@cindex pitches
@cindex absolute
@cindex absolute octave specification
+@cindex octave specification, absolute
@cindex absolute octave entry
+@cindex octave entry, absolute
A pitch name is specified using lowercase letters@tie{}@code{a}
through@tie{}@code{g}. The note names @code{c} to @code{b} are
@end lilypond
@cindex octave changing mark
+
@funindex '
@funindex ,
d,, d, d c
@end lilypond
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{Pitch names}.
@cindex relative
@cindex relative octave entry
+@cindex octave entry, relative
@cindex relative octave specification
+@cindex ocatve specification, relative
+
+@funindex relative
@funindex \relative
When octaves are specified in absolute mode it is easy to
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex chords and relative octave entry
+@cindex relative octave entry and chords
+
If the preceding item is a chord, the first note of the chord is
used as the reference point for the octave placement of a
following note or chord. Inside chords, the next note is always
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{fifth},
@rglos{interval},
@cindex relative octave entry and transposition
@cindex transposition and relative octave entry
+
@funindex \transpose
+@funindex transpose
@funindex \chordmode
+@funindex chordmode
@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+
@knownissues
@cindex note names, Dutch
@cindex note names, default
+@cindex default note names
@cindex sharp
@cindex flat
@cindex double sharp
@end lilypond
@cindex quarter tones
-@cindex semi-flats, semi-sharps
+@cindex semi-flats
+@cindex semi-sharps
Quarter tones may be added; the following is a series of Cs with
increasing pitches:
@cindex accidental, cautionary
@cindex accidental, parenthesized
@cindex reminder accidental
-@funindex ?
@cindex cautionary accidental
@cindex parenthesized accidental
+
+@funindex ?
@funindex !
+
Normally accidentals are printed automatically, but you may also
print them manually. A reminder accidental can be forced by
adding an exclamation mark@tie{}@code{!} after the pitch. A
@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
{makam-example.ly}
-@seealso
+@seealso
Music Glossary:
@rglos{sharp},
@rglos{flat},
@cindex language, note names in other
@cindex language, pitch names in other
-There are predefined sets of note names for various other
-languages. To use them, include the language-specific init file.
-For example, to use English notes names, add
-@w{@code{\include "english.ly"}} to the top of the input file.
+There are predefined sets of note and accidental names for various
+other languages. To use them, include the language-specific init
+file listed below. For example, to use English notes names, add
+@code{@w{\include "english.ly"}} to the top of the input file.
+
The available language files and the note names they define are:
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {do re mi fa sol la sib si}
+@headitem Language File
+ @tab Note Names
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a bes b
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{catalan.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{english.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a bf b
+@item @file{espanol.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{norsk.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{suomi.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{svenska.ly}
+ @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{vlaams.ly}
+ @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@end multitable
+@end quotation
-@smallexample
-@multitable {nederlands.ly} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} {-iss/-is} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
-@headitem Language
- @tab Note names
+@noindent
+and the accidental suffixes they define are:
+
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {-s/-sharp} {-ess/-es} {-ss/-x/-sharpsharp} {-essess/-eses}
+@headitem Language File
@tab sharp @tab flat @tab double sharp @tab double flat
-@item nederlands.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bes b
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item arabic.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item catalan.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{catalan.ly}
@tab -d/-s @tab -b @tab -dd/-ss @tab -bb
-@item deutsch.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item english.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bf b
+@item @file{english.ly}
@tab -s/-sharp @tab -f/-flat @tab -ss/-x/-sharpsharp
@tab -ff/-flatflat
-@item espanol.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{espanol.ly}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb
-@item italiano.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
@tab -d @tab -b @tab -dd @tab -bb
-@item norsk.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{norsk.ly}
@tab -iss/-is @tab -ess/-es @tab -ississ/-isis
@tab -essess/-eses
-@item portugues.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
@tab -s @tab -b @tab -ss @tab -bb
-@item suomi.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{suomi.ly}
@tab -is @tab -es @tab -isis @tab -eses
-@item svenska.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{svenska.ly}
@tab -iss @tab -ess @tab -ississ @tab -essess
-@item vlaams.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{vlaams.ly}
@tab -k @tab -b @tab -kk @tab -bb
@end multitable
-@end smallexample
+@end quotation
In Dutch, @code{aes} is contracted to @code{as}, but both forms
are accepted in LilyPond. Similarly, both @code{es} and
mean @q{half} and @q{one and a half}, respectively. For the other
languages, no special names have been defined yet.
-@smallexample
-@multitable {nederlands.ly} {do re mi fa sol la sib si} {-iss/-is} {-ess/-es} {-ississ/-isis} {-ississ/-isis}
-@headitem Language
- @tab Note names
+@quotation
+@multitable {@file{nederlands.ly}} {@b{semi-sharp}} {@b{semi-flat}} {@b{sesqui-sharp}} {@b{sesqui-flat}}
+@headitem Language File
@tab semi-sharp @tab semi-flat @tab sesqui-sharp @tab sesqui-flat
-@item nederlands.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bes b
+@item @file{nederlands.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item arabic.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{arabic.ly}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item deutsch.ly
- @tab c d e f g a b h
+@item @file{deutsch.ly}
@tab -ih @tab -eh @tab -isih @tab -eseh
-@item english.ly
- @tab c d e f g a bf b
+@item @file{english.ly}
@tab -qs @tab -qf @tab -tqs @tab -tqf
-@item italiano.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{italiano.ly}
@tab -sd @tab -sb @tab -dsd @tab -bsb
-@item portugues.ly
- @tab do re mi fa sol la sib si
+@item @file{portugues.ly}
@tab -sqt @tab -bqt @tab -stqt @tab -btqt
@end multitable
-@end smallexample
+@end quotation
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{Pitch names}.
@cindex octave correction
@cindex octave check
@cindex control pitch
+
@funindex =
@funindex \octaveCheck
+@funindex octaveCheck
@funindex controlpitch
In relative mode, it is easy to forget an octave changing mark.
@seealso
-
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@cindex transposition of notes
@cindex pitches, transposition of
@cindex notes, transposition of
+
@funindex \transpose
+@funindex transpose
A music expression can be transposed with @code{\transpose}. The
syntax is
}
@end lilypond
-@cindex transposing instruments
-@cindex instruments, transposing
@code{\transpose} may also be used in a different way, to input
written notes for a transposing instrument. The previous examples
@seealso
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Instrument transpositions}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{TransposedMusic}.
+
@funindex \transpose
+@funindex transpose
@funindex \chordmode
+@funindex chordmode
@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
@knownissues
@node Clef
@unnumberedsubsubsec Clef
-@funindex \clef
@cindex G clef
@cindex C clef
@cindex F clef
@cindex clef, varbaritone
@cindex subbass clef, subbass
+@funindex \clef
+@funindex clef
+
The clef may be altered. Middle C is shown in every example.
@lilypond[verbatim,quote,relative=1]
@cindex clef, transposing
@cindex octave transposition
@cindex choral tenor clef
+@cindex tenor clef, choral
By adding@tie{}@code{_8} or@tie{}@code{^8} to the clef name, the
clef is transposed one octave down or up, respectively,
@seealso
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Mensural clefs}, @ref{Gregorian clefs}.
@unnumberedsubsubsec Key signature
@cindex key signature
+
@funindex \key
+@funindex key
@c duplicated in Key signature and Accidentals
@warning{New users are sometimes confused about accidentals and
@end example
@funindex \major
+@funindex major
@funindex \minor
+@funindex minor
@funindex \ionian
+@funindex ionian
@funindex \locrian
+@funindex locrian
@funindex \aeolian
+@funindex aeolian
@funindex \mixolydian
+@funindex mixolydian
@funindex \lydian
+@funindex lydian
@funindex \phrygian
+@funindex phrygian
@funindex \dorian
+@funindex dorian
+
@cindex church modes
@cindex modes
@cindex major
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{church mode},
@rglos{scordatura}.
@cindex 8va
@cindex 8ve
@cindex octavation
+
@funindex set-octavation
+@funindex \ottava
+@funindex ottava
@notation{Ottava brackets} introduce an extra transposition of an
octave for the staff:
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{octavation}.
@rinternals{ottava-bracket-interface}.
-
@node Instrument transpositions
@unnumberedsubsubsec Instrument transpositions
@cindex transposing instrument
@cindex MIDI
@cindex MIDI transposition
+
@funindex \transposition
+@funindex transposition
When typesetting scores that involve transposing instruments, some
parts can be typeset in a different pitch than the
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{concert pitch},
@rglos{transposing instrument}.
@cindex accidentals, automatic
@cindex automatic accidentals
@cindex default accidental style
+
@funindex set-accidental-style
@funindex voice
+@funindex default
There are many different conventions on how to typeset
accidentals. LilyPond provides a function to specify which
The following accidental styles are supported. To demonstrate
each style, we use the following example:
-@funindex default
@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
musicA = {
@cindex default accidental style
@cindex accidental style, default
+
@funindex default
This is the default typesetting behavior. It corresponds to
@cindex modern accidental style
@cindex accidental style, modern-cautionary
@cindex modern-cautionary accidental style
+
@funindex voice
The normal behavior is to remember the accidentals at
@cindex accidentals, modern style
@cindex modern style accidentals
+
@funindex modern
This rule corresponds to the common practice in the twentieth
@cindex modern cautionary accidental style
@cindex modern style accidentals
@cindex modern style cautionary accidentals
+
@funindex modern-cautionary
This rule is similar to @code{modern}, but the @q{extra}
@cindex modern accidental style
@cindex modern accidentals
@cindex multivoice accidentals
+
@funindex modern-voice
This rule is used for multivoice accidentals to be read both by
@cindex accidental style, cautionary, modern voice
@cindex accidental style, modern voice cautionary
@cindex accidental style, voice, modern cautionary
+
@funindex modern-voice-cautionary
@item modern-voice-cautionary
@cindex accidentals, piano
@cindex piano accidental style
@cindex piano accidentals
+
@funindex piano
This rule reflects twentieth-century practice for piano notation.
@item piano-cautionary
-@funindex piano-cautionary
@cindex accidentals, piano cautionary
@cindex cautionary accidentals, piano
@cindex piano cautionary accidentals
@cindex cautionary accidental style, piano
@cindex piano cautionary accidental style
+@funindex piano-cautionary
+
This is the same as @code{piano} but with the extra accidentals
typeset as cautionaries.
@item neo-modern
-@funindex neo-modern
@cindex neo-modern accidental style
@cindex accidental style, neo-modern
+@funindex neo-modern
+
This rule reproduces a common practice in contemporary music:
accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but they are printed
again if the same note appears later in the same measure -- except
@item neo-modern-cautionary
-@funindex neo-modern-cautionary
@cindex neo-modern-cautionary accidental style
@cindex accidental style, neo-modern-cautionary
+@funindex neo-modern-cautionary
+
This rule is similar to @code{neo-modern}, but the extra
accidentals are printed as cautionary accidentals.
@item dodecaphonic
-@funindex dodecaphonic
@cindex dodecaphonic accidental style
@cindex dodecaphonic style, neo-modern
+@funindex dodecaphonic
+
This rule reflects a practice introduced by composers at
the beginning of the 20th century, in an attempt to
abolish the hierarchy between natural and non-natural notes.
@item teaching
-@funindex teaching
@cindex teaching accidental style
@cindex accidental style, teaching
+@funindex teaching
+
This rule is intended for students, and makes it easy to create
scale sheets with automagically created cautionary accidentals.
Accidentals are printed like with @code{modern}, but cautionary
@item no-reset
-@funindex no-reset
@cindex accidental style, no reset
@cindex no reset accidental style
+@funindex no-reset
+
This is the same as @code{default} but with accidentals lasting
@q{forever} and not only within the same measure:
@item forget
-@funindex forget
@cindex forget accidental style
@cindex accidental style, forget
+@funindex forget
+
This is the opposite of @code{no-reset}: Accidentals are not
remembered at all -- and hence all accidentals are typeset
relative to the key signature, regardless of what came before in
@seealso
-
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@seealso
-
Music Glossary:
@rglos{ambitus}.
@cindex guitar note heads
@cindex note head styles
@cindex styles, note heads
+
@funindex cross
Note heads may be altered:
@noindent
To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}.
-@seealso
+@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@cindex easy play note heads
@cindex note heads, easy play
+@funindex \easyHeadsOn
+@funindex easyHeadsOn
+@funindex \easyHeadsOff
+@funindex easyHeadsOff
+
The @q{easy play} note head includes a note name inside the head.
It is used in music for beginners. To make the letters readable,
it should be printed in a large font size. To print with a larger
}
@end lilypond
+
@predefined
+@code{\easyHeadsOn},
+@code{\easyHeadsOff}.
+@endpredefined
-@funindex \easyHeadsOn
-@funindex \easyHeadsOff
-@code{\easyHeadsOn}, @code{\easyHeadsOff}
@seealso
-
Notation Reference:
@ref{Setting the staff size}.
@cindex shape notes
@cindex Aiken shape note heads
@cindex sacred harp note heads
+
@funindex \key
+@funindex key
@funindex \aikenHeads
+@funindex aikenHeads
@funindex \sacredHarpHeads
+@funindex sacredHarpHeads
In shape note head notation, the shape of the note head
corresponds to the harmonic function of a note in the scale. This
Shapes are typeset according to the step in the scale, where the
base of the scale is determined by the @code{\key} command.
+
@predefined
+@code{\aikenHeads},
+@code{\sacredHarpHeads}.
+@endpredefined
-@funindex \aikenHeads
-@funindex \sacredHarpHeads
-@code{\aikenHeads}, @code{\sacredHarpHeads}
@snippets
@noindent
To see all note head styles, see @ref{Note head styles}.
-@seealso
+@seealso
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
@cindex note heads, improvisation
@cindex note heads, slashed
+@funindex \improvisationOn
+@funindex improvisationOn
+@funindex \improvisationOff
+@funindex improvisationOff
+
Improvisation is sometimes denoted with slashed note heads, where
the performer may choose any pitch but should play the specified
rhythm. Such note heads can be created:
@predefined
+@code{\improvisationOn},
+@code{\improvisationOff}.
+@endpredefined
-@funindex \improvisationOn
-@funindex \improvisationOff
-
-@code{\improvisationOn}, @code{\improvisationOff}
@seealso
-
Snippets:
@rlsr{Pitches}.
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff