version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.51"
+@c \version "2.11.61"
@node Pitches
are three steps to this process: input, modification, and output.
@menu
-* Writing pitches::
-* Changing multiple pitches::
-* Displaying pitches::
-* Note heads::
+* Writing pitches::
+* Changing multiple pitches::
+* Displaying pitches::
+* Note heads::
@end menu
mode. In most cases, relative mode will be more convenient.
@menu
-* Absolute octave entry::
-* Relative octave entry::
-* Accidentals::
-* Note names in other languages::
+* Absolute octave entry::
+* Relative octave entry::
+* Accidentals::
+* Note names in other languages::
@end menu
@cindex double flat
@cindex flat, double
@cindex natural sign
+@cindex natural pitch
A @notation{sharp} pitch is made by adding @code{is} to the note
name, and a @notation{flat} pitch by adding @code{es}. As you
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{preventing-extra-naturals-from-being-automatically-added.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{makam-example.ly}
+
@seealso
Music Glossary:
Notation Reference:
@ref{Automatic accidentals},
-@ref{Annotational accidentals},
+@ref{Annotational accidentals (musica ficta)},
@ref{Note names in other languages}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Accidental_engraver},
+@rinternals{Accidental_engraver},
@rinternals{Accidental},
@rinternals{AccidentalCautionary},
@rinternals{accidental-interface}.
@node Note names in other languages
@unnumberedsubsubsec Note names in other languages
-There are predefined sets of note names for various other
-languages. To use them, include the language-specific init file.
-For example, to use English notes names, add
-@w{@code{\include "english.ly"}} to the top of the input file.
-The available language files and the note names they define are:
-
@cindex note names, other languages
@cindex pitch names, other languages
+@cindex language, note names in other
+@cindex language, pitch names in other
-@smallexample
-@multitable {nederlands.ly} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} {-iss/-is} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
-@headitem Language
- @tab Note names
- @tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
-@item nederlands.ly
+There are predefined sets of note and accidental names for various
+other languages. To use them, include the language-specific init
+file listed below. For example, to use English notes names, add
+@code{@w{\include "english.ly"}} to the top of the input file.
+
+The available language files and the note names they define are:
+
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si}
+@headitem Language File
+ @tab Note Names
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab c d e f g a bes b
- @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item arabic.ly
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
- @tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item catalan.ly
+@item @file{catalan.ly}
@tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
- @tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb
-@item deutsch.ly
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@tab c d e f g a b h
- @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item english.ly
+@item @file{english.ly}
@tab c d e f g a bf b
+@item @file{espanol.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{norsk.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{suomi.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{svenska.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{vlaams.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@end multitable
+@end quotation
+
+@noindent
+and the accidental suffixes they define are:
+
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
+@headitem Language File
+ @tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
+ @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
+ @tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
+@item @file{catalan.ly}
+ @tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
+ @tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
+@item @file{english.ly}
@tab -s/-sharp @tab -f/-flat @tab -ss/-x/-sharpsharp
@tab -ff/-flatflat
-@item espanol.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{espanol.ly}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb
-@item italiano.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item norsk.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{norsk.ly}
@tab -iss/-is @tab -ess/-es @tab -ississ/-isis
@tab -essess/-eses
-@item portugues.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb
-@item suomi.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{suomi.ly}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item svenska.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{svenska.ly}
@tab -iss @tab -ess @tab -ississ @tab -essess
-@item vlaams.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{vlaams.ly}
@tab -k @tab -b @tab -kk @tab -bb
@end multitable
-@end smallexample
+@end quotation
In Dutch, @code{aes} is contracted to @code{as}, but both forms
are accepted in LilyPond. Similarly, both @code{es} and
mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}, respectively. For the other
languages, no special names have been defined yet.
-@smallexample
-@multitable {nederlands.ly} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} {-iss/-is} {-ess/-es} {-ississ/-isis} {-ississ/-isis}
-@headitem Language
- @tab Note names
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}}
+@headitem Language File
@tab semi-sharp @tab semi-flat @tab sesqui-sharp @tab sesqui-flat
-@item nederlands.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bes b
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item arabic.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item deutsch.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item english.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bf b
+@item @file{english.ly}
@tab -qs @tab -qf @tab -tqs @tab -tqf
-@item italiano.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item portugues.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
@tab -sqt @tab -bqt @tab -stqt @tab -btqt
@end multitable
-@end smallexample
+@end quotation
@seealso
This section discusses how to modify pitches.
@menu
-* Octave checks::
-* Transpose::
+* Octave checks::
+* Transpose::
@end menu
@node Octave checks
@cindex octave correction
@cindex octave check
+@cindex control pitch
@funindex =
@funindex \octaveCheck
+@funindex controlpitch
In relative mode, it is easy to forget an octave changing mark.
Octave checks make such errors easier to find by displaying a
This section discusses how to alter the output of pitches.
@menu
-* Clef::
-* Key signature::
-* Ottava brackets::
-* Instrument transpositions::
-* Automatic accidentals::
-* Ambitus::
+* Clef::
+* Key signature::
+* Ottava brackets::
+* Instrument transpositions::
+* Automatic accidentals::
+* Ambitus::
@end menu
@cindex clef, C
@cindex clef, F
@cindex clef, treble
-@cindex clef, violin
-@cindex clef, alto
+@cindex clef, violin
+@cindex clef, alto
@cindex clef, tenor
-@cindex clef, bass
-@cindex clef, french
-@cindex clef, soprano
-@cindex clef, mezzosoprano
-@cindex clef, baritone
-@cindex clef, varbaritone
-@cindex subbass clef, subbass
+@cindex clef, bass
+@cindex clef, french
+@cindex clef, soprano
+@cindex clef, mezzosoprano
+@cindex clef, baritone
+@cindex clef, varbaritone
+@cindex subbass clef, subbass
The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example.
c2 c
@end lilypond
-Further supported clefs are described under @ref{Ancient clefs}.
+Further supported clefs are described under @ref{Mensural clefs}
+and @ref{Gregorian clefs}.
@cindex transposing clefs
@cindex clef, transposing
@seealso
Notation Reference:
-@ref{Ancient clefs}.
+@ref{Mensural clefs}, @ref{Gregorian clefs}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@funindex \dorian
@cindex church modes
@cindex modes
+@cindex major
+@cindex minor
+@cindex ionian
+@cindex locrian
+@cindex aeolian
+@cindex mixolydian
+@cindex lydian
+@cindex phrygian
+@cindex dorian
Here, @var{mode} should be @code{\major} or @code{\minor} to get a
key signature of @var{pitch}-major or @var{pitch}-minor,
@cindex 8va
@cindex 8ve
@cindex octavation
+@funindex set-octavation
@notation{Ottava brackets} introduce an extra transposition of an
octave for the staff:
@cindex automatic accidentals
@cindex default accidental style
@funindex set-accidental-style
+@funindex voice
There are many different conventions on how to typeset
accidentals. LilyPond provides a function to specify which
The following accidental styles are supported. To demonstrate
each style, we use the following example:
+@funindex default
+
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
musicA = {
<<
@cindex default accidental style
@cindex accidental style, default
+@funindex default
This is the default typesetting behavior. It corresponds to
eighteenth-century common practice: accidentals are remembered to
@cindex modern accidental style
@cindex accidental style, modern-cautionary
@cindex modern-cautionary accidental style
+@funindex voice
The normal behavior is to remember the accidentals at
@code{Staff}-level. In this style, however, accidentals are
@cindex accidentals, modern style
@cindex modern style accidentals
+@funindex modern
This rule corresponds to the common practice in the twentieth
century. It prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, with
@cindex accidentals, piano
@cindex piano accidental style
@cindex piano accidentals
+@funindex piano
This rule reflects twentieth-century practice for piano notation.
Its behavior is very similar to @code{modern} style, but here
}
@end lilypond
+
+@item neo-modern
+
+@funindex neo-modern
+@cindex neo-modern accidental style
+@cindex accidental style, neo-modern
+
+This rule reproduces a common practice in contemporary music:
+accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but they are printed
+again if the same note appears later in the same measure -- except
+if the note is immediately repeated.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis'
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis' |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item neo-modern-cautionary
+
+@funindex neo-modern-cautionary
+@cindex neo-modern-cautionary accidental style
+@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-cautionary
+
+This rule is similar to @code{neo-modern}, but the extra
+accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis'
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis' |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-cautionary)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'neo-modern-cautionary)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@item dodecaphonic
+
+@funindex dodecaphonic
+@cindex dodecaphonic accidental style
+@cindex dodecaphonic style, neo-modern
+
+This rule reflects a practice introduced by composers at
+the beginning of the 20th century, in an attempt to
+abolish the hierarchy between natural and non-natural notes.
+With this style, @emph{every} note gets an accidental sign,
+including natural signs.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis'
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis' |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'dodecaphonic)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'dodecaphonic)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+@item teaching
+
+@funindex teaching
+@cindex teaching accidental style
+@cindex accidental style, teaching
+
+This rule is intended for students, and makes it easy to create
+scale sheets with automagically created cautionary accidentals.
+Accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but cautionary
+accidentals are added for all sharp or flat tones specified by the
+key signature, except if the note is immediately repeated.
+
+@lilypond[quote]
+musicA = {
+ <<
+ \relative c' {
+ cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 |
+ cis2. <c, g'>4 |
+ }
+ \\
+ \relative c' {
+ ais'2 cis, |
+ fis8 b a4 cis2 |
+ }
+ >>
+}
+
+musicB = {
+ \clef bass
+ \new Voice {
+ \voiceTwo \relative c' {
+ <fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up
+ cis'
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up
+ dis' |
+ \change Staff = down
+ <fis, a cis>4 gis <f a d>2 |
+ }
+ }
+}
+
+\new PianoStaff {
+ <<
+ \context Staff = "up" {
+ \key fis \minor
+ #(set-accidental-style 'teaching)
+ \musicA
+ }
+ \context Staff = "down" {
+ \key fis \minor
+ #(set-accidental-style 'teaching)
+ \musicB
+ }
+ >>
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+
+
@item no-reset
-@funindex no-reset accidental style
+@funindex no-reset
@cindex accidental style, no reset
@cindex no reset accidental style
@item forget
-@funindex forget accidental style
+@funindex forget
@cindex forget accidental style
@cindex accidental style, forget
This is the opposite of @code{no-reset}: Accidentals are not
remembered at all -- and hence all accidentals are typeset
relative to the key signature, regardless of what came before in
-the music:
+the music. Unlike @code{dodecaphonic}, this rule never prints
+any naturals.
@lilypond[quote]
musicA = {
This section suggests ways of altering note heads.
@menu
-* Special note heads::
-* Easy notation note heads::
-* Shape note heads::
-* Improvisation::
+* Special note heads::
+* Easy notation note heads::
+* Shape note heads::
+* Improvisation::
@end menu
@node Special note heads
@cindex guitar note heads
@cindex note head styles
@cindex styles, note heads
+@funindex cross
Note heads may be altered:
@cindex Aiken shape note heads
@cindex sacred harp note heads
@funindex \key
-@funindex shapeNoteStyles
@funindex \aikenHeads
@funindex \sacredHarpHeads