* beat::
* bind::
* brace::
-* bracket::
+* bracket::
* brass::
* breath mark::
* breve::
* forefall::
* forte::
* fourth::
-* Frenched score::
-* Frenched staff::
-* Frenched staves::
+* Frenched score::
+* Frenched staff::
+* Frenched staves::
* fugue::
* functional harmony::
* G::
* lilypond::
* ligature::
* line::
+* loco::
* long appoggiatura::
* longa::
* lyrics::
* meter::
* metronome::
* metronomic indication::
+* metronome mark::
* mezzo-soprano::
* middle C::
* minor::
* note head::
* note names::
* note value::
+* octavation::
* octave sign::
* octave::
* ornament::
* ossia::
-* ottava::
* part::
* pause::
* pennant::
* quadruplet::
* quarter note::
* quarter rest::
+* quarter tone::
* quintuplet::
* rallentando::
* relative key::
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-FIXME: this is a placeholder
+The pitch at which the piano and other nontransposing instruments play: such
+instruments are said to be @q{in C}. The following list includes some (but not
+all) instruments that play in concert pitch:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item Woodwinds
+@itemize
+@item flute
+@item oboe
+@item bassoon
+@end itemize
+
+@item Brass
+@itemize
+@item alto trombone
+@item tenor trombone
+@item bass trombone
+@end itemize
+
+@item Strings
+@itemize
+@item violin
+@item viola
+@item violincello
+@end itemize
+
+@item piano
+
+@end itemize
+
+The trombones are a special case: although they are said to be @q{in F} (alto or
+bass) or @q{in B-flat} (tenor), this refers to their fundamental note, not to
+their parts' transposition. (In fact, the trombones' parts are written at
+concert pitch with an appropriate clef -- alto, tenor or bass.) This differs
+from other instruments @q{in F}, @q{in B-flat}, and so on, which are transposing
+instruments.
+
+Instruments that play @q{in C} but in a different octave than what is written
+are, technically speaking, @emph{transposing instruments}:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item piccolo (plays an octave higher)
+@item celesta (plays an octave higher)
+@item double-bass (plays an octave lower)
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{transposing instrument}.
@node conjunct movement
indicated @samp{sul G}, another series to be played on the D string
would be indicated @samp{sul D}, and so on.
+@item
+With an octave indication (also called @emph{octavation}, q.v.) to indicate that
+a passage is to be played higher or lower by the given number of octaves.
+
@end itemize
@seealso
-@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}
+@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}, @ref{octavation}.
@node F
@node laissez vibrer
-@section laisser vibrer
+@section laissez vibrer
ES: ?,
I: ?,
@ref{staff}.
+@node loco
+@section loco
+
+ES: ?,
+I: loco,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+[From Italian, @q{place}]. Instruction to play the following passage at the
+written pitch. Cancels octavation (q.v.).
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{octavation}.
+
+
@node long appoggiatura
@section long appoggiatura
Other than quadruple and sextuple meters, these other recurrence
patterns were not frequently used prior to the 20th Century.
-In addition to classification by @emph{tactus}, meters can be further
-classified by how the tactus is subdivided: in two, the meter is
-@emph{simple}; in three, the meter is @emph{compound}.
+In addition to classification by primary beat grouping, meters can be further
+classified by how the primary beat is subdivided: if in two, the meter is
+@emph{simple}; if in three, the meter is @emph{compound}.
@itemize
aes4 bes8 aes ges4 aes f8 es \bar "||"}
@end lilypond
-Compound duple meter:
+Compound duple meter (unknown):
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\relative c' {
\relative c' {
\time 12/8
\key e \major
- b8.( a16) gis8 a8.( gis16) fis8 gis8.( fis16) e8 fis4 b,8 |
+ b'8.( a16) gis8 a8.( gis16) fis8 gis8.( fis16) e8 fis4 b,8 |
e4 e8 fis( gis) a b4.~ b4 b8
\bar "||"}
@end lilypond
Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece.
+Invented ca. 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkler of Amsterdam, but takes its name
+from Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, who copied the device, added a scale of tempo
+divisions, and patented it as a "metronome". The inevitable lawsuit that
+followed acknowledged Winkler as the creator, but by then Mälzel had already
+sold many of them, and people had taken to calling it a Mälzel Metronome.
+
@seealso
-@ref{metronomic indication}.
+@ref{metronome mark}.
@node metronomic indication
@section metronomic indication
+@seealso
+
+@ref{metronome mark}
+
+
+@node metronome mark
+@section metronome mark
+
ES: indicación metronómica,
I: indicazione metronomica,
F: indication métronomique,
S: metronomangivelse,
FI: metronomiosoitus.
-Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Also denoted by
-M.M.@: (Mälzels Metronom).
+Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Abbreviated @samp{M.M.} or
+@samp{MM}, which is short for Mälzels Metronom (or Mälzel's Mark,
+@emph{anglice}).
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{metronome}
@node mezzo-soprano
@end lilypond
+@node octavation
+@section octavation
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+The use of a phrase or abbreviation with an extender line or bracket to indicate
+that a passage is to be played in a different octave:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: play two octaves higher
+@item @samp{8va}: play one octave higher
+@item @samp{8vb}: play one octave lower
+@item @samp{8va} written below the passage: same as @samp{8vb}
+@item @samp{15vb}: play two octaves lower
+@item @samp{15va} written below the passage: same as @samp{15vb}
+
+@end itemize
+
+Another practice, which may be useful for longer passages, is to indicate the
+different octave with a phrase at the beginning (see below). When the music
+returns to the written pitch, the octavation is cancelled with the word
+@emph{loco} (q.v.).
+
+To parallel the list above:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: @emph{alla quindicesima (alta)}
+@item @samp{8va}: @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{ottava sopra}
+@item @samp{8vb}: @emph{ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava sotto}
+@item @samp{15vb}: @emph{alla quindicesima (bassa)}
+
+@end itemize
+
+@emph{Quindicesima} can be replaced with @emph{quindecima}, which is Latin.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{interval}, @ref{loco}, @ref{octave}.
+
+
@node octave sign
@section octave sign
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+Putting 8 or 15 above or below the clef to indicate that the entire part is
+played in the indicated octave: a clef-wide octavation. An octave sign can be
+applied to any clef, though it is most frequently used with the G and F clefs.
+
@seealso
@ref{G clef}, @ref{F clef}.
S: oktav,
FI: oktaavi.
+The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated @samp{8ve}.
+
+For uses like @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{8va} with an extender line or
+bracket, or @samp{loco} see octavation.
+
@seealso
-@ref{ottava}, @ref{interval}.
+@ref{interval}, @ref{octavation}.
@node ornament
of the music, for example for small hands.
-@node ottava
-@section ottava
-
-@c TODO: translations
-
-ES: ?,
-I: ottava,
-F: octave,
-DE: Oktavierung,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[From Italian] The interval of an octave, abbreviated 8va.
-
-@emph{All'ottava}, @emph{ottava alta}, @emph{ottava sopra}, or
-@emph{8va} written above a passage indicates that it should be played
-an octave higher than written. @emph{Ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava
-sotto}, or @emph{8va} written below a passage indicates that it should
-be played an octave lower than written.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{interval}.
-
-
@node part
@section part
@ref{note value}.
+@node quarter tone
+@section quarter tone
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: quart de ton,
+D: Viertelton,
+NL: kwart toon,
+DK: ?,
+S: kvartston,
+FI: ?.
+
+An interval equal to half a semitone.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{interval}
+
+
@node quintuplet
@section quintuplet
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-FIXME: this is a placeholder
+Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded pitch. Except
+for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by one or more octaves (to
+reduce the number of ledger lines needed), most such instruments are identified
+by the letter name of the pitch class of their fundamental. The pitch class is
+the note that @emph{sounds} (disregarding the octave in which it sounds) when
+the instrument plays a notated C.
+
+For example: when played on the B-flat clarinet, the note middle C @emph{sounds}
+the B-flat one tone lower. If played on the A clarinet, the same written
+note sounds the A (one and half tones -- a minor third -- lower).
+
+Not all transposing instruments include the pitch class in their name:
+
+@itemize
+@item English horn (in F)
+@item Alto flute (in G)
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{concert pitch}.
@node transposition
@node Duration names notes and rests
-@chapter Duration names, notes and rests
-
-@table @code
-@item DURATION NAMES, NOTES AND RESTS
-@end table
+@chapter Duration names notes and rests
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .26 .33 .26
-@item
+@headitem @strong{US}
@tab @strong{UK}
@tab @strong{I}
@tab @strong{F (note name / rest name)}
-@item
+@headitem
@tab @strong{D}
@tab @strong{NL}
@tab @strong{DK}
-@item
+@headitem
@tab @strong{S}
@tab @strong{FI}
@tab @strong{ES}
-@c extra @items make this table harder to read, so I removed them.
-
@item @strong{longa}
@tab longa
@tab longa
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff