version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
+@c \version "2.11.51"
+
@node Percussion
@section Percussion
@menu
-* Percussion sections::
+* Common notation for percussion::
@end menu
-@node Percussion sections
-@subsection Percussion sections
+@node Common notation for percussion
+@subsection Common notation for percussion
Rhythmic music is primarily used for percussion and drum notation, but it can
also be used to show the rhythms of melodies.
@menu
-* Showing melody rhythms::
-* Entering percussion::
+* References for percussion::
+* Basic percussion notation::
+* Drum rolls::
+* Pitched percussion::
* Percussion staves::
+* Custom percussion staves::
* Ghost notes::
@end menu
+@node References for percussion
+@subsubsection References for percussion
-@node Showing melody rhythms
-@subsubsection Showing melody rhythms
+TODO add more.
-Sometimes you might want to show only the rhythm of a melody. This
-can be done with the rhythmic staff. All pitches of notes on such a
-staff are squashed, and the staff itself has a single line
+@itemize
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
-\new RhythmicStaff {
- \time 4/4
- c4 e8 f g2 | r4 g r2 | g1:32 | r1 |
-}
-@end lilypond
+@item Some percussion may be notated on a rhythmic staff; this is
+discussed in @ref{Showing melody rhythms}, and
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
+
+@item MIDI output is discussed in a separate section; please see
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+@end itemize
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{RhythmicStaff}.
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Showing melody rhythms},
+@ref{Instantiating new staves}.
+@ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
-@node Entering percussion
-@subsubsection Entering percussion
+
+@node Basic percussion notation
+@subsubsection Basic percussion notation
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
-
Percussion notes may be entered in @code{\drummode} mode, which is
-similar to the standard mode for entering notes. Each piece of
-percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name, and both can be used
-in input files
+similar to the standard mode for entering notes. The simplest way
+to enter percussion notes is to use the @code{\drums} command,
+which creates the correct context and entry mode for percussion:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\drums {
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+This is shorthand for:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\new DrumStaff {
+ \drummode {
+ hihat4 hh bassdrum bd
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
+Each piece of percussion has a full name and an abbreviated name,
+and both can be used in input files. The full list of percussion
+note names may be found in @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+Note that the normal notation of pitches (such as @code{cis4}) in
+a @code{DrumStaff} context will cause an error message.
+Percussion clefs are added automatically to a @code{DrumStaff}
+contex, but other clefs may also be used.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+There are a few issues concerning MIDI support for percussion
+instruments; for details please see @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+@seealso
+
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}, @ref{Percussion notes}.
+
+File: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Drum rolls
+@subsubsection Drum rolls
+
+Drum rolls are indicated with three slashes across the stem. For
+quarter notes or longer the three slashes are shown explicitly,
+eighth notes are shown with two slashes (the beam being the
+third), and drum rolls shorter than eighths have one stem slash to
+supplement the beams. This is achieved with the tremolo notation,
+@code{:32}, as described in @ref{Tremolo repeats}. Here is an
+example of some snare rolls:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\drums {
- hihat hh bassdrum bd
+ \time 2/4
+ sn16 sn8 sn16 sn8 sn8:32 ~
+ sn8 sn8 sn4:32 ~
+ sn4 sn8 sn16 sn16
+ sn4 r4
}
@end lilypond
-The complete list of drum names is in the init file
-@file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}.
-@c TODO: properly document this.
+Sticking can be indicated by placing @code{^"R"} or @code{^"L"}
+after the note. The @code{staff-padding} property may be
+overridden to achieve a pleasing baseline.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+\drums {
+ \repeat unfold 2 {
+ sn16 ^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"L" sn^"R" sn^"R"
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
@seealso
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{note-event}.
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+
+@node Pitched percussion
+@subsubsection Pitched percussion
+
+Certain pitched percussion instruments (e.g. xylophone,
+vibraphone, and timpani) are written using with normal staffs.
+This is covered in other sections of the manual.
+
+@seealso
+
+@c TODO: possibly link to an alternate section of NR 3.5, if
+@c "percussion in MIDI" gets a separate subsubsection for
+@c pitched percussion sounds. -gp
+Notation Reference: @ref{Percussion in MIDI}.
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
@node Percussion staves
@subsubsection Percussion staves
+
@cindex percussion
@cindex drums
A percussion part for more than one instrument typically uses a
-multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one piece
-of percussion.
-
+multiline staff where each position in the staff refers to one
+piece of percussion. To typeset the music, the notes must be
+interpreted in @code{DrumStaff} and @code{DrumVoice} context.
-To typeset the music, the notes must be interpreted in a
-@internalsref{DrumStaff} and @internalsref{DrumVoice} contexts
-
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
-up = \drummode { crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat }
-down = \drummode { bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4 }
- \new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
- \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
- >>
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+up = \drummode {
+ crashcymbal4 hihat8 halfopenhihat hh hh hh openhihat
+}
+down = \drummode {
+ bassdrum4 snare8 bd r bd sn4
+}
+\new DrumStaff <<
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceOne \up }
+ \new DrumVoice { \voiceTwo \down }
+>>
@end lilypond
The above example shows verbose polyphonic notation. The short
-polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm seeing Voices},
-can also be used if the @internalsref{DrumVoice}s are instantiated
-by hand first. For example,
+polyphonic notation, described in @rlearning{I'm hearing Voices},
+can also be used if the voices are instantiated by hand first.
+For example,
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new DrumStaff <<
- \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1 *2 }
- \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1 *2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "1" { s1*2 }
+ \new DrumVoice = "2" { s1*2 }
\drummode {
bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
- <<
- { \repeat unfold 16 hh16 }
- \\
- { bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4 }
- >>
+ << {
+ \repeat unfold 16 hh16
+ } \\ {
+ bd4 sn4 bd4 sn4
+ } >>
}
>>
@end lilypond
-
There are also other layout possibilities. To use these, set the
-property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @internalsref{DrumVoice}.
-The following variables have been predefined
+property @code{drumStyleTable} in context @code{DrumVoice}. The
+following variables have been predefined:
+@c FIXME: decide what to do about this table. (ie verbatim or not)
@table @code
+
@item drums-style
-This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a five-line staff
+This is the default. It typesets a typical drum kit on a
+five-line staff:
@lilypond[quote,line-width=10.0\cm]
nam = \lyricmode {
}
@end lilypond
-The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer toms,
-simply select the toms that produce the desired result, i.e., to get toms
-on the three middle lines you use @code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and
-@code{tomfh}.
+The drum scheme supports six different toms. When there are fewer
+toms, simply select the toms that produce the desired result. For
+example, to get toms on the three middle lines you use
+@code{tommh}, @code{tomml}, and @code{tomfh}.
@item timbales-style
-This typesets timbales on a two line staff
+This typesets timbales on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { timh ssh timl ssl cb }
@end lilypond
@item congas-style
-This typesets congas on a two line staff
+This typesets congas on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { cgh cgho cghm ssh cgl cglo cglm ssl }
@end lilypond
@item bongos-style
-This typesets bongos on a two line staff
+This typesets bongos on a two line staff:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { boh boho bohm ssh bol bolo bolm ssl }
@end lilypond
@item percussion-style
-To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves.
+To typeset all kinds of simple percussion on one line staves:
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right]
nam = \lyricmode { tri trio trim gui guis guil cb cl tamb cab mar hc }
@end lilypond
@end table
-If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your own
-list at the top of your file
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim]
+@node Custom percussion staves
+@subsubsection Custom percussion staves
+
+If you do not like any of the predefined lists you can define your
+own list at the top of your file.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
#(define mydrums '(
(bassdrum default #f -1)
(snare default #f 0)
@end lilypond
+@snippets
+
+FIXME: MOVE ALL THESE TO LSR! -gp
+
+Here are some examples:
+
+Two Woodblocks, entered with wbh (high woodblock) and wbl (low woodblock)
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+#(define mydrums '(
+ (hiwoodblock default #t 3)
+ (lowoodblock default #t -2)))
+ %% These lines define the position of the woodblocks in the stave, if You like, You can change it
+ % or You can use special note heads for the woodblocks.
+ woodstaff = { \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
+% this defines a staff with only two lines. It also defines the positions of the two lines
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3 }
+ %% this is neccessary. If not entered, the barline wuld be too short!
+
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ %% with this You load Your new drum style table
+ \woodstaff
+ \drummode {
+ \time 2/4
+ wbl8 wbl16 wbl wbh 8 -> wbl |
+ wbl 8 wbl16 wbh ~ -> wbh wbl 16 r8 |
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
+
@seealso
-Init files: @file{ly/@/drumpitch@/-init@/.ly}.
+Note that in this special case the length of the barline must
+altered with @code{\override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size #number}.
+Otherwise it would be too short. And You have also to define the
+positions of the to stafflines. For more information about these
+delicate things have a look at @ref{Staff symbol}.
+
+
+A tambourine, entered with "tamb":
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+ % tambourine-music is entered with "tamb"
+ tambustaff = { \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName="Tambourine"}
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \tambustaff
+% broken
+% \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \drummode { \time 6/8
+ \repeat "unfold" 2 { tamb8. tamb16 tamb8 tamb tamb tamb | }
+ tamb4. tamb8 tamb tamb | tamb2.*5/6 \startTrillSpan s8 \stopTrillSpan |
+ %% the trick with the scaled duration and the shorter rest is neccessary for the correct ending of the trill-span!
+ }
+ }
+
+@end lilypond
+Music for Tam-Tam (entered with "tt"):
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+ #(define mydrums '(
+ (tamtam default #t 0) ) )
+ tamtamstaff = { \override Staff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'( 0 )
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName="Tamtam"}
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \tamtamstaff
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \drummode { tt 1 \pp \laissezVibrer
+ }
+ }
+@end lilypond
+
+Two different bells, entered with "cb" (cowbell) and "rb" (ridebell)"
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+%% bells are enterd with:
+% "cb" (cowbell) and "rb" (ridebell)"
+ #(define mydrums '(
+ (ridebell default #t 3 )
+ (cowbell default #t -2)))
+
+ bellstaff = { \override DrumStaff.StaffSymbol #'line-positions = #'(-2 3)
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums)
+ \override Staff.BarLine #'bar-size = #3
+ \set DrumStaff.instrumentName="Different Bells"}
+
+ \new DrumStaff {
+ \bellstaff
+ \drummode {
+ \time 2/4
+ \repeat "unfold" 2 { rb 8 rb cb cb16 rb ~ -> | rb16 rb 8 rb 16 cb 8 cb | }
+ }
+}
+@end lilypond
-Internals Reference: @internalsref{DrumStaff}, @internalsref{DrumVoice}.
+Here an short example by maestro Stravinsky (from "L'hostire du Soldat")
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
+ #(define mydrums '(
+ (bassdrum default #t 4 )
+ (snare default #t -4 )
+ (tambourine default #t 0) ) )
+
+ global = { \time 3/8 s 4. \time 2/4 s 2 *2 \time 3/8 s 4. \time 2/4 s 2 }
+
+drumsA = { \context DrumVoice << { \global }
+ {\drummode {
+ \autoBeamOff
+\stemDown sn 8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
+ sn4 \stemDown sn4 |
+\stemUp tamb 8 \stemDown sn8 \stemUp sn16 \stemDown sn \stemUp sn8 |
+\stemDown sn 8 \stemUp tamb s8 |
+\stemUp sn4 s8 \stemUp tamb |
+ } } >> }
+drumsB = { \drummode { s 4 bd 8 s 2*2 s 4 bd8 s 4 bd8 s 8 } }
+
+\layout {
+ indent = #40
+}
+
+ \score {
+ \new StaffGroup
+ <<
+ \new DrumStaff
+ { \set DrumStaff.instrumentName= \markup { \column { "Tambourine" "et" "caisse claire s. timbre" } }
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \drumsA }
+ \new DrumStaff
+ { \set DrumStaff.instrumentName= "Grosse Caisse"
+ \set DrumStaff.drumStyleTable = #(alist->hash-table mydrums) \drumsB }
+ >>
+
+ }
+@end lilypond
-@knownissues
+@seealso
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
+
+Internals Reference: @rinternals{DrumStaff}, @rinternals{DrumVoice}.
-Because general MIDI does not contain rim shots, the sidestick is used
-for this purpose instead.
@c TODO: check name -gp
@subsubsection Ghost notes
Ghost notes for drums and percussion may be created using the
-@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}. However,
-the default @code{\drummode} does
-not include the @code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows
-this. You
-must add the plugin explicitly in the context definition as
-detailed in @ref{Changing context properties on the fly}.
+@code{\parenthesize} command detailed in @ref{Parentheses}.
+However, the default @code{\drummode} does not include the
+@code{Parenthesis_engraver} plugin which allows this.
@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,verbatim,fragment]
\new DrumStaff \with {
<<
{
hh8[ hh] <hh sn> hh16
- < \parenthesize sn > hh < \parenthesize
- sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh
+ < \parenthesize sn > hh8 <hh sn> hh
} \\ {
bd4 r4 bd8 bd r8 bd
}
Also note that you must add chords (@code{< >} brackets)
around each @code{\parenthesize} statement.
+@seealso
+
+Snippets: @rlsr{Percussion}.
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