu
@node Grace notes
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Grace notes
+@subsubsection Grace notes
@funindex \grace
@cindex ornaments
@rglos{acciaccatura},
@rglos{appoggiatura}
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{GraceMusic}.
supported, and might produce crashes or other errors.
@node Aligning to cadenzas
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Aligning to cadenzas
+@subsubsection Aligning to cadenzas
@cindex cadenza
@cindex cadenza, aligning to
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
@node Time administration
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Time administration
+@subsubsection Time administration
@cindex time administration
@cindex timing (within the score)
This manual: @ref{Bar numbers}, @ref{Unmetered music}
-Snippets: @lsrdir{rhythms}
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Rhythms,Rhythms}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Timing_translator},
@internalsref{Score}
+
+
+
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