Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{LedgerLineSpanner},
+@internalsref{NoteHead}.
+
@node Relative octave entry
@unnumberedsubsubsec Relative octaves entry
Music glossary: @rglos{sharp}, @rglos{flat}, @rglos{double sharp},
@rglos{double flat}.
-User manual: @ref{Automatic accidentals}, @ref{Musica ficta
+Notation reference: @ref{Automatic accidentals}, @ref{Musica ficta
accidentals}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}
-Program reference: @internalsref{LedgerLineSpanner},
-@internalsref{NoteHead}.
-
@refbugs
@code{\transpose} may also be used to input written notes for a
transposing instrument. The previous examples show how to enter
pitches in C (or @notation{concert pitch}) and typeset them for a
-transposing instrument, but the opposite is also possible, e.g. if
-you have a set of instrumental parts and want to print a
-conductor's score. When entering music for a B-flat trumpet which
-begins on a notated E (concert D), one would write:
+transposing instrument, but the opposite is also possible if you
+for example have a set of instrumental parts and want to print a
+conductor's score. For example, when entering music for a B-flat
+trumpet which begins on a notated E (concert D), one would write:
@example
musicInBflat = @{ e4 @dots{} @}
Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}, @lsr{scheme,
transpose-pitches-with-minimum-accidentals.ly}.
-Program reference: @internalsref{TransposedMusic}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{TransposedMusic}.
@refbugs
* Key signature::
* Ottava brackets::
* Instrument transpositions::
+* Automatic accidentals::
@end menu
@node Clef
}
\new Staff {
\clef bass
- c1^"middle C"
+ c'1^"middle C"
}
>>
@end lilypond
@seealso
-User manual: @ref{Ancient clefs}.
+Notation reference: @ref{Ancient clefs}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}
-Program reference: @internalsref{Clef}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Clef}.
@node Key signature
The @code{\key} command sets the context property
@code{Staff.keySignature}. Non-standard key signatures can be
specified by setting this property directly. The format of this
-command is @code{\set Staff.keySignature} = #'((@var{octave} .
-@var{step}) . @var{alter}) where @var{octave} specifies the octave
-(0 being the octave from middle C to the B above), @var{step}
-specifies the note within the octave (0 means C and 6 means B),
-and @var{alter} is ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP etc. (Note the
-leading comma.) Here is an example of a possible key signature for
-generating a whole-tone scale:
+command is a list:
+
+@example
+\set Staff.keySignature = #'((@var{octave} . @var{step}) . @var{alter})
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+where, for each element in the list, @var{octave} specifies the
+octave (0 being the octave from middle C to the B above),
+@var{step} specifies the note within the octave (0 means C and 6
+means B), and @var{alter} is ,SHARP ,FLAT ,DOUBLE-SHARP etc.
+(Note the leading comma.) Here is an example of a possible key
+signature for generating a whole-tone scale:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
\relative c'
FIXME link to snippet 248,
FIXME link to a snippet about scordatura.
-Program reference: @internalsref{KeyCancellation},
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{KeyCancellation},
@internalsref{KeySignature}, @internalsref{Key_engraver}
Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}
-Program reference: @internalsref{OttavaBracket}.
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{OttavaBracket}.
@refbugs
The value of this property is used for MIDI output and quotations.
MIDI output is transposed to play at concert pitch, and cue notes
and quotations are automatically transposed to the key of the
-instrument in which they are quoted.
+instrument in which they are quoted. For more information about
+quotations, see @ref{Quoting other voices}.
The pitch to use for @code{\transposition} should correspond to
the real sound heard when a @code{c'} written on the staff is
@noindent
to serve as a reminder that these parts are written in C.
+
@seealso
-User manual: @ref{Quoting other voices}, @ref{Transpose}.
+Notation reference: @ref{Quoting other voices}, @ref{Transpose}.
Snippets: @lsrdir{pitch}
+@node Automatic accidentals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Automatic accidentals
+@cindex Automatic accidentals
+
+Common rules for typesetting accidentals have been placed in a
+function. This function is called as follows
+
+@funindex set-accidental-style
+@example
+#(set-accidental-style 'STYLE)
+@end example
+
+@c TODO: check the context stuff below
+@c -does it *really* work?
+@c -the default contexts as specified in
+@c scm/music-function.scm seem to be different -vv
+
+Optionally, the function can take two arguments: the name of the
+accidental style, and an optional argument that denotes the context that
+should be changed:
+
+@example
+#(set-accidental-style 'STYLE #('CONTEXT#))
+@end example
+
+If no context name is supplied, @code{Staff} is the default,
+but you may wish to apply the accidental style to a single @code{Voice}
+instead.
+
+The following accidental styles are supported:
+
+@table @code
+@item default
+This is the default typesetting behavior. It corresponds
+to 18th century common practice: Accidentals are
+remembered to the end of the measure in which they occur and
+only on their own octave.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ %#(set-accidental-style 'default)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ %#(set-accidental-style 'default)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'default" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item voice
+The normal behavior is to remember the accidentals on
+Staff-level. This variable, however, typesets accidentals
+individually for each voice. Apart from that, the rule is similar to
+@code{default}.
+
+@example
+ \new Staff <<
+ #(set-accidental-style 'voice)
+ @{ @dots{} @}
+ >>
+@end example
+
+As a result, accidentals from one voice do not get canceled in other
+voices, which is often an unwanted result: in the following example, it
+is hard to determine whether the second @samp{a} should be played
+natural or sharp.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'voice)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'voice)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'voice" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+The @code{voice} option should be used if the voices
+are to be read solely by individual musicians. If the staff is to be
+used by one musician (e.g., a conductor) then
+@code{modern} or @code{modern-cautionary}
+should be used instead.
+
+@item modern
+@funindex modern style accidentals
+This rule corresponds to the common practice in the 20th century. This rule
+prints the same accidentals as @code{default}, but temporary
+accidentals also are canceled in other octaves. Furthermore,
+in the same octave, they also get canceled in the following
+measure: in the following example, notice the two natural signs which appear
+in the second bar of the upper staff.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'modern" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item @code{modern-cautionary}
+@funindex modern-cautionary
+This rule is similar to @code{modern}, but the @q{extra} accidentals
+(the ones not typeset by @code{default}) are typeset as cautionary
+accidentals. They are printed in reduced size or (by default)
+with parentheses -- this can be set by definig the @code{cautionary-style}
+property of the @internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} object.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-cautionary)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-cautionary)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'modern-cautionary" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex modern-voice
+@item modern-voice
+This rule is used for multivoice accidentals to be read both by musicians
+playing one voice and musicians playing all voices. Accidentals are
+typeset for each voice, but they @emph{are} canceled across voices in
+the same @internalsref{Staff}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-voice)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-voice)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'modern-voice" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@funindex modern-voice-cautionary
+@item modern-voice-cautionary
+This rule is the same as @code{modern-voice}, but with the extra
+accidentals (the ones not typeset by @code{voice}) typeset
+as cautionaries. Even though all accidentals typeset by
+@code{default} @emph{are} typeset by this variable,
+some of them are typeset as cautionaries.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-voice-cautionary)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'modern-voice-cautionary)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'modern-voice-cautionary" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item piano
+@funindex piano accidentals
+This accidental style takes place in a GrandStaff context. However, you have to
+explicitly set it for @emph{each} individual Staff of the GrandStaff:
+
+@example
+\new GrandStaff @{ <<
+ \new Staff = "up" @{ <<
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano)
+ @{ @dots{} @}
+ >> @}
+ \new Staff = "down"@{ <<
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano)
+ @{ @dots{} @}
+ >> @}
+>> @}
+@end example
+
+This rule reflects 20th century practice for piano notation. Its behavior is very
+similar to @code{modern} style, but here accidentals also get canceled
+across the staves in the same @internalsref{GrandStaff} or
+@internalsref{PianoStaff}.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'piano" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item piano-cautionary
+@funindex #(set-accidental-style 'piano-cautionary)
+Same as @code{#(set-accidental-style 'piano)} but with the extra
+accidentals typeset as cautionaries.
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano-cautionary)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'piano-cautionary)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'piano-cautionary" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item no-reset
+@funindex no-reset accidental style
+This is the same as @code{default} but with accidentals lasting
+@q{forever} and not only until the next measure:
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'no-reset)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'no-reset)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'no-reset" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+@item forget
+This is sort of the opposite of @code{no-reset}: Accidentals
+are not remembered at all -- and hence all accidentals are
+typeset relative to the key signature, regardless of what was
+before in the music
+
+@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
+musicA = { << \relative { cis'8 fis, d'4 <a cis>8 f bis4 | cis2. <c, g'>4 | } \\
+ \relative { ais'2 cis, | fis8 b a4 cis2 | } >> }
+
+musicB = { \clef bass \new Voice { \voiceTwo \relative { < fis, a cis>4
+ \change Staff = up cis' \change Staff = down <fis, a>
+ \change Staff = up dis' | \change Staff = down <fis, a cis>4 gis
+ <f a d>2 | } }}
+
+\score {
+ \new PianoStaff {
+ << \context Staff = "up" {
+ #(set-accidental-style 'forget)
+ \musicA }
+ \context Staff = "down"{
+ #(set-accidental-style 'forget)
+ \musicB } >> }
+ \header { piece = \markup {\fill-line { \fontsize #3 "'forget" }}}
+}
+@end lilypond
+@end table
+
+
+@seealso
+
+Internals Reference: @internalsref{Accidental_engraver},
+@internalsref{Accidental}, @internalsref{AccidentalSuggestion} and @internalsref{AccidentalPlacement}.
+
+
+@refbugs
+
+Simultaneous notes are considered to be entered in sequential
+mode. This means that in a chord the accidentals are typeset as if the
+notes in the chord happen one at a time, in the order in which
+they appear in the input file. This is a problem when accidentals
+in a chord depend on each other,
+which does not happen for the default accidental style. The problem
+can be solved by manually inserting @code{!} and @code{?} for the
+problematic notes.
+
+
+
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff