version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.38"
+
@node Repeats
@section Repeats
-@lilypondfile[quote]{repeats-headword.ly}
+@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
+{repeats-headword.ly}
Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
-exist for repetitions.
-
-@menu
-* Writing repeats::
-* Other repeats::
-@end menu
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
-@node Writing repeats
-@subsection Writing repeats
-
-This section discusses how to write repeats, including repeated
-sections of music enclosed within repeat bars, alternate repeat
-endings, tremolos, and beat or measure repeats.
-
-@menu
-* Repeat syntax::
-* Normal repeats::
-* Manual repeat commands::
-@end menu
-
-
-@node Repeat syntax
-@subsubsection Repeat syntax
-
-@cindex repeats
-@cindex repeat syntax
-@cindex syntax, repeat
-
-LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different
-types of repeats. The syntax is
-
-@example
-\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{repeatbody}
-@end example
-
-where @var{repeabody} is a music expression.
-
-The following types of repetition are supported
-
-@cindex repeat volta
-@cindex volta
@table @code
@item volta
-The repeated music is not written out but enclosed in repeat bar
+The repeated music is not written out but enclosed between repeat bar
lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
-printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard
-notation for repeats with alternatives.
-
-@cindex repetitious music
+printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
+for repeats with alternatives.
@item unfold
The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
entering repetitious music.
-@cindex tremolo
-@cindex tremolo beams
-@cindex beams, tremolo
+@item percent
+These are beat or measure repeats. They look like percent signs.
+Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
@item tremolo
-Make tremolo beams.
+This is used to write tremolo beams.
-@cindex beat repeat
-@cindex measure repeat
-@cindex percent sign, for repeat
+@end table
-@item percent
-Make beat or measure repeats. These look like percent signs.
-Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
+@ignore
+LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different
+types of repeats. The syntax is
+
+@example
+\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
-@end table
Alternative endings are entered with
@funindex \alternative
@noindent
after a @code{\repeat volta} or @code{unfold} block, where each
-@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give
-less alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative
-is assumed to be played more than once.
+@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give fewer
+alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative is assumed
+to be played more than once.
+@end ignore
-@node Normal repeats
-@subsubsection Normal repeats
+@menu
+* Writing long repeats::
+* Short repeats::
+@end menu
+
+@node Writing long repeats
+@subsection Writing long repeats
+
+@menu
+* Normal repeats::
+* Manual repeat marks::
+* Written-out repeats::
+@end menu
@cindex volta
@cindex prima volta
@cindex volta, seconda
@funindex \repeat
-Normal repeats, with or without alternate repeats:
+@node Normal repeats
+@subsubsection Normal repeats
+
+The syntax for a normal repeat is
+
+@example
+\repeat volta @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Alternate endings can
+be produced using @code{\alternative}.
+
+Normal repeats without alternate endings:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
+c2 d
+\repeat volta 2 { d4 e f g }
+@end lilypond
+
+Normal repeats with alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { g f e d }
\alternative {
{ cis2 g' }
}
c1
@end lilypond
+
+
Repeats with upbeats:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Staff {
- \partial 4 e |
+ \partial 4
+ e |
\repeat volta 4 { c2 d2 | e2 f2 | }
\alternative { { g4 g g e } { a a a a | b2. } }
}
\alternative { {f2 d} {f\repeatTie f,} }
@end lilypond
-By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
-alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by
-setting @code{voltaSpannerDuration}. In the next example, the
-bracket only lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\relative c''{
- \time 3/4
- c c c
- \set Score.voltaSpannerDuration = #(ly:make-moment 3 4)
- \repeat volta 5 { d d d }
- \alternative { { e e e f f f }
- { g g g } }
-}
-@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+{shortening-volta-brackets.ly}
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
+{adding-volta-brackets-to-additional-staves.ly}
-The @code{Volta_engraver} by default resides in the Score context,
-and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed over
-the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding
-@code{Volta_engraver} to the Staff context where you want the
-brackets to appear; see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins} and
-@c @lsr{repeats,volta@/-multi@/-staff@/.ly}.
-
-@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
-\score { <<
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- \new Staff \with { \consists Volta_engraver } { c'2 g' e' a' }
- \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
- >> }
-@end lilypond
@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have
-a double bar at the end of the previous line, use
+If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
+double bar at the end of the previous line, use @code{\bar}. For more
+information, see @ref{Bar lines}.
-@example
-@dots{} \bar "||:" \break
-\repeat volta 2 @{ @dots{}
-@end example
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4 c c c
+\bar "||:" \break
+\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
+@end lilypond
-see @ref{Bar lines} for more information.
@seealso
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Music Glossary: @rglos{repeat}, @rglos{volta}.
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
-@internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
-@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Modifying context plug-ins}.
-@c Examples:
+Snippets:
+@lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
+@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
+@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
@knownissues
having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
-Timing information is not remembered at the start of an
-alternative, so after a repeat timing information must be reset by
-hand; for example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or
-entering @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not
-repeated.
+Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
+so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
+example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
+@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not repeated.
-@node Manual repeat commands
-@subsubsection Manual repeat commands
+@node Manual repeat marks
+@subsubsection Manual repeat marks
@funindex repeatCommands
Print a @code{:|} bar line.
@item @code{(volta @var{text})}
-Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be
-specified as a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Text
-markup}. Do not forget to change the font, as the default number
-font does not contain alphabetic characters;
+Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be specified as
+a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Formatting text}. Do not
+forget to change the font, as the default number font does not contain
+alphabetic characters;
@item @code{(volta #f)}
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
c4
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
-c4 c4
- \set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
-c4 c4
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta "93") end-repeat)
+c4 b4
+\set Score.repeatCommands = #'((volta #f))
+d4 e4
@end lilypond
@c FIXME: improve visibility of bar lines link?
@seealso
-Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}, @ref{Formatting text}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Snippets:
+@lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
-and @internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}.
+
+
+@node Written-out repeats
+@subsubsection Written-out repeats
+
+@cindex written-out repeats
+@cindex repetitious music
+@cindex repeats, written-out
+
+By using the @code{unfold} command, repeats can be used to simplify
+the writing out of repetitious music. The syntax is
+
+@example
+\repeat unfold @var{repeatcount} @var{musicexpr}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression. Unfold repeats can be
+made with or without alternate endings. Unfold repeats without
+alternate endings:
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { c4 d e f }
+c1
+@end lilypond
-@node Other repeats
-@subsection Other repeats
+Unfold repeats with alternate endings:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment,relative=2]
+c1
+\repeat unfold 2 { g4 f e d }
+ \alternative {
+ { cis2 g' }
+ { cis,2 b }
+ }
+c1
+@end lilypond
+
+@seealso
+
+Snippets:
+@lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
+@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
+
+@node Short repeats
+@subsection Short repeats
@menu
+* Percent repeats::
* Tremolo repeats::
-* Measure repeats::
@end menu
+@node Percent repeats
+@subsubsection Percent repeats
+
+@cindex percent repeats
+@cindex measure repeats
+
+Repeated short patterns of notes are also supported. The music is
+printed once, and the pattern is replaced with a special sign.
+Patterns of one and two measures are replaced by percent-like signs,
+patterns that are shorter than onee measure are replaced by slashes.
+Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context. The
+syntax is
+
+@example
+@code{\repeat percent @var{number} @var{musicexpr}}
+@end example
+
+where @var{musicexpr} is a music expression.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Voice \relative c' {
+ \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+ \repeat percent 2 { b4 a4 g4 f4 }
+ \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Measure repeats of more than two measures get a counter if you
+switch on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
+
+@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Voice {
+ \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
+ \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
+multi-measure rest with a different print function:
+
+@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
+\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
+ = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
+R1
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Snippets:
+@lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
+@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
+
@node Tremolo repeats
@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
-@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax can be used even here, in which case
+@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax is also used here, in which case
the note should not be surrounded by braces:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam},
@internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Snippets:
+@lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
Elsewhere: @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-@node Measure repeats
-@subsubsection Measure repeats
-
-@cindex percent repeats
-@cindex measure repeats
-
-A note pattern can be repeated with the @code{\repeat percent
-@var{number}} syntax. The music is printed once, and the pattern
-is replaced with a special sign. Patterns of one and two measures
-are replaced by percent-like signs, patterns that divide the
-measure length are replaced by slashes. Percent repeats must be
-declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Measure repeats of more than two measures get a counter if you
-switch on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
-
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice {
- \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function:
-
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
-@end lilypond
-
-
-
-
-@seealso
-
-Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
-@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff