@author Jan Nieuwenhuizen @c Dutch glossary
@c Fixes by Jean-Pierre Coulon and `Dirk', alphabetized by last name, KK, 10/07
-@c Updates to the German translation by Till Rettig, 12/07
+@c Updates to the German translation by Till Rettig, 2007-2008
Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2007 by the authors
* Pitch names::
@end menu
+@contents
+
+
@node Musical terms A-Z
@chapter Musical terms A-Z
* arpeggio::
* articulation::
* ascending interval::
-* augmentation::
* augmented interval::
+* augmentation::
* autograph::
* B::
* backfall::
* bass clef::
* beam::
* beat::
-* beat repeat::
+* beat repeat::
* bind::
* brace::
* bracket::
* contralto::
* copying music::
* counterpoint::
-* countertenor::
+* countertenor::
* crescendo::
* cue-notes::
* custos::
* didymic comma::
* diminished interval::
* diminuendo::
-* diminution::
+* diminution::
* direct::
* disjunct movement::
* dissonance::
* dissonant interval::
+* divisio::
+* doit::
* dominant::
* dominant ninth chord::
* dominant seventh chord::
* extender line::
* F::
* F clef::
+* fall::
* feathered beam::
* fermata::
* fifth::
* figured bass::
* fingering::
* flag::
+* flageolet::
* flat::
* forefall::
* forte::
* grave::
* gruppetto::
* H::
+* hairpin::
* half note::
* half rest::
* harmonic cadence::
+* harmonics::
* harmony::
* hemiola::
* homophony::
+* hymn meter::
* interval::
-* inversion::
+* inversion::
* inverted interval::
* just intonation::
* key::
* major interval::
* meantone temperament::
* measure::
-* measure repeat::
+* measure repeat::
* mediant::
* melisma::
* melisma line::
* note head::
* note names::
* note value::
-* octavation::
+* octavation::
* octave::
-* octave mark::
-* octave marking::
+* octave mark::
+* octave marking::
* octave sign::
* ornament::
* ossia::
* part::
* pause::
* pennant::
-* percent repeat::
+* percent repeat::
* percussion::
* perfect interval::
* phrase::
* portato::
* presto::
* proportion::
-* Pythagorean comma::
+* Pythagorean comma::
* quadruplet::
-* quality::
+* quality::
* quarter note::
* quarter rest::
* quarter tone::
* sextuplet::
* shake::
* sharp::
-* simile::
+* simile::
* simple meter::
* sixteenth note::
* sixteenth rest::
* sixth::
* sixty-fourth note::
* sixty-fourth rest::
-* slash repeat::
+* slash repeat::
* slur::
* solmization::
* sonata::
* staff::
* staves::
* stem::
+* stringendo::
* strings::
* strong beat::
* subdominant::
* supertonic::
* symphony::
* syncopation::
-* syntonic comma::
+* syntonic comma::
* system::
* temperament::
* tempo indication::
ES: a dos,
I: a due,
F: à deux,
-D: ?,
+D: a due, zu zweit
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
NL: verhoging of verlaging,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: kromaattinen merkki, muunnemerkki.
An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's
pitch. It is established by an @ref{accidental}.
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Augmentation,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: augmentaatio, harvennus.
@c TODO: add definition.
ES: corchete,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Klammer,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: compasillo,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Vier-Viertel-Takt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: compás compuesto, compás de subdivisión ternaria,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Dreiertakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: kolmijakoinen rytmi.
A meter that includes a triplet subdivision within the beat, such as
6/8, 9/8, 12/8.
ES: compás compuesto, compás de amalgama (def. 2),
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Dreiertakt, Wechseltakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: en Do, afinación de concierto,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Kammerton,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: cresendo, voimistuen.
Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge
-or the abbreviation @samp{cresc.}.
+(hairpin) or the abbreviation @samp{cresc.}.
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key g \major \time 4/4
S: decrescendo,
FI: decresendo, hiljentyen.
-Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal wedge
-or the abbreviation @samp{decresc.}.
+Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal
+wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation @samp{decresc.}.
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\relative c'' {
Scales played on the white keys of a piano keybord are diatonic; and these
scales are sometimes called, somewhat inaccurately, @q{church modes}).
-These @q{modes} are used in gregorian chant and in pre-baroque early music
+These @q{modes} are used in Gregorian chant and in pre-baroque early music
but also to some extent in newer jazz music.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Diminution, Verkleinerung,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: diminuutio, tihennys.
@c TODO: add definition
@ref{harmony}.
+@node divisio
+@section divisio
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: Divisio,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+[Latin: @q{division}: pl. @emph{divisiones}] In Gregorian chant, a
+vertical stroke through part or all of the staff that serves to
+structure a chant into phrases and sections. There are four types:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @emph{divisio minima}, a short pause
+
+@item @emph{divisio maior}, a medium pause
+
+@item @emph{divisio maxima}, a long pause
+
+@item @emph{finalis}, to indicate the end of a chant, or the end of a
+section in a long antiphonal or responsorial chant.
+
+@end itemize
+
+TODO: musical example here?
+
+@seealso
+
+None yet.
+
+
+@node doit
+@section doit
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+Indicator for a indeterminately rising pitch bend. Compare with
+@emph{glissando}, which has determinate starting and ending pitches.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{fall}, @ref{glissando}.
+
+
@node dominant
@section dominant
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Doppeltakt, Wechseltakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: dynamiikka, voimakkuusvaihtelut.
The aspect of music relating to degrees of loudness, or changes from
one degree to another. The terms, abbreviations, and symbols used to
ES: sinalefa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Elision, Auslassung,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@c F: 'point d'orgue' on a note, 'point d'arret' on a rest.
+@node fall
+@section fall
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+Indicator for a indeterminately falling pitch bend. Compare with
+@emph{glissando}, which has determinate starting and ending pitches.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{doit}, @ref{glissando}.
+
+
@node feathered beam
@section feathered beam
@end lilypond
-
-
@node fingering
@section fingering
@end lilypond
+@node flageolet
+@section flageolet
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: Flageolett,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: flageoletti.
+
+An articulation for string players that means the note or passage is to
+be played in harmonics.
+
+Also:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item A duct flute similar to the recorder.
+
+@item An organ stop of flute scale at 1' or 2' pitch.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{articulation}, @ref{harmonics}.
+
+
@node flat
@section flat
ES: partitura a la francesa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Partitur (ohne leere Takte),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: pentagrama a la francesa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Notensystem (ohne leere Takte),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: pentagramas a la francesa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Notensysteme (ohne leere Takte),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@seealso
-@ref{Pitch names}, @ref{B}
+@ref{Pitch names}, @ref{B}.
+
+
+@node hairpin
+@section hairpin
+
+Graphical version of the @notation{crescendo} and @notation{decrescendo}
+dynamic marks.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}.
@node half note
@end lilypond
+@node harmonics
+@section harmonics
+
+ES: sonidos del flautín,
+I: suoni flautati,
+F: flageolet, sons harmoniques,
+D: Flageolett-Töne,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: yläsävelsarjan flageoletti-ääni.
+
+The general class of pitches produced by sounding the second or higher
+harmonic of a tone producer: string, column of air, and so on.
+
+On stringed instruments, these pitches sound rather flute-like; hence,
+their name in languages other than English. They are produced by
+lightly touching the string at a node for the desired mode of vibration
+while it is being bowed or plucked.
+
+For instruments of the violin family, there are two types of harmonics:
+natural harmonics, which are those played on the open string; and
+artificial harmonics, which are produced on stopped strings.
+
+
@node harmony
@section harmony
ES: hemiolia,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Hemiole,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
-S: ?,
+S: hemiol,
FI: ?.
[From Greek: in Latin, @emph{sesquialtera}] The ratio 3:2. Refers to
@ref{polyphony}.
+@node hymn meter
+@section hymn meter
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+A group or list of numbers that indicate the number of syllables in a
+line of a hymn's verse. Different hymnals have different ways of noting
+the hymn meter -- consider a hymn having four lines in two couplets that
+alternate between eight and seven syllables. The @emph{English Hymnal}
+notes this as 87.@w{ }87. Other hymnals may note it as 8787, 87.87, or
+8@w{ }7@w{ }8@w{ }7.
+
+Some frequently-used hymn meters have traditional names:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item 66.86 is called Short Meter (abbreviated SM or S.M.)
+
+@item 86.86 is called Common Meter (CM or C.M.)
+
+@item 88.88 is called Long Meter (LM or L.M.)
+
+@end itemize
+
+Some hymns and their tunes are doubled versions of a simpler meter: for
+easier reading, a hymn with a meter of 87.87.87.87 is usually written
+87.87D. The traditional names above also have doubled versions:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item 66.86.66.86 is Double Short Meter (DSM or D.S.M.)
+
+@item 86.86.86.86 is Double Common Meter (DCM or D.C.M.)
+
+@item 88.88.88.88 is Double Long Meter (DLM or D.L.M.)
+
+@end itemize
+
+
+
@node interval
@section interval
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: inversion,
-D: ?,
+D: Umkehrung (Akkord),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: (kolmisoinnun) käännös.
When the bass is not the same as the root, the chord is inverted. The number
of inversions that a chord can have is one fewer than the number of
ES: dejar vibrar,
I: ?,
F: laissez vibrer,
-D: ?,
+D: Laissez vibrer, klingen lassen,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: en su lugar,
I: loco,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: loco,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: ligadura de letra,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: Textbindung,
+D: Bindestrich,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-@c TODO: add languages
@seealso
@node melisma line
@section melisma line
-@c TODO: add languages
-
ES: línea de melisma,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Melismastrich,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@node mensural notation
@section mensural notation
-@c TODO: add languages
-
ES: notación mensural,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Mensuralnotation,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: mensuraalinuottikirjoitus.
A system of duration notation whose principles were first established in the
mid-13th century, and that (with various changes) remained in use until about
ES: indicación de octava,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Oktavierungszeichen,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: compás polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Polymetrik,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetriikka.
@itemize
ES: polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: polymetrisch,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetrinen.
Using two or more metric frameworks simultaneously or in alternation.
ES: compás polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: polymetrische Taktart,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetrinen tahtiosoitus.
A time signature that indicates regularly alternating polymetric time.
ES: proporción,
I: proprozione (?),
F: proportion,
-D: ?,
+D: Proportion, proportio,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
Five common types of seventh chords have standard symbols. The chord quality
indications are sometimes superscripted and sometimes not (e.g. Dm7, Dm^7,
-and D^m7 are all identical). The last three chords are not used commonly
+and D^m7 are all identical). The last three chords are not commonly used
except in jazz.
@seealso
NL: kwart toon,
DK: ?,
S: kvartston,
-FI: ?.
+FI: neljännes sävelaskel.
An interval equal to half a semitone.
ES: simile,
I: simile,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: simile, gleichartig,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: samaan tapaan.
[From It, @q{in the same manner}] Performance direction: the music thus marked
is to be played in the same manner (i.e. with the same articulations, dynamics,
ES: compás simple, compás de subdivisión binaria,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Zweiertakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: tasajakoinen rytmi.
A meter in which the basic beat is subdivided in two: that is, a meter
that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat.
@end lilypond
+@node stringendo
+@section stringendo
+
+ES: ?,
+I: stringendo,
+F: ?,
+D: Stringendo, steigernd,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: stringendo, kiihtyen.
+
+[It, @q{pressing}]. Pressing, urging, or hastening the time, as to a
+climax.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{accelerando}.
+
+
@node strings
@section strings
@item ES: fusa
@item I: biscroma
@item F: triple croche
-@item D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote
+@item D: Zweiunddreißigstel, Zweiunddreißigstelnote
@item NL: twee-endertig@-ste (32e) noot
@item DK: toogtredivtedelsnode
@item S: trettiotvåondelsnot
ES: instrumento transpositor,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: transponierende Instrumente,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: transponoivat soitimet.
Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded pitch. Except
for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by one or more octaves (to
ES: vez, primera y segunda vez,
I: volta,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Volta, Wiederholungsklammer,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@item Felix Krohn, Lyhyt musiikkioppi, Porvoo, Helsinki, 1976.
+@item Henna Mikkonen, Suvi Rimpiläinen, Konsertissa kävijän taskusanasto, Jyväskylä, 2003
+
@end itemize
@bye
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff