version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.61"
+
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
-@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
-{repeats-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
-exist for repetitions.
-
-@menu
-* Writing repeats::
-* Other repeats::
-@end menu
-
-@node Writing repeats
-@subsection Writing repeats
-
-This section discusses how to write repeats, including repeated
-sections of music enclosed within repeat bars, alternate repeat
-endings, tremolos, and beat or measure repeats.
-
-@menu
-* Repeat syntax::
-* Normal repeats::
-* Manual repeat commands::
-@end menu
-
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of
+repeats:
-@node Repeat syntax
-@subsubsection Repeat syntax
-
-@cindex repeats
-@cindex repeat syntax
-@cindex syntax, repeat
-
-LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different
-types of repeats. The syntax is
-
-@example
-\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{repeatbody}
-@end example
-
-where @var{repeabody} is a music expression.
-
-The following types of repetition are supported
-
-@cindex repeat volta
-@cindex volta
@table @code
@item volta
-The repeated music is not written out but enclosed in repeat bar
+The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
-line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
-printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard
+line is only printed at the end of the repeat. Alternative endings
+(volte) are printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard
notation for repeats with alternatives.
-@cindex repetitious music
-
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
entering repetitious music.
-@cindex tremolo
-@cindex tremolo beams
-@cindex beams, tremolo
+@item percent
+These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
+percent signs.
@item tremolo
-Make tremolo beams.
-
-@cindex beat repeat
-@cindex measure repeat
-@cindex percent sign, for repeat
-
-@item percent
-Make beat or measure repeats. These look like percent signs.
-Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
+This is used to write tremolo beams.
@end table
-Alternative endings are entered with
-@funindex \alternative
-@example
-\alternative @{
- @var{alternative1}
- @var{alternative2}
- @var{alternative3}
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
-@noindent
-after a @code{\repeat volta} or @code{unfold} block, where each
-@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give
-less alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative
-is assumed to be played more than once.
+@menu
+* Long repeats::
+* Short repeats::
+@end menu
+@node Long repeats
+@subsection Long repeats
-@node Normal repeats
-@subsubsection Normal repeats
+This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
+repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
+repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
+Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
+
+@menu
+* Normal repeats::
+* Manual repeat marks::
+* Written-out repeats::
+@end menu
@cindex volta
@cindex prima volta
@cindex seconda volta
@cindex volta, prima
@cindex volta, seconda
+@cindex repeat, normal
+@cindex normal repeat
+@cindex repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate endings
@funindex \repeat
+@funindex \alternative
+@funindex \partial
+
+@node Normal repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
-Normal repeats, with or without alternate repeats:
+The syntax for a normal repeat is
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@example
+\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can be
+produced using @code{\alternative}. In order to delimit the alternate
+endings, the group of alternatives must be enclosed in a set of
+braces. If there are more repeats than there are alternate endings,
+the earliest repeats are given the first alternative.
+
+Normal repeats without alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
-\repeat volta 2 { g f e d }
- \alternative {
- { cis2 g' }
- { cis,2 b }
- }
+c2 d
+\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
+@end lilypond
+
+Normal repeats with alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat volta 4 { c4 d e f }
+\alternative {
+ { d2 e }
+ { f2 g }
+}
c1
@end lilypond
-Repeats with upbeats:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4 e |
- \repeat volta 4 { c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
- \alternative { { g4 g g e } { a a a a | b2. } }
+
+@cindex repeat with upbeat
+@cindex upbeat in a repeat
+@cindex anacrucis in a repeat
+@cindex repeat with anacrucis
+@cindex repeat with pickup
+@cindex pickup in a repeat
+@funindex \partial
+
+Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+e |
+\repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { g4 g g e }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
@noindent
or
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\new Staff {
- \partial 4
- \repeat volta 4 { e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
- \alternative { { \partial 4*3 g4 g g } { a a a a | b2. } }
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\partial 4
+\repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
+\alternative {
+ { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex repeats with ties
+@cindex alternative endings with ties
+@cindex ties in repeats
+@cindex ties in alternative endings
@funindex \repeatTie
Ties may be added to a second ending:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
c1
-\repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f ~ }
-\alternative { {f2 d} {f\repeatTie f,} }
-@end lilypond
-
-By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
-alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by
-setting @code{voltaSpannerDuration}. In the next example, the
-bracket only lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c''{
- \time 3/4
- c c c
- \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3 4)
- \repeat volta 5 { d d d }
- \alternative { { e e e f f f }
- { g g g } }
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f ~ }
+\alternative {
+ { f2 d }
+ { f2\repeatTie f, }
}
@end lilypond
-The @code{Volta_engraver} by default resides in the Score context,
-and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed over
-the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding
-@code{Volta_engraver} to the Staff context where you want the
-brackets to appear; see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins} and
-@c @lsr{repeats,volta@/-multi@/-staff@/.ly}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\score { <<
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff \with { \consists Volta_engraver } { c'2 g' e' a' }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- >> }
-@end lilypond
+@snippets
-@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
-@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have
-a double bar at the end of the previous line, use
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
-@example
-@dots{} \bar "||:" \break
-\repeat volta 2 @{ @dots{}
-@end example
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
-see @ref{Bar lines} for more information.
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
-@internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
-@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
-@c Examples:
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
@cindex repeat, ambiguous
+@cindex nested repeat
+@cindex repeat, nested
+@cindex repeat timing information
+@cindex repeat and measure number
+@cindex timing information and repeats
+@cindex measure number and repeats
+@cindex repeat and slur
+@cindex slur and repeat
A nested repeat like
having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
-Timing information is not remembered at the start of an
-alternative, so after a repeat timing information must be reset by
-hand; for example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or
-entering @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not
-repeated.
+Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
+so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
+example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
+@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
-@node Manual repeat commands
-@subsubsection Manual repeat commands
+@node Manual repeat marks
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat marks
+@cindex manual repeat mark
+@cindex repeat, manual
+@cindex start repeat
+@cindex repeat, start
+@cindex end repeat
+@cindex repeat, end
+@cindex repeat number, changing
+@cindex repeat volta, changing
+@cindex volta bracket
+@cindex bracket, volta
@funindex repeatCommands
+@funindex start-repeat
-@c FIXME: Markup does not work in the "text" field
-@c And how does one change the font?
-@c On the whole, this section needs better documentation (why the
-@c double parentheses around the volta expressions?)
+@warning{These methods are only used for displaying unusual repeat
+constructs, and may produce unexpected behavior. In most cases,
+repeats should be created using the standard @code{\\repeat} command
+or by printing the relevant bar lines. For more information, see
+@ref{Bar lines}.}
The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
-@table @asis
-@item @code{start-repeat}
+@table @code
+@item start-repeat
Print a @code{|:} bar line.
-@item @code{end-repeat}
-Print a @code{:|} bar line.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(start-repeat)
+d4 e f g
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+As per standard engraving practice, repeat signs are not printed
+at the beginning of a piece.
+
+@item end-repeat
+Print a @code{:|} bar line:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+d4 e f g
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'(end-repeat)
+c1
+@end lilypond
-@item @code{(volta @var{text})}
-Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be
-specified as a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Text
-markup}. Do not forget to change the font, as the default number
-font does not contain alphabetic characters;
+@item (volta @var{number}) ... (volta #f)
+Create a new volta with the specified number. The volta bracket must
+be explicitly terminated, or it will not be printed.
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+f4 g a b
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2"))
+g4 a g a
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
+c1
+@end lilypond
-@item @code{(volta #f)}
-Stop a running volta bracket.
@end table
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
-c4
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
-c4 c4
+Multiple repeat commands may occur at the same point:
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+f4 g a b
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "2, 5") end-repeat)
+g4 a g a
+c1
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "95") end-repeat)
+b1
+@end lilypond
+
+@cindex volta bracket with text
+@cindex text in volta bracket
+
+Text can be included with the volta bracket. The text can be a
+number or numbers or markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. The
+simplest way to use markup text is to define the markup first,
+then include the the markup in a Scheme list.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
+voltaAdLib = \markup { 1. 2. 3... \text \italic { ad lib. } }
+\relative c'' {
+ c1
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #(list(list 'volta voltaAdLib) 'start-repeat)
+ c4 b d e
+ \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f) (volta "4.") end-repeat)
+ f1
\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
-c4 c4
+}
@end lilypond
-@c FIXME: improve visibility of bar lines link?
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{printing-a-repeat-sign-at-the-beginning-of-a-piece.ly}
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Bar lines},
+@ref{Formatting text}.
+
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Repeats}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
-and @internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+@node Written-out repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Written-out repeats
-@node Other repeats
-@subsection Other repeats
+@cindex written-out repeats
+@cindex repetitious music
+@cindex repeats, written-out
+@cindex repeat, unfold
+@cindex unfold music
+@cindex unfold repeat
+@cindex unfold repeat with alternate endings
+@cindex unfold music with alternate endings
+@cindex alternate ending in written-out repeats
+@funindex unfold
+
+By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
+the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
+
+@example
+\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression and @var{repeatcount} is
+the number of times @var{musicexpr} is repeated.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+Unfold repeats can be made with alternate endings. If there are
+more repeats than there are alternate endings, the first
+alternative ending is applied to the earliest endings.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
+ \alternative {
+ { cis2 g' }
+ { cis,2 b }
+ }
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+
+@node Short repeats
+@subsection Short repeats
+
+This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
+take two basic forms: repeats of a single note to two measures,
+represented by slashes or percent signs; and tremolos.
@menu
+* Percent repeats::
* Tremolo repeats::
-* Measure repeats::
@end menu
+@node Percent repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Percent repeats
+
+@cindex percent repeats
+@cindex measure repeats
+@cindex repeat, percent
+@cindex repeat, measure
+@cindex repeat, short
+@funindex \repeat percent
+@funindex percent
+
+Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
+once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
+are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
+one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
+
+@example
+@code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=2]
+\repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+\repeat percent 2 { b4 a g f }
+\repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
+@end lilypond
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{percent-repeat-counter.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{isolated-percent-repeats.ly}
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
+@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
+
+@knownissues
+
+Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
+representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
+notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
+two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
+measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
+consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
+representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
+durations, are supported.
+
+
@node Tremolo repeats
-@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
@cindex tremolo beams
+@cindex tremolo
+@cindex repeat, tremolo
+@funindex \repeat tremolo
+@funindex tremolo
+
+Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
+notes, and rapid repetition of a single note or chord. Tremolos
+consisting of an alternation are indicated by adding beams between the
+notes or chords being alternated, while tremolos consisting of the
+rapid repetition of a single note are indicated by adding beams or
+slashes to a single note.
To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
tremolo style:
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d16 }
-}
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 6 { c16 d }
+\repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
@end lilypond
The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
-@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax can be used even here, in which case
+@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
the note should not be surrounded by braces:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
@cindex tremolo marks
@funindex tremoloFlags
+@funindex :
The same output can be obtained by adding
@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
@code{tremoloFlags}) is used
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c2:8 c:32
+c: c:
@end lilypond
-
-@refbugs
-
-
-Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} do not carry over
-into the MIDI output.
-
-
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam},
-@internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-
-Elsewhere: @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-
-
-@node Measure repeats
-@subsubsection Measure repeats
-
-@cindex percent repeats
-@cindex measure repeats
-
-A note pattern can be repeated with the @code{\repeat percent
-@var{number}} syntax. The music is printed once, and the pattern
-is replaced with a special sign. Patterns of one and two measures
-are replaced by percent-like signs, patterns that divide the
-measure length are replaced by slashes. Percent repeats must be
-declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Measure repeats of more than two measures get a counter if you
-switch on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
-
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice {
- \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function:
-
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
-@end lilypond
-
-
-
-
-@seealso
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
-@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+@cindex tremolo, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff tremolo
+@knownissues
+Cross-staff tremolos do not work well.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff