version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.38"
+
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
{repeats-headword.ly}
-Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations exist
-for repetitions. This section discusses how to write repeats,
-including repeated sections of music enclosed within repeat bars,
-alternate repeat endings, a shortcut to writing repeated music that is
-not enclosed within repeat bars, repeated music one measure or less in
-length, and tremolos.
-
-@menu
-* Types of repeats::
-* Normal repeats::
-@end menu
-
-@node Types of repeats
-@subsection Kinds of repeats
+Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
-@menu
-* Repeat syntax::
-* Repeats supported::
-@end menu
-
-@node Repeat syntax
-@subsubsection Repeat syntax
-
-@cindex repeats
-@cindex repeat syntax
-@cindex syntax, repeat
-
-In LilyPond, repeats are formed using the following construction:
-
-@example
-\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{repeatbody}
-@end example
-
-where @var{repeatbody} is a music expression.
-
-@seealso
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}.
-
-@node Repeats supported
-@subsubsection Repeats supported
-
-The following types of repetition are supported
-
-@cindex repeat volta
-@cindex volta
@table @code
@item volta
-The repeated music is not written out but enclosed in repeat bar
+The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
-printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard
-notation for repeats with alternatives.
-
-@cindex repetitious music
+printed left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
+for repeats with alternatives.
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
entering repetitious music.
-@cindex beat repeat
-@cindex measure repeat
-@cindex percent sign, for repeat
-
@item percent
-Make beat or measure repeats. These look like percent signs.
-Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-
-@cindex tremolo
-@cindex tremolo beams
-@cindex beams, tremolo
+These are beat or measure repeats. They look like single slashes or
+percent signs.
@item tremolo
-Make tremolo beams.
+This is used to write tremolo beams.
@end table
-Alternative endings are entered with
-
-@funindex \alternative
-
-@example
-\alternative @{
- @var{alternative1}
- @var{alternative2}
- @var{alternative3}
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-after a @code{\repeat volta} or @code{unfold} block, where each
-@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give
-less alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative
-is assumed to be played more than once.
-
-@seealso
+@menu
+* Long repeats::
+* Short repeats::
+@end menu
-Music Glossary: @rglos{volta}, @rglos{tremolo}.
+@node Long repeats
+@subsection Long repeats
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}.
+This section discusses how to input long (usually multi-measure)
+repeats. The repeats can take two forms: repeats enclosed between
+repeat signs; or written out repeats, used to input repetitious music.
+Repeat signs can also be controlled manually.
-@node Normal repeats
-@subsection Normal repeats
+@menu
+* Normal repeats::
+* Manual repeat marks::
+* Written-out repeats::
+@end menu
@cindex volta
@cindex prima volta
@cindex volta, seconda
@funindex \repeat
-@menu
-* Simple repeats::
-* Complex repeats::
-* Manual repeat commands::
-* Repetitious Music::
-* Tremolo repeats::
-* Measure repeats::
-@end menu
+@node Normal repeats
+@subsubsection Normal repeats
+
+The syntax for a normal repeat is
+
+@example
+\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
-@node Simple repeats
-@subsubsection Simple repeats
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can
+be produced using @code{\alternative}.
-Normal repeats, without alternate endings:
+Normal repeats without alternate endings:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
-\repeat volta 4 { g f e d }
-c1
+c2 d
+\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}.
-
-@node Complex repeats
-@subsubsection Complex repeats
-
-
-Repeats with alternate endings:
+Normal repeats with alternate endings:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
+\repeat volta 2 { g4 f e d }
\alternative {
{ cis2 g' }
{ cis,2 b }
c1
@end lilypond
-@noindent
-Repeats with upbeats:
+
+Repeats with upbeats can be entered in two ways:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Staff {
- \partial 4 e |
- \repeat volta 4 { c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
- \alternative { { g4 g g e } { a a a a | b2. } }
+ \partial 4
+ e |
+ \repeat volta 4 { c2 d | e2 f | }
+ \alternative {
+ { g4 g g e }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
+ }
}
@end lilypond
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Staff {
\partial 4
- \repeat volta 4 { e | c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
- \alternative { { \partial 4*3 g4 g g } { a a a a | b2. } }
+ \repeat volta 4 { e4 | c2 d | e2 f | }
+ \alternative {
+ { \partial 4*3 g4 g g }
+ { a4 a a a | b2. }
+ }
}
@end lilypond
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
c1
\repeat volta 2 {c4 d e f ~ }
-\alternative { {f2 d} {f\repeatTie f,} }
-@end lilypond
-
-By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
-alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by
-setting @code{voltaSpannerDuration}. In the next example, the
-bracket only lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c''{
- \time 3/4
- c c c
- \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3 4)
- \repeat volta 5 { d d d }
- \alternative { { e e e f f f }
- { g g g } }
+\alternative {
+ {f2 d}
+ {f2\repeatTie f,}
}
@end lilypond
-The @code{Volta_engraver} by default resides in the Score context,
-and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed over
-the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding
-@code{Volta_engraver} to the Staff context where you want the
-brackets to appear; see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins} and
-@c @lsr{repeats,volta@/-multi@/-staff@/.ly}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\score { <<
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff \with { \consists Volta_engraver } { c'2 g' e' a' }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- >> }
-@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc,doctitle]
+{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
+
@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have
-a double bar at the end of the previous line, use
+If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
+double bar at the end of the previous line, use @code{\bar}. For more
+information, see @ref{Bar lines}.
-@example
-@dots{} \bar "||:" \break
-\repeat volta 2 @{ @dots{}
-@end example
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4 c c c
+\bar "||:" \break
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
-see @ref{Bar lines} for more information.
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
+Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
-@internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
-@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
-@c Examples:
-@c FIXME: ?
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
@knownissues
having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
-Timing information is not remembered at the start of an
-alternative, so after a repeat timing information must be reset by
-hand; for example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or
-entering @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not
-repeated.
+Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
+so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
+example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
+@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs are also not repeated.
-@node Manual repeat commands
-@subsubsection Manual repeat commands
+@node Manual repeat marks
+@subsubsection Manual repeat marks
@funindex repeatCommands
@item @code{(volta @var{text})}
Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be specified as
-a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Text markup}. Do not
+a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. Do not
forget to change the font, as the default number font does not contain
alphabetic characters;
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
c4
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
-c4 c4
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
-c4 c4
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
+c4 b
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
+d4 e
@end lilypond
@c FIXME: improve visibility of bar lines link?
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Text markup}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Formatting text}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{VoltaBracket},
+@rinternals{RepeatedMusic}, @rinternals{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
-@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+@node Written-out repeats
+@subsubsection Written-out repeats
+@cindex written-out repeats
+@cindex repetitious music
+@cindex repeats, written-out
+
+By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
+the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
-@node Repetitious Music
-@subsubsection Repetitous music
+@example
+\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
-@c FIXME: rewrite unfold section
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Unfold repeats can be
+made with or without alternate endings. Unfold repeats without
+alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+Unfold repeats with alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
+ \alternative {
+ { cis2 g' }
+ { cis,2 b }
+ }
+c1
+@end lilypond
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatedMusic},
+@rinternals{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+
+@node Short repeats
+@subsection Short repeats
+
+This section discusses how to input short repeats. Short repeats can
+take two basic forms: repeats of a single note to two measures,
+represented by slashes or percent signs; and tremolos.
+
+@menu
+* Percent repeats::
+* Tremolo repeats::
+@end menu
+
+@node Percent repeats
+@subsubsection Percent repeats
+
+@cindex percent repeats
+@cindex measure repeats
+
+Repeated short patterns of notes are supported. The music is printed
+once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign. Patterns that
+are shorter than one measure are replaced by slashes, and patterns of
+one or two measures are replaced by percent-like signs. The syntax is
+
+@example
+@code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\relative c' {
+ \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+ \repeat percent 2 { b'4 a g f }
+ \repeat percent 2 { c2 es | f4 fis g c | }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Measure repeats of more than two repeats get a counter if you switch
+on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
+
+@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\relative c' {
+ \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
+ \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
+multi-measure rest with a different print function:
+
+@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
+\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
+ = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
+R1
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@knownissues
+
+Only three kinds of percent repeats are supported: a single slash
+representing a single beat (regardless of the duration of the repeated
+notes); a single slash with dots representing one full measure; and
+two slashes with dots crossing a bar line representing two full
+measures. Neither multiple slashes representing single beat repeats
+consisting of sixteenth or shorter notes, nor two slashes with dots
+representing single beat repeats consisting of notes of varying
+durations, are supported.
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Music Glossary: @rglos{percent repeat}, @rglos{simile}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{RepeatSlash},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeat}, @rinternals{DoublePercentRepeat},
+@rinternals{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
+@rinternals{PercentRepeatCounter}, @rinternals{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
@node Tremolo repeats
@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
+Tremolos can take two forms: alternation between two chords or two
+notes, and rapid repetition of a single
+note or chord. Tremolos consisting of an alternation are indicated by
+adding beams between the notes or chords being alternated, while
+tremolos consisting of the rapid repetition of a single note are
+indicated by adding beams or slashes to a single note.
+
@cindex tremolo beams
To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
tremolo style:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d16 }
+\relative c' {
+ \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d }
+ \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d }
+ \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d }
}
@end lilypond
notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
-@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax can be used even here, in which case
+@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
the note should not be surrounded by braces:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam},
-@internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-
-Elsewhere: @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-
-
-@node Measure repeats
-@subsubsection Measure repeats
-
-@cindex percent repeats
-@cindex measure repeats
-
-A note pattern can be repeated with the @code{\repeat percent
-@var{number}} syntax. The music is printed once, and the pattern
-is replaced with a special sign. Patterns of one and two measures
-are replaced by percent-like signs, patterns that divide the
-measure length are replaced by slashes. Percent repeats must be
-declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Measure repeats of more than two measures get a counter if you
-switch on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
-
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice {
- \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function:
-
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
-@end lilypond
-
-
-@seealso
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
-@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-
-
-
-
+@c Notation Reference: @re