@node Repeats
@section Repeats
-Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations exist
-for repetitions.
+@lilypondfile[ragged-right,line-width=16\cm,staffsize=16,quote]
+{repeats-headword.ly}
+
+Repetition is a central concept in music, and multiple notations
+exist for repetitions. LilyPond supports the following kinds of repeats:
+
+
+@table @code
+@item volta
+The repeated music is not written out but enclosed in repeat bar
+lines. If the repeat is at the beginning of a piece, a repeat bar
+line is only printed at the end. Alternative endings (volte) are
+printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard
+notation for repeats with alternatives.
+
+@item unfold
+The repeated music is fully written out, as many times as
+specified by @var{repeatcount}. This is useful when
+entering repetitious music.
+
+@item percent
+Make beat or measure repeats. These look like percent signs.
+Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
+
+@item tremolo
+Make tremolo beams.
+
+@end table
+
+LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different
+types of repeats. The syntax is
+
+@example
+\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{repeatbody}
+@end example
+
+where @var{repeabody} is a music expression.
+
+
+Alternative endings are entered with
+@funindex \alternative
+@example
+\alternative @{
+ @var{alternative1}
+ @var{alternative2}
+ @var{alternative3}
+ @dots{}
+@}
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+after a @code{\repeat volta} or @code{unfold} block, where each
+@var{alternative} is a music expression. If you give fewer
+alternatives than @var{repeatcount}, the first alternative is assumed
+to be played more than once.
+
@menu
-* Writing repeats::
-* Other repeats::
+* Writing long repeats::
+* Short repeats::
@end menu
-@node Writing repeats
-@subsection Writing repeats
-
-Blah blah
+@node Writing long repeats
+@subsection Writing long repeats
@menu
* Normal repeats::
-* Repeat syntax::
-* Manual repeat commands::
-* Repeats and MIDI::
+* Manual repeat marks::
@end menu
-@node Normal repeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Normal repeats
-
@cindex volta
@cindex prima volta
@cindex seconda volta
+@cindex volta, prima
+@cindex volta, seconda
@funindex \repeat
-Normal repeats, with or without alternate repeats, may be printed:
+@node Normal repeats
+@subsubsection Normal repeats
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
+FIXME: this example needs to go by itself.
+@verbatim
\repeat volta 2 { c4 d e f }
+@end verbatim
+
+Normal repeats, with or without alternate repeats:
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\repeat volta 2 { g f e d }
\alternative {
{ cis2 g' }
}
c1
@end lilypond
-
-Repeats with upbeats may be created.
+Repeats with upbeats:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
\new Staff {
@funindex \repeatTie
-Ties may be added to a second ending,
+Ties may be added to a second ending:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
c1
\alternative { {f2 d} {f\repeatTie f,} }
@end lilypond
-It is possible to shorten volta brackets
-by setting @code{voltaSpannerDuration}. In the next example, the
+By default, the volta brackets will be drawn over all of the
+alternative music, but it is possible to shorten them by
+setting @code{voltaSpannerDuration}. In the next example, the
bracket only lasts one measure, which is a duration of 3/4.
@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
}
@end lilypond
-If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have a
-double bar at the end of the previous line, use
+The @code{Volta_engraver} by default resides in the Score context,
+and brackets for the repeat are thus normally only printed over
+the topmost staff. This can be adjusted by adding
+@code{Volta_engraver} to the Staff context where you want the
+brackets to appear; see @ref{Modifying context plug-ins} and
+@c @lsr{repeats,volta@/-multi@/-staff@/.ly}.
+
+@lilypond[verbatim,ragged-right,quote]
+\score { <<
+ \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
+ \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
+ \new Staff \with { \consists Volta_engraver } { c'2 g' e' a' }
+ \new Staff { \repeat volta 2 { c'1 } \alternative { c' } }
+ >> }
+@end lilypond
+
+@c Is there a way to have a final bar ("|.") at the end of the
+@c previous line? Doesn't seem to be.
+If you want to start a repeat at the beginning of a line and have
+a double bar at the end of the previous line, use
@example
@dots{} \bar "||:" \break
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
@internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
@internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
-Examples:
-
-Brackets for the repeat are normally only printed over the topmost
-staff. This can be adjusted by moving @code{Volta_engraver} to
-the Staff context where you want the brackets to appear; see
-@ref{Modifying context plug-ins} and
-@lsr{repeats,volta@/-multi@/-staff@/.ly}.
+@c Examples:
-@refbugs
+@knownissues
@cindex repeat, ambiguous
having the @code{\alternative} belong to the inner @code{\repeat}.
For clarity, it is advisable to use braces in such situations.
-Timing information is not remembered at the start of an alternative,
-so after a repeat timing information must be reset by hand; for
-example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or entering
-@code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not repeated.
-
-
-
-@node Repeat syntax
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Repeat syntax
+Timing information is not remembered at the start of an
+alternative, so after a repeat timing information must be reset by
+hand; for example, by setting @code{Score.measurePosition} or
+entering @code{\partial}. Similarly, slurs or ties are also not
+repeated.
-@cindex repeats
-LilyPond has one syntactic construct for specifying different types of
-repeats. The syntax is
-@example
-\repeat @var{variant} @var{repeatcount} @var{repeatbody}
-@end example
-
-If you have alternative endings, you may add
-@funindex \alternative
-@example
-\alternative @{
- @var{alternative1}
- @var{alternative2}
- @var{alternative3}
- @dots{}
-@}
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-where each @var{alternative} is a music expression. If you do not
-give enough alternatives for all of the repeats, the first alternative
-is assumed to be played more than once.
-
-The following types of repetition are supported
-
-@table @code
-@item unfold
-Repeated music is fully written (played) out. This is useful when
-entering repetitious music. This is the only kind of repeat that
-is included in MIDI output.
-
-@item volta
-Repeats are not written out, but alternative endings (volte) are
-printed, left to right with brackets. This is the standard notation
-for repeats with alternatives. These are not played in MIDI output by
-default.
-
-
-@item tremolo
-Make tremolo beams. These are not played in MIDI output by default.
-
-@item percent
-Make beat or measure repeats. These look like percent signs. These
-are not played in MIDI output by default. Percent repeats must be
-declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-
-@end table
-
-
-@node Manual repeat commands
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Manual repeat commands
+@node Manual repeat marks
+@subsubsection Manual repeat marks
@funindex repeatCommands
-The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the layout of
-repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
+@c FIXME: Markup does not work in the "text" field
+@c And how does one change the font?
+@c On the whole, this section needs better documentation (why the
+@c double parentheses around the volta expressions?)
+
+The property @code{repeatCommands} can be used to control the
+layout of repeats. Its value is a Scheme list of repeat commands.
@table @asis
@item @code{start-repeat}
Print a @code{:|} bar line.
@item @code{(volta @var{text})}
-Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}: The text can be specified as
-a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Text markup}. Do not
-forget to change the font, as the default number font does not contain
-alphabetic characters;
+Print a volta bracket saying @var{text}. The text can be
+specified as a text string or as a markup text, see @ref{Text
+markup}. Do not forget to change the font, as the default number
+font does not contain alphabetic characters;
+
@item @code{(volta #f)}
Stop a running volta bracket.
c4 c4
@end lilypond
+@c FIXME: improve visibility of bar lines link?
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
-@internalsref{RepeatedMusic},
-@internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic}, and
-@internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
-
-@node Repeats and MIDI
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Repeats and MIDI
-
-@cindex expanding repeats
-@funindex \unfoldRepeats
-
-With a little bit of tweaking, all types of repeats can be present
-in the MIDI output. This is achieved by applying the
-@code{\unfoldRepeats} music function. This function changes all
-repeats to unfold repeats.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Bar lines}.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,fragment,line-width=8.0\cm]
-\unfoldRepeats {
- \repeat tremolo 8 {c'32 e' }
- \repeat percent 2 { c''8 d'' }
- \repeat volta 2 {c'4 d' e' f'}
- \alternative {
- { g' a' a' g' }
- {f' e' d' c' }
- }
-}
-\bar "|."
-@end lilypond
-
-When creating a score file using @code{\unfoldRepeats} for MIDI,
-it is necessary to make two @code{\score} blocks: one for MIDI (with
-unfolded repeats) and one for notation (with volta, tremolo, and
-percent repeats). For example,
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
-@example
-\score @{
- @var{..music..}
- \layout @{ .. @}
-@}
-\score @{
- \unfoldRepeats @var{..music..}
- \midi @{ .. @}
-@}
-@end example
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{VoltaBracket},
+@internalsref{RepeatedMusic}, @internalsref{VoltaRepeatedMusic},
+and @internalsref{UnfoldedRepeatedMusic}.
-@node Other repeats
-@subsection Other repeats
+@node Short repeats
+@subsection Short repeats
@menu
+* Percent repeats::
* Tremolo repeats::
-* Tremolo subdivisions::
-* Measure repeats::
@end menu
-@node Tremolo repeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo repeats
+@node Percent repeats
+@subsubsection Percent repeats
-@cindex tremolo beams
+@cindex percent repeats
+@cindex measure repeats
+
+A note pattern can be repeated with the @code{\repeat percent
+@var{number}} syntax. The music is printed once, and the pattern
+is replaced with a special sign. Patterns of one and two measures
+are replaced by percent-like signs, patterns that divide the
+measure length are replaced by slashes. Percent repeats must be
+declared within a @code{Voice} context.
-To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with tremolo
-style
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d16 }
- \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d16 }
+ \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
+ \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
}
@end lilypond
-Tremolo marks can also be put on a single note. In this case, the
-note should not be surrounded by braces.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\repeat tremolo 4 c'16
-@end lilypond
-
-Similar output is obtained using the tremolo subdivision, described in
-@ref{Tremolo subdivisions}.
-
-
-@seealso
-
-In this manual: @ref{Tremolo subdivisions}, @ref{Repeats}.
-
-Program reference: @internalsref{Beam}, @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
-
-
-@node Tremolo subdivisions
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Tremolo subdivisions
-
-@cindex tremolo marks
-@funindex tremoloFlags
-
-Tremolo marks can be printed on a single note by adding
-@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates the
-duration of the subdivision, and it must be at least 8. A
-@var{length} value of 8 gives one line across the note stem. If the
-length is omitted, the last value (stored in @code{tremoloFlags}) is
-used
+Measure repeats of more than two measures get a counter if you
+switch on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
-c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
+@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\new Voice {
+ \set countPercentRepeats = ##t
+ \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
+}
@end lilypond
-@refbugs
+Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by entering a
+multi-measure rest with a different print function:
-Tremolos entered in this way do not carry over into the MIDI output.
+@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
+\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
+ = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
+R1
+@end lilypond
@seealso
-In this manual: @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
-
-Elsewhere: @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
+@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
+@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
-@node Measure repeats
-@unnumberedsubsubsec Measure repeats
+@node Tremolo repeats
+@subsubsection Tremolo repeats
-@cindex percent repeats
-@cindex measure repeats
+@cindex tremolo beams
-In the @code{percent} style, a note pattern can be repeated. It is
-printed once, and then the pattern is replaced with a special sign.
-Patterns of one and two measures are replaced by percent-like signs,
-patterns that divide the measure length are replaced by slashes.
-Percent repeats must be declared within a @code{Voice} context.
+To place tremolo marks between notes, use @code{\repeat} with
+tremolo style:
@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
\new Voice \relative c' {
- \repeat percent 4 { c4 }
- \repeat percent 2 { c2 es2 f4 fis4 g4 c4 }
+ \repeat tremolo 8 { c16 d16 }
+ \repeat tremolo 4 { c16 d16 }
+ \repeat tremolo 2 { c16 d16 }
}
@end lilypond
-Measure repeats of more than 2 measures get a counter, if you switch
-on the @code{countPercentRepeats} property,
+The @code{\repeat tremolo} syntax expects exactly two notes within
+the braces, and the number of repetitions must correspond to a
+note value that can be expressed with plain or dotted notes. Thus,
+@code{\repeat tremolo 7} is valid and produces a double dotted
+note, but @code{\repeat tremolo 9} is not.
-@lilypond[relative=2,fragment,quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
-\new Voice {
-\set countPercentRepeats = ##t
- \repeat percent 4 { c1 }
-}
-@end lilypond
+The duration of the tremolo equals the duration of the
+braced expression multiplied by the number of repeats:
+@code{\repeat tremolo 8 @{ c16 d16 @}} gives a whole note tremolo,
+notated as two whole notes joined by tremolo beams.
+There are two ways to put tremolo marks on a single note. The
+@code{\repeat tremolo} syntax can be used even here, in which case
+the note should not be surrounded by braces:
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+\repeat tremolo 4 c'16
+@end lilypond
-Isolated percents can also be printed. This is done by putting a
-multi-measure rest with a different print function,
+@cindex tremolo marks
+@funindex tremoloFlags
-@lilypond[fragment,verbatim,quote]
-\override MultiMeasureRest #'stencil
- = #ly:multi-measure-rest::percent
-R1
+The same output can be obtained by adding
+@q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} after the note. The number indicates
+the duration of the subdivision, and it must be at least 8. A
+@var{number} value of 8 gives one line across the note stem. If
+the length is omitted, the last value (stored in
+@code{tremoloFlags}) is used
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
+c'2:8 c':32 | c': c': |
@end lilypond
+@knownissues
+
+
+Tremolos entered with @q{@code{:}[@var{number}]} do not carry over
+into the MIDI output.
@seealso
-Program reference: @internalsref{RepeatSlash},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeat}, @internalsref{DoublePercentRepeat},
-@internalsref{DoublePercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatCounter},
-@internalsref{PercentRepeatedMusic}.
+Notation Reference: @ref{Tremolo repeats}.
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Beam},
+@internalsref{StemTremolo}.
+
+Snippets: @lsrdir{Repeats,Repeats}
+
+Elsewhere: @internalsref{StemTremolo}.
+
+
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