@author Jan Nieuwenhuizen @c Dutch glossary
@c Fixes by Jean-Pierre Coulon and `Dirk', alphabetized by last name, KK, 10/07
-@c Updates to the German translation by Till Rettig, 12/07
+@c Updates to the German translation by Till Rettig, 2007-2008
-Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2008 by the authors
+Copyright @copyright{} 1999--2007 by the authors
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
@ifnottex
-This glossary was brought you by:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item @b{Christian Mondrup}: Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish,
-@item @b{François Pinard}: Original glossary of GNU music project, French,
-
-@item @b{Han-Wen Nienhuys}: Dutch,
-@item @b{Jan Nieuwenhuizen}: Dutch,
-
-@item @b{Neil Jerram}: English,
-@item @b{Kurtis Kroon}: English,
-
-@item @b{Heikki Junes}: Finnish,
-
-@item @b{Bjoern Jacke}: German,
-
-@item @b{Adrian Mariano}: Italian,
-
-@item @b{David González}: Spanish,
-
-@item @b{Mats Bengtsson}: Swedish,
-
-@end itemize
-
-with additional contributions: thanks to all who have contributed.
-
-@ignore
-
-The list is rather long ...
-
-@itemize
-
-@item Danish:
-@itemize
-@item Rune Zedeler, @emph{pace}
-@item Eyolf Østrem
-@end itemize
-
-@item Dutch:
-@itemize
-@item Alard de Boer
-@end itemize
-
-@item English:
-@itemize
-@item Trevor Bača
-@item Trevor Daniels
-@item Andrew Hawryluk
-@item Ian Hulin
-@item Kieren MacMillan
-@item Patrick McCarty
-@item Ralph Palmer
-@item Carl D. Sorensen
-@item Anh Hai Trinh
-@end itemize
-
-@item Finnish:
-@itemize
-@item Risto Vääräniemi
-@end itemize
-
-@item German:
-@itemize
-@item Orm Finnendahl
-@item Reinhold Kainhofer
-@item Werner Lemberg
-@item Till Rettig
-@item Thomas Scharkowski
-@end itemize
-
-@item Italian
-@itemize
-@item Andrea Valle
-@end itemize
-
-@item Spanish
-@itemize
-@item Francisco Vila
-@end itemize
-
-@item Swedish
-@itemize
-@item Simon Dahlbacka
-@end itemize
-
-@end itemize
-@end ignore
-
+This glossary was brought you by
+
+@table @code
+@item Adrian Mariano
+Italian glossary,
+@item Bjoern Jacke
+German glossary,
+@item Christian Mondrup
+Original author of LilyPond glossary, Danish glossary,
+@item David González
+Spanish glossary,
+@item François Pinard
+Original glossary of GNU music project, French glossary,
+@item Han-Wen Nienhuys
+Dutch glossary,
+@item Heikki Junes
+Finnish glossary translations,
+@item Jan Nieuwenhuizen
+Dutch glossary,
+@item Kurtis Kroon
+English glossary,
+@item Mats Bengtsson
+Swedish glossary,
+@item Neil Jerram
+English glossary translations.
+@end table
@*
-Copyright 1999--2008 by the authors
+Copyright 1999--2007 by the authors
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
@end macro
@menu
-* Musical terms A-Z::
-* Duration names notes and rests::
-* Pitch names::
+* Musical terms A-Z::
+* Duration names notes and rests::
+* Pitch names::
@end menu
+@contents
+
@node Musical terms A-Z
@chapter Musical terms A-Z
@item FI - Finnish
@end itemize
-
@menu
-* A::
-* a due::
-* accelerando::
-* accent::
-* accessory::
-* acciaccatura::
-* accidental::
-* adagio::
-* al niente::
-* allegro::
-* alteration::
-* alto::
-* alto clef::
-* ambitus::
-* anacrusis::
-* ancient minor scale::
-* andante::
-* appoggiatura::
-* arpeggio::
-* articulation::
-* ascending interval::
-* augmentation::
-* augmented interval::
-* autograph::
-* B::
-* backfall::
-* bar::
-* bar line::
-* baritone::
-* baritone clef::
-* bass::
-* bass clef::
-* beam::
-* beat::
-* beat repeat::
-* bind::
-* brace::
-* bracket::
-* brass::
-* breath mark::
-* breve::
-* C::
-* C clef::
-* cadence::
-* cadenza::
-* caesura::
-* canon::
-* cent::
-* central C::
-* chord::
-* chromatic scale::
-* chromaticism::
-* church mode::
-* clef::
-* cluster::
-* comma::
-* common meter::
-* common time::
-* complement::
-* compound interval::
-* compound meter::
-* compound time::
-* concert pitch::
-* conjunct movement::
-* consonance::
-* contralto::
-* copying music::
-* counterpoint::
-* countertenor::
-* crescendo::
-* cue-notes::
-* custos::
-* D::
-* da capo::
-* dal niente::
-* dal segno::
-* decrescendo::
-* descending interval::
-* diatonic scale::
-* didymic comma::
-* diminished interval::
-* diminuendo::
-* diminution::
-* direct::
-* disjunct movement::
-* dissonance::
-* dissonant interval::
-* divisio::
-* doit::
-* dominant::
-* dominant ninth chord::
-* dominant seventh chord::
-* dorian mode::
-* dot (augmentation dot)::
-* dotted note::
-* double appoggiatura::
-* double bar line::
-* double dotted note::
-* double flat::
-* double sharp::
-* double time signature::
-* double trill::
-* duple meter::
-* duplet::
-* duration::
-* dynamics::
-* E::
-* ecclesiastical mode::
-* eighth note::
-* eighth rest::
-* elision::
-* embellishment::
-* engraving::
-* enharmonic::
-* equal temperament::
-* expression mark::
-* extender line::
-* F::
-* F clef::
-* fall::
-* feathered beam::
-* fermata::
-* fifth::
-* figured bass::
-* fingering::
-* flag::
-* flageolet::
-* flat::
-* forefall::
-* forte::
-* fourth::
-* Frenched score::
-* Frenched staff::
-* Frenched staves::
-* fugue::
-* functional harmony::
-* G::
-* G clef::
-* glissando::
-* grace notes::
-* grand staff::
-* grave::
-* gruppetto::
-* H::
-* hairpin::
-* half note::
-* half rest::
-* harmonic cadence::
-* harmonics::
-* harmony::
-* hemiola::
-* homophony::
-* hymn meter::
-* interval::
-* inversion::
-* inverted interval::
-* just intonation::
-* key::
-* key signature::
-* laissez vibrer::
-* largo::
-* leading note::
-* ledger line::
-* legato::
-* legato curve::
-* leger line::
-* ligature::
-* lilypond::
-* line::
-* loco::
-* long appoggiatura::
-* longa::
-* lyric tie::
-* lyrics::
-* major::
-* major interval::
-* meantone temperament::
-* measure::
-* measure repeat::
-* mediant::
-* melisma::
-* melisma line::
-* melodic cadence::
-* mensural notation::
-* meter::
-* metronome::
-* metronome mark::
-* metronomic indication::
-* mezzo::
-* mezzo-soprano::
-* middle C::
-* minor::
-* minor interval::
-* mixolydian mode::
-* mode::
-* modulation::
-* mordent::
-* motif::
-* motive::
-* movement::
-* multi-measure rest::
-* natural::
-* neighbor tones::
-* ninth::
-* non-legato::
-* note::
-* note head::
-* note names::
-* note value::
-* octavation::
-* octave::
-* octave mark::
-* octave marking::
-* octave sign::
-* ornament::
-* ossia::
-* part::
-* pause::
-* pennant::
-* percent repeat::
-* percussion::
-* perfect interval::
-* phrase::
-* phrasing::
-* piano::
-* pickup::
-* pitch::
-* pizzicato::
-* polymeter::
-* polymetric::
-* polymetric time signature::
-* polyphony::
-* portato::
-* presto::
-* proportion::
-* Pythagorean comma::
-* quadruplet::
-* quality::
-* quarter note::
-* quarter rest::
-* quarter tone::
-* quintuplet::
-* rallentando::
-* relative key::
-* repeat::
-* rest::
-* rhythm::
-* ritardando::
-* ritenuto::
-* scale::
-* scale degree::
-* scordatura::
-* score::
-* second::
-* semitone::
-* seventh::
-* sextolet::
-* sextuplet::
-* shake::
-* sharp::
-* simile::
-* simple meter::
-* sixteenth note::
-* sixteenth rest::
-* sixth::
-* sixty-fourth note::
-* sixty-fourth rest::
-* slash repeat::
-* slur::
-* solmization::
-* sonata::
-* sonata form::
-* song texts::
-* soprano::
-* staccato::
-* staff::
-* staves::
-* stem::
-* stringendo::
-* strings::
-* strong beat::
-* subdominant::
-* submediant::
-* subtonic::
-* sul G::
-* superdominant::
-* supertonic::
-* symphony::
-* syncopation::
-* syntonic comma::
-* system::
-* temperament::
-* tempo indication::
-* tenor::
-* tenth::
-* tenuto::
-* third::
-* thirty-second note::
-* thirty-second rest::
-* thorough bass::
-* tie::
-* time::
-* time signature::
-* tone::
-* tonic::
-* transposing instrument::
-* transposition::
-* treble clef::
-* tremolo::
-* triad::
-* trill::
-* triple meter::
-* triplet::
-* tritone::
-* tuning fork::
-* tuplet::
-* turn::
-* unison::
-* upbeat::
-* voice::
-* volta::
-* weak beat::
-* whole note::
-* whole rest::
-* whole tone::
-* woodwind::
+* A::
+* a due::
+* accelerando::
+* accent::
+* accessory::
+* acciaccatura::
+* accidental::
+* adagio::
+* allegro::
+* alteration::
+* alto::
+* alto clef::
+* ambitus::
+* anacrusis::
+* ancient minor scale::
+* andante::
+* appoggiatura::
+* arpeggio::
+* articulation::
+* ascending interval::
+* augmented interval::
+* augmentation::
+* autograph::
+* B::
+* backfall::
+* bar::
+* bar line::
+* baritone::
+* baritone clef::
+* bass::
+* bass clef::
+* beam::
+* beat::
+* beat repeat::
+* bind::
+* brace::
+* bracket::
+* brass::
+* breath mark::
+* breve::
+* C::
+* C clef::
+* cadence::
+* cadenza::
+* canon::
+* cent::
+* central C::
+* chord::
+* chromatic scale::
+* chromaticism::
+* church mode::
+* clef::
+* cluster::
+* comma::
+* common meter::
+* common time::
+* complement::
+* compound interval::
+* compound meter::
+* compound time::
+* concert pitch::
+* conjunct movement::
+* consonance::
+* contralto::
+* copying music::
+* counterpoint::
+* countertenor::
+* crescendo::
+* cue-notes::
+* custos::
+* D::
+* da capo::
+* dal segno::
+* decrescendo::
+* descending interval::
+* diatonic scale::
+* didymic comma::
+* diminished interval::
+* diminuendo::
+* diminution::
+* direct::
+* disjunct movement::
+* dissonance::
+* dissonant interval::
+* divisio::
+* doit::
+* dominant::
+* dominant ninth chord::
+* dominant seventh chord::
+* dorian mode::
+* dot (augmentation dot)::
+* dotted note::
+* double appoggiatura::
+* double bar line::
+* double dotted note::
+* double flat::
+* double sharp::
+* double time signature::
+* double trill::
+* duple meter::
+* duplet::
+* duration::
+* dynamics::
+* E::
+* ecclesiastical mode::
+* eighth note::
+* eighth rest::
+* elision::
+* embellishment::
+* engraving::
+* enharmonic::
+* equal temperament::
+* expression mark::
+* extender line::
+* F::
+* F clef::
+* fall::
+* feathered beam::
+* fermata::
+* fifth::
+* figured bass::
+* fingering::
+* flag::
+* flageolet::
+* flat::
+* forefall::
+* forte::
+* fourth::
+* Frenched score::
+* Frenched staff::
+* Frenched staves::
+* fugue::
+* functional harmony::
+* G::
+* G clef::
+* glissando::
+* grace notes::
+* grand staff::
+* grave::
+* gruppetto::
+* H::
+* hairpin::
+* half note::
+* half rest::
+* harmonic cadence::
+* harmonics::
+* harmony::
+* hemiola::
+* homophony::
+* hymn meter::
+* interval::
+* inversion::
+* inverted interval::
+* just intonation::
+* key::
+* key signature::
+* laissez vibrer::
+* largo::
+* leading note::
+* ledger line::
+* legato::
+* legato curve::
+* leger line::
+* ligature::
+* lilypond::
+* line::
+* loco::
+* long appoggiatura::
+* longa::
+* lyric tie::
+* lyrics::
+* major::
+* major interval::
+* meantone temperament::
+* measure::
+* measure repeat::
+* mediant::
+* melisma::
+* melisma line::
+* melodic cadence::
+* mensural notation::
+* meter::
+* metronome::
+* metronome mark::
+* metronomic indication::
+* mezzo-soprano::
+* middle C::
+* minor::
+* minor interval::
+* mixolydian mode::
+* mode::
+* modulation::
+* mordent::
+* motif::
+* motive::
+* movement::
+* multi-measure rest::
+* natural::
+* neighbour tones::
+* ninth::
+* non-legato::
+* note::
+* note head::
+* note names::
+* note value::
+* octavation::
+* octave::
+* octave mark::
+* octave marking::
+* octave sign::
+* ornament::
+* ossia::
+* part::
+* pause::
+* pennant::
+* percent repeat::
+* percussion::
+* perfect interval::
+* phrase::
+* phrasing::
+* piano::
+* pickup::
+* pitch::
+* pizzicato::
+* polymeter::
+* polymetric::
+* polymetric time signature::
+* polyphony::
+* portato::
+* presto::
+* proportion::
+* Pythagorean comma::
+* quadruplet::
+* quality::
+* quarter note::
+* quarter rest::
+* quarter tone::
+* quintuplet::
+* rallentando::
+* relative key::
+* repeat::
+* rest::
+* rhythm::
+* ritardando::
+* ritenuto::
+* scale::
+* scale degree::
+* scordatura::
+* score::
+* second::
+* semitone::
+* seventh::
+* sextolet::
+* sextuplet::
+* shake::
+* sharp::
+* simile::
+* simple meter::
+* sixteenth note::
+* sixteenth rest::
+* sixth::
+* sixty-fourth note::
+* sixty-fourth rest::
+* slash repeat::
+* slur::
+* solmization::
+* sonata::
+* sonata form::
+* song texts::
+* soprano::
+* staccato::
+* staff::
+* staves::
+* stem::
+* stringendo::
+* strings::
+* strong beat::
+* subdominant::
+* submediant::
+* subtonic::
+* sul G::
+* superdominant::
+* supertonic::
+* symphony::
+* syncopation::
+* syntonic comma::
+* system::
+* temperament::
+* tempo indication::
+* tenor::
+* tenth::
+* tenuto::
+* third::
+* thirty-second note::
+* thirty-second rest::
+* thorough bass::
+* tie::
+* time::
+* time signature::
+* tone::
+* tonic::
+* transposing instrument::
+* transposition::
+* treble clef::
+* tremolo::
+* triad::
+* trill::
+* triple meter::
+* triplet::
+* tritone::
+* tuning fork::
+* tuplet::
+* turn::
+* unison::
+* upbeat::
+* voice::
+* volta::
+* weak beat::
+* whole note::
+* whole rest::
+* whole tone::
+* woodwind::
@end menu
@seealso
-@ref{Pitch names}.
+@ref{Pitch names}
@node a due
ES: a dos,
I: a due,
F: à deux,
-D: ?,
+D: a due, zu zweit
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-Abbreviated @notation{a2} or @notation{a 2}.
+Abbreviated @samp{a2} or @samp{a 2}.
@enumerate
@seealso
-None yet.
+@ref{Pitch names}
@node accelerando
S: accelerando,
FI: accelerando, kiihdyttäen.
-[Italian: @q{speed up, accelerate}.]
-
-Increase tempo
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+Increase tempo.
@node accent
The stress of one tone over others.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node accessory
@section accessory
S: tillfälligt förtecken,
FI: tilapäinen etumerkki.
-An accidental alters a note by:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item Raising its pitch:
-@itemize
-@item A @notation{double sharp}, by two semitones (a whole tone)
-@item A @notation{sharp}, by one semitone
-@end itemize
-
-@item Lowering its pitch:
-@itemize
-@item A @notation{flat}, by one semitone
-@item A @notation{double flat}, by two semitones (a whole tone)
-@end itemize
-
-@item Canceling the effects of the key signature or previous accidentals.
-@end itemize
+An accidental has the effect of an @ref{alteration} of a note. A
+sharp raises a tone by a @ref{semitone}, a double sharp raises it by a
+@ref{whole tone}, a flat lowers it by a semitone and a double flat
+lowers it by a whole tone. A natural cancels the effect of a previous
+accidental, or a sharp or flat in the key signature.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{alteration}, @ref{semitone}, @ref{whole tone}.
-
@node adagio
@section adagio
S: adagio,
FI: adagio, hitaasti.
-[Italian: @q{comfortable, easy}.]
+It.@: comfortable, easy.
@itemize
-@item Slow tempo, slower -- especially in even meter -- than @notation{andante}
-and faster than @notation{largo}.
+@item Slow tempo, slower -- especially in even meter -- than
+@ref{andante} and faster than @ref{largo}.
@item A movement in slow tempo, especially the second (slow) movement
-of sonatas, symphonies, etc.
+of @ref{sonata}s, symphonies, etc.
@end itemize
-@seealso
-
-@ref{andante}, @ref{largo}, @ref{sonata}.
-
-
-@node al niente
-@section al niente
-
-ES: ?,
-I: al niente,
-F: ?,
-D: ?,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[Italian: @q{to nothing}.] Used with @notation{decrescendo} to indicate
-that the sound should fade away to nothing.
-
-@notation{Al niente} is indicated by circling the tip of the hairpin:
-
-@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
-\relative c'' {
- \override Hairpin #'circled-tip = ##t
- c1\<
- c2\> c\<
- c1\!
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-or with the actual phrase @notation{al niente}. This may be easier with
-text markup, rather than as part of the @notation{decrescendo} text:
-
-@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
-\relative c'' {
- \dimTextDecresc
- c1~\>
- c~
- c\!-\markup { \italic "al niente" }
-}
-@end lilypond
-
-Since one does not crescendo @emph{to} nothing, it is not correct to use
-@notation{al niente} with @notation{crescendo}. Instead, one should use
-@emph{dal niente} (@notation{@b{from} nothing}).
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}, @ref{hairpin}.
-
@node allegro
@section allegro
S: allegro,
FI: allegro, nopeasti.
-[Italian: @q{cheerful}.] Quick tempo. Also used as a title for pieces in a quick
-tempo, especially the first and last movements of a sonata.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{sonata}.
+It.@: cheerful. Quick tempo. Also used as a title for pieces in a quick
+tempo, especially the first and last movements of a @ref{sonata}.
@node alteration
NL: verhoging of verlaging,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: kromaattinen merkki, muunnemerkki.
An alteration is the modification, raising or lowering, of a note's
-pitch. It is established by an accidental.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{accidental}.
+pitch. It is established by an @ref{accidental}.
@node alto
A female voice of low range (@emph{contralto}). Originally the alto
was a high male voice (hence the name), which by the use of falsetto
reached the height of the female voice. This type of voice is also
-known as countertenor.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{countertenor}.
+known as @ref{countertenor}.
@node alto clef
also denote the pitch range that a musical instrument is capable of playing.
Sometimes anglicized to @emph{ambit} (pl. @emph{ambits}).
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node anacrusis
@section anacrusis
of music before a section of music. It also refers to the initial
note(s) of a melody occurring in that incomplete measure.
+@seealso
+
+@ref{measure}, @ref{meter}.
+
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key f \major
\time 4/4
bes( a) g f | bes4. a8 bes4 c | f,2. \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{measure}, @ref{meter}.
-
@node ancient minor scale
@section ancient minor scale
S: ren mollskala,
FI: luonnollinen molliasteikko.
-Also called @q{natural minor scale}.
-
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
- a1 b c d e f g a }
+a1 b c d e f g a }
@end lilypond
@seealso
S: andante,
FI: andante, käyden.
-[Italian: present participle of @emph{andare}, @q{to walk}.]
-
Walking tempo/character.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node appoggiatura
@section appoggiatura
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node arpeggio
@section arpeggio
S: arpeggio,
FI: arpeggio, murtosointu.
-[Italian: @q{harp-like, played like a harp}.]
-
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\context PianoStaff <<
\context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node articulation
@section articulation
should be played. Slurs, accents, staccato, and legato are all
examples of articulation.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node ascending interval
@section ascending interval
A distance between a starting lower note and a higher ending note.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node augmented interval
@section augmented interval
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Augmentation,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: augmentaatio, harvennus.
@c TODO: add definition.
@end itemize
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node B
@section B
@seealso
-@ref{H}, @ref{Pitch names}
+@ref{Pitch names}
@node backfall
S: taktstreck,
FI: tahtiviiva.
-A vertical line through the staff (or through multiple staves) that
-separates measures. Used very infrequently during the Renaissance (mostly
-in secular music, or in sacred music to indicate congruences between parts
-in otherwise-unmetered music).
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{measure}.
-
@node baritone
@section baritone
S: baryton,
FI: baritoni, keskikorkuinen miesääni.
-The male voice intermediate in pitch between the bass and the tenor.
+The male voice intermediate between the @ref{bass} and the
+@ref{tenor}.
@c F: clef de troisième ligne dropped
-@seealso
-
-@ref{bass}, @ref{tenor}.
-
@node baritone clef
@section baritone clef
S: taktslag,
FI: aika-arvo.
-Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth notes.
-The base counting value and the number of them in each measure is indicated
-at the start of the music by the @notation{time signature}.
+Note value used for counting, most often half-, fourth-, and eighth
+notes. The base counting value and the number of them per measure is
+indicated at the start of the music.
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key g \major
\relative c'' { g8 d' c | b c a | g4. \bar "||"}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{time signature}.
-
@node beat repeat
@section beat repeat
\relative c \context Staff = SB { \clef bass c1 \bar "|." } >>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node bracket
@section bracket
ES: corchete,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Klammer,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
formed mouth piece. The brass instruments commonly used in a symphony
orchestra are trumpet, trombone, french horn, and tube.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node breath mark
@section breath mark
Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{caesura}.
-
@node breve
@section breve
-@itemize
-@item US: breve, double-whole note,
-@item ES: cuadrada, breve,
-@item I: breve,
-@item F: brève,
-@item D: Brevis,
-@item NL: brevis,
-@item DK: brevis,
-@item S: brevis,
-@item FI: brevis, kaksoiskokonuotti.
-@end itemize
+ES: cuadrada, breve,
+I: breve,
+F: brève,
+D: Brevis,
+NL: brevis,
+DK: brevis,
+S: brevis,
+FI: brevis, kaksoiskokonuotti.
Note value twice as long as a whole note. Mainly used in pre-1650 music.
The shortest note value generally used in white mensural notation, hence the
@seealso
-@ref{Pitch names}.
+@ref{Pitch names}
@node C clef
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node cadence
@section cadence
ability to improvise. Since the middle of the 19th century, however,
most cadenzas have been written down by the composer.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
-
-@node caesura
-@section caesura
-
-ES: cesura,
-I: cesura,
-F: césura,
-D: Zäsur,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[Latin: from the supine of @emph{caedere} @q{to cut down}.]
-
-The break between two musical phrases, sometimes (but not always) marked by a
-rest or a breath mark.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{breath mark}.
-
@node canon
@section canon
viritysjärjestelmässä.
Logarithmic unit of measurement. 1@tie{}cent is 1/1200 of an octave
-(1/100 of an equally tempered semitone).
+(1/100 of an equally tempered @ref{semitone}).
@seealso
-@ref{equal temperament}, @ref{semitone}.
+@ref{equal temperament}.
@node central C
five-tone @emph{ninth} major chords are most often used as dominants
(functional harmony). Chords having no third above the lower notes to
define their mood are a special case called @q{open chords}. The lack of
-the middle third means their quality is ambivalent -- neither major nor
-minor.
+the middle third means their quality is ambivalent: neither major nor minor.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
S: kromatisk skala,
FI: kromaattinen asteikko.
-A scale consisting of all 12 semitones.
+A scale consisting of all 12 @ref{semitone}s.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c' { c1 cis d dis e f fis g gis a ais b c }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{semitone}.
-
@node chromaticism
@section chromaticism
S: kromatik,
FI: kromatiikka.
-Using tones extraneous to a diatonic scale (minor, major).
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{diatonic scale}.
+Use of tones extraneous to a @ref{diatonic scale} (minor, major).
@node church mode
S: klav,
FI: avain, nuottiavain.
+@seealso
+
+@ref{C clef}, @ref{F clef}, @ref{G clef}.
+
The clef indicates which lines of the staff correspond to which
pitches. The three clef symbols in common use are:
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{C clef}, @ref{F clef}, @ref{G clef}.
-
@node cluster
@section cluster
\makeClusters { <c e> <b f'> <b g'> <c g> <f e> }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node comma
@section comma
@node common meter
@section common meter
-Another name for @ref{common time}.
+@ref{common time}
@seealso
-@ref{common time}, @ref{meter}.
+@ref{meter}.
@node common time
ES: compasillo,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Vier-Viertel-Takt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-4/4 time. The symbol, which resembles a capital letter C, comes from
+4/4 time. The symbol, which resembles a capital letter C, derives from
mensural notation.
@seealso
ES: compás compuesto, compás de subdivisión ternaria,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Dreiertakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: kolmijakoinen rytmi.
A meter that includes a triplet subdivision within the beat, such as
6/8, 9/8, 12/8.
ES: compás compuesto, compás de amalgama (def. 2),
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Dreiertakt, Wechseltakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
A time signature that additively combines two or more unequal meters, e.g.
"3/8 + 2/8" instead of "5/8". Sometimes called additive time signatures.
-TODO: Verify / fix the Scheme code to generate additive time signatures.
-
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
-#(define (compound-time grob one two num)
+#(define (compound-time grob one two three num)
(interpret-markup
(ly:grob-layout grob)
'(((baseline-skip . 2)
(word-space . 1.5)
(font-family . number)))
(markup
- #:line ( #:column (one num) "+" #:column (two num) ))))
+ #:line ( #:column (one) "+" #:column (two num) "+" #:column (three)))))
\relative c' {
\key f \major
@seealso
-@ref{compound meter}, @ref{meter}, @ref{polymetric time signature}.
+@ref{compound meter}, @ref{meter}.
@node concert pitch
ES: en Do, afinación de concierto,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Kammerton,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
instruments are said to be @q{in C}. The following list includes some (but not
all) instruments that play in concert pitch:
-@c Let's see how easy (or hard) it is to put bulleted lists in tables.
-
-@multitable {alto trombone} {tenor trombone} {bass trombone}
-@headitem Woodwinds @tab Brass @tab Strings
+@itemize
-@item
+@item Woodwinds
@itemize
@item flute
@item oboe
@item bassoon
@end itemize
-@tab
-
+@item Brass
@itemize
@item alto trombone
@item tenor trombone
@item bass trombone
@end itemize
-@tab
-
+@item Strings
@itemize
@item violin
@item viola
@item violincello
@end itemize
-@end multitable
+@item piano
+
+@end itemize
The trombones are a special case: although they are said to be @q{in F} (alto or
bass) or @q{in B-flat} (tenor), this refers to their fundamental note, not to
S: stegvis rörelse,
FI: asteittainen liike.
-Progressing melodically by intervals of a second, as contrasted with
-@emph{disjunct movement}.
+Progressing melodically by intervals of a second. The opposite of a
+@ref{disjunct movement}.
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\key g \major \time 4/4
\relative c'' { g4 g g a | b2 a | g4 b a a | g1 \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{disjunct movement}.
-
@node consonance
@section consonance
@c Copying music required more skill than engraving. Flagged for NPOV
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node counterpoint
@section counterpoint
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node countertenor
@section countertenor
FI: cresendo, voimistuen.
Increasing volume. Indicated by a rightwards opening horizontal wedge
-(hairpin) or the abbreviation @notation{cresc.}.
+(hairpin) or the abbreviation @samp{cresc.}.
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key g \major \time 4/4
\relative c'' { g4 \< a b c | d1\! \bar "|." }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{decrescendo}, @ref{hairpin}.
-
@node cue-notes
@section cue-notes
In a separate part notes belonging to another part with the purpose of
hinting when to start playing. Usually printed in a smaller type.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node custos
@section custos
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-A custos (plural: custodes) is a staff symbol that appears at the end of a
-staff line with monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a single voice). It
-anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following line and thus helps
-the player or singer to manage line breaks during performance, which
-enhances the readability of a score.
+A custos (plural: custodes) is a staff symbol that appears at the end
+of a staff line with monophonic musical contents (i.e., with a single
+voice). It anticipates the pitch of the first note of the following
+line and thus helps the player or singer to manage line breaks during
+performance, thus enhancing readability of a score.
-Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th century.
-There were different appearences for different notation styles. Nowadays,
-they have survived only in special forms of musical notation such as the
-@emph{Editio Vaticana}, dating from the beginning of the 20th century
+Custodes were frequently used in music notation until the 16th
+century. There were different appearences for different notation
+styles. Nowadays, they have survived only in special forms of musical
+notation such as via the Editio Vaticana dating back to the beginning
+of the 20th century
@lilypond
\score {
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node D
@section D
S: da capo,
FI: da capo, alusta.
-Abbreviated @notation{D.C.}. Indicates that the piece is to be repeated from
-the beginning to the end or to a certain place marked @emph{fine}.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
-
-@node dal niente
-@section dal niente
-
-ES: ?,
-I: dal niente,
-F: ?,
-D: ?,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[Italian: @q{from nothing}.] Used with @notation{crescendo} to indicate
-that the sound should gradually increase from nothing.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{al niente}.
+Abbreviated @samp{D.C.}. Indicates that the piece is to be repeated from
+the beginning to the end or to a certain place marked @emph{fine}.
@node dal segno
S: dal segno,
FI: dal segno, lähtien merkistä.
-Abbreviated @notation{D.S.}. Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
-another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign
-(@notation{segno}):
+Abbreviated @samp{D.S.}. Repetition, not from the beginning, but from
+another place frequently near the beginning marked by a sign:
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
%\override TextScript #'font-style = #'large
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node decrescendo
@section decrescendo
FI: decresendo, hiljentyen.
Decreasing tone volume. Indicated by a leftwards opening horizontal
-wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation @notation{decresc.}.
+wedge (hairpin) or the abbreviation @samp{decresc.}.
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\relative c'' {
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{crescendo}, @ref{diminuendo}, @ref{hairpin}.
-
@node descending interval
@section descending interval
A distance between a starting higher note and a lower ending note.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node diatonic scale
@section diatonic scale
S: diatonisk skala,
FI: diatoninen asteikko.
-A scale consisting of 5@w{ }whole tones and 2@w{ }semitones (S). Scales
-played on the white keys of a piano keybord are diatonic. These scales
-are sometimes called, somewhat inaccurately, @q{church modes}).
+A scale consisting of 5@w{ }@ref{whole tone}s and 2@w{ }@ref{semitone}s (S).
+Scales played on the white keys of a piano keybord are diatonic; and these
+scales are sometimes called, somewhat inaccurately, @q{church modes}).
-These @emph{modes} are used in Gregorian chant and in pre-baroque early music
+These @q{modes} are used in Gregorian chant and in pre-baroque early music
but also to some extent in newer jazz music.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
b^"~~ S" c d e^"~~ S" f g a
}
\lyrics {
- "Ancient (or Natural) minor"
+ "Ancient minor"
}
>>
@end lilypond
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{semitone}, @ref{whole tone}.
-
@node didymic comma
@section didymic comma
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Diminution, Verkleinerung,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: diminuutio, tihennys.
+
+@c TODO: add definition
-This is a stub for diminution (@emph{wrt} mensural notation).
+This is a placeholder for diminution (wrt mensural notation).
@seealso
S: hoppande rörelse,
FI: melodian hyppivä liike.
-Progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second, as contrasted
-with conjunct movement.
+Progressing melodically by intervals larger than a major second, as
+opposed to @ref{conjunct movement}.
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\key a \major
fis2 d4. \bar "||" }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{conjunct movement}.
-
@node dissonance
@section dissonance
-Another name for @ref{dissonant interval}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{dissonant interval}, @ref{harmony}.
+@ref{dissonant interval}.
@node dissonant interval
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Divisio,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Latin: @q{division}; pl. @emph{divisiones}] In Gregorian chant, a
+[Latin: @q{division}: pl. @emph{divisiones}] In Gregorian chant, a
vertical stroke through part or all of the staff that serves to
structure a chant into phrases and sections. There are four types:
S: dominant,
FI: dominantti, huippusointu.
-The fifth @emph{scale degree} in @emph{functional harmony}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}.
+The fifth @ref{scale degree} in @ref{functional harmony}.
@node dominant ninth chord
Indicates the end of a section within a movement.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node double dotted note
@section double dotted note
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Doppeltakt, Wechseltakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
A simultaneous trill on two notes, usually in the distance of a third.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node duple meter
@section duple meter
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: dynamiikka, voimakkuusvaihtelut.
The aspect of music relating to degrees of loudness, or changes from
one degree to another. The terms, abbreviations, and symbols used to
@seealso
-@ref{church mode}, @ref{diatonic scale}.
+@ref{church mode}.
@node eighth note
ES: sinalefa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Elision, Auslassung,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-More properly @emph{synalepha} [New Lat. > Gr. @emph{συναλοιφη}, from Greek
-@emph{συναλοιφην} @q{to smear together}].
+More properly synalepha [New Lat. > Gr. συναλοιφη, from Greek συναλοιφην @q{to
+smear together}].
The singing of several syllables on a single note. Elision may be indicated
-by a lyric tie, which looks like (and serves the same function) as a musical
-tie.
+by a lyric tie, which is looks like (and serves the same function) as a
+musical tie.
@seealso
The traditional process of music printing is done through cutting in a
plate of metal. Now also the term for the art of music typesetting.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node enharmonic
@section enharmonic
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node equal temperament
@section equal temperament
S: liksvävande temperatur,
FI: tasavireinen.
-A tuning system that divides the octave into 12 equal semitones (each of
-which is precisely equal to 100 cents).
+Tuning system dividing the octave into 12 equal @ref{semitone}s
+(precisely 100 @ref{cent}s).
@seealso
-@ref{cent}, @ref{semitone}, @ref{temperament}.
+@ref{temperament}.
@node expression mark
@itemize
-@item volume, dynamics (for example, @notation{forte},
-@notation{crescendo}),
+@item volume, dynamics (for example @ref{forte}, @ref{crescendo}),
-@item tempo (for example, @notation{andante}, @notation{allegro}).
+@item tempo (for example @ref{andante}, @ref{allegro}).
@end itemize
-@seealso
-
-@ref{allegro}, @ref{andante}, @ref{crescendo}, @ref{forte}.
-
@node extender line
@section extender line
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-The generic term (in LilyPond) for a line (or dash) of arbitrary length that
-extends text (without indicating the musical @emph{function} of that text).
+The generic term for a line (or dash) of arbitrary length that extends
+text (without indicating the musical @emph{function} of that text).
Used in many contexts, for example:
@item
In string music to indicate that all notes in the passage thus indicated should
be played on the same string. On the violin, for example, a series of notes to
-be played on the G string would be indicated @notation{sul G}, another series to be
-played on the D string would be indicated @notation{sul D}, and so on.
+be played on the G string would be indicated @samp{sul G}, another series to be
+played on the D string would be indicated @samp{sul D}, and so on.
@item
With an octave mark to indicate that a passage is to be played higher or lower
@seealso
-@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}, @ref{octave mark},
-@ref{octave marking}.
+@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}, @ref{octave mark}, @ref{octave
+marking}.
@node F
below central@w{ }C. Used on the third, fourth and fifth note line.
A digit@w{ }8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes must be
played an octave higher (for example, bass recorder) while 8@w{ }below
-the clef symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example, on the
-Double Bass).
+the clef symbol indicates playing an octave lower (for example, on
+double bass @ref{strings}).
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
@seealso
-@ref{baritone clef}, @ref{strings}.
+@ref{baritone clef}
+
+@c F: 'point d'orgue' on a note, 'point d'arret' on a rest.
@node fall
@node fermata
@section fermata
-@c F: 'point d'orgue' on a note, 'point d'arret' on a rest.
-
ES: calderón,
I: corona,
F: point d'orgue, point d'arrêt,
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node fifth
@section fifth
Also called @q{thorough bass}.
-A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only,
-together with figures designating the chief intervals and chords to be
-played above the bass notes.
-
-TODO: Make the upper clef smaller, since it's usually "realized" in performance.
+A method of indicating an accompaniment part by the bass notes only, together
+with figures designating the chief @ref{interval}s and @ref{chord}s to be played
+above the bass notes.
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
\context GrandStaff <<
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{chord}, @ref{interval}.
-
@node fingering
@section fingering
S: fingersättning,
FI: sormitus.
-Figures to the side or above the note that methodically indicate which
-fingers to use while playing a passage.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+The methodical use of fingers in the playing of instruments.
@node flag
S: flagga,
FI: lippu, viiri.
-Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values less
-than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the note value.
+Ornament at the end of the stem of a note used for notes with values
+less than a quarter note. The number of flags determines the
+@ref{note value}.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c'' {
- g8_"8th" s8
- g16_"16th" s8
- g32_"32nd" s8
- g64_"64th" s8
+ g8_"1/8" s8
+ g16_"1/16" s8
+ g32_"1/32" s8
+ g64_"1/64" s8
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{note value}.
-
@node flageolet
@section flageolet
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Flageolett,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: flageoletti.
An articulation for string players that means the note or passage is to
be played in harmonics.
S: forte,
FI: forte, voimakkaasti.
-[Italian: @q{loud}.]
-
-Abbreviated @notation{@b{f}}. Variants include:
-
-@itemize
-@item @emph{mezzo forte}, medium loud (notated @notation{@b{mf}}),
-@item @emph{fortissimo}, very loud (notated @notation{@b{ff}}).
-@end itemize
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+Loud, abbreviated @samp{@b{f}}, @emph{fortissimo} (@samp{@b{ff}}) very loud,
+@emph{mezzo forte} (@samp{@b{mf}}) medium loud.
@node fourth
ES: partitura a la francesa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Partitur (ohne leere Takte),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
ES: pentagrama a la francesa,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Notensystem (ohne leere Takte),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Pl. @emph{Frenched staves}] Analogous to Frenched scores (@emph{q.v}), a
-Frenched staff has unneeded measures or sections removed. This is useful
-for producing, for example, an @emph{ossia} staff.
+Analogous to Frenched scores (@emph{q.v}), a Frenched staff has unneeded
+measures or sections removed. This would be useful for producing, for example,
+an @emph{ossia} staff.
@seealso
@node Frenched staves
@section Frenched staves
-Plural of @ref{Frenched staff}.
+ES: pentagramas a la francesa,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: Notensysteme (ohne leere Takte),
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+The plural of @ref{Frenched staff}, @emph{q.v.}.
@node fugue
S: funktionslära,
FI: harmoniajärjestelmä.
-A system of harmonic analysis.
-
-It is based on the idea that, in a given key, there are only three
-functionally different chords: tonic (T, the chord on the first note of the
-scale), subdominant (S, the chord on the fourth note), and dominant (D, the
-chord on the fifth note). Others are considered to be variants of the base
-chords.
-
-TODO: what does the @q{p} mean in Sp, Dp, Tp?
+A system of harmonic analysis. It is based on the idea that, in a
+given key, there are only three functionally different chords: tonic
+(T, the chord on the first note of the scale), subdominant (S, the
+chord on the fourth note), and dominant (D, the chord on the fifth
+note). Others are considered to be variants of the base chords.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node G
@section G
S: g-klav,
FI: G-avain.
-A clef symbol that indicates G above middle@w{ }C. Used on the first and
-second note lines. A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that the notes
-must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef symbol indicates
-playing or singing an octave lower (used most frequently to notate the tenor
-part in modern choral scores).
+A clef symbol indicating the G above middle@w{ }C. Used on the first
+and second note lines. A digit 8 above the clef symbol indicates that
+the notes must be played an octave higher while 8 below the clef
+symbol indicates playing or singing an octave lower (most tenor parts
+in choral scores are notated like that).
@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
<<
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node glissando
@section glissando
Letting the pitch slide fluently from one note to the other.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node grace notes
@section grace notes
S: grave,
FI: grave, raskaasti.
-[Italian] Slow, solemn.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+Slow, solemn.
@node gruppetto
@item FI: H, h
@end itemize
-Letter name used for @notation{B natural} in German and Scandinavian
-usage. In the standard usage of these countries, @notation{B} means
-@notation{B flat}.
+Letter name used for @samp{B natural} in German and Scandinavian
+usage. In the standard usage of these countries, @samp{B} means
+@samp{B flat}.
@seealso
Graphical version of the @notation{crescendo} and @notation{decrescendo}
dynamic marks.
-@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
-\relative c'' {
- c1\<
- c2\> c\<
- c1\!
-}
-@end lilypond
-
@seealso
@ref{crescendo}, @ref{decrescendo}.
@node half note
@section half note
-@itemize
-@item UK: minim,
-@item ES: blanca,
-@item I: minima,
-@item F: blanche,
-@item D: Halbe, halbe Note,
-@item NL: halve noot,
-@item DK: halvnode,
-@item S: halvnot,
-@item FI: puolinuotti.
-@end itemize
+UK: minim,
+ES: blanca,
+I: minima,
+F: blanche,
+D: Halbe, halbe Note,
+NL: halve noot,
+DK: halvnode,
+S: halvnot,
+FI: puolinuotti.
@seealso
@node half rest
@section half rest
-@itemize
-@item UK: minim rest,
-@item ES: silencio de blanca,
-@item I: pausa di minima,
-@item F: demi-pause,
-@item D: halbe Pause,
-@item NL: halve, rust,
-@item DK: halvnodespause,
-@item S: halvpaus,
-@item FI: puolitauko.
-@end itemize
+UK: minim rest,
+ES: silencio de blanca,
+I: pausa di minima,
+F: demi-pause,
+D: halbe Pause,
+NL: halve, rust,
+DK: halvnodespause,
+S: halvpaus,
+FI: puolitauko.
@seealso
A sequence of chords that terminates a musical phrase or section.
+@ref{functional harmony}.
+
@lilypond[fragment,ragged-right]
\context PianoStaff <<
\context Staff = SA \relative c'' {
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}.
-
@node harmonics
@section harmonics
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: yläsävelsarjan flageoletti-ääni.
The general class of pitches produced by sounding the second or higher
harmonic of a tone producer: string, column of air, and so on.
natural harmonics, which are those played on the open string; and
artificial harmonics, which are produced on stopped strings.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node harmony
@section harmony
}
@end lilypond
-For harmony that uses three or more notes, see @ref{chord}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{chord}.
+Three note harmony @ref{chord}.
@node hemiola
ES: hemiolia,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Hemiole,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
-S: ?,
+S: hemiol,
FI: ?.
-[Greek: in Latin, @emph{sesquialtera}] The ratio 3:2.
-
-Most frequently, a proportion (@emph{q.v.}) of three notes of equal value in the
-time normally occupied by two. The resulting rhythm can be expressed in modern
-terms as a substitution (for example) of a bar in 3/2 for one of 6/4, or of a
-bar in 3/4 for one of 6/8. During the Baroque era, hemiola is most frequently
-as a special effect (or @emph{affect}) at cadences.
+[From Greek: in Latin, @emph{sesquialtera}] The ratio 3:2. Refers to
+the use of three notes of equal value in the time normally occupied by
+of two notes of equal value. The resulting rhythm can be expressed in
+modern terms as a substitution (for example) of a bar in 3/2 for one
+of 6/4, or of a bar in 3/4 for one of 6/8. During the Baroque era,
+hemiola is most frequently as a special effect (or @emph{affect}) at
+cadences.
For example, this phrase in 6/4 time
@seealso
-@ref{mensural notation}, @ref{meter}, @ref{polymeter}, @ref{proportion}.
+@ref{mensural notation}, @ref{meter}, @ref{polymeter}.
@node homophony
S: homofoni,
FI: homofonia, yksiäänisyys.
-Music in which one voice leads melodically supported by the other voices in
-the same rhythm (more or less). In contrast to @emph{polyphony}.
-
-@seealso
-
+Music in which one voice leads melodically followed by the other
+voices more or less in the same rhythm. In contrast to
@ref{polyphony}.
+
@node hymn meter
@section hymn meter
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-A group or list of numbers that indicate the number of syllables in a line
-of a hymn's verse. Different hymnals have different ways of noting the hymn
-meter: for example, consider a hymn that has four lines in two couplets
-alternating regularly between eight and seven syllables. The @emph{English
-Hymnal} notes this as 87.@w{ }87. Other hymnals may note it as 8787, 87.87,
-or 8@w{ }7@w{ }8@w{ }7.
+A group or list of numbers that indicate the number of syllables in a
+line of a hymn's verse. Different hymnals have different ways of noting
+the hymn meter -- consider a hymn having four lines in two couplets that
+alternate between eight and seven syllables. The @emph{English Hymnal}
+notes this as 87.@w{ }87. Other hymnals may note it as 8787, 87.87, or
+8@w{ }7@w{ }8@w{ }7.
Some frequently-used hymn meters have traditional names:
@itemize
+
@item 66.86 is called Short Meter (abbreviated SM or S.M.)
+
@item 86.86 is called Common Meter (CM or C.M.)
+
@item 88.88 is called Long Meter (LM or L.M.)
+
@end itemize
Some hymns and their tunes are doubled versions of a simpler meter: for
87.87D. The traditional names above also have doubled versions:
@itemize
+
@item 66.86.66.86 is Double Short Meter (DSM or D.S.M.)
+
@item 86.86.86.86 is Double Common Meter (DCM or D.C.M.)
+
@item 88.88.88.88 is Double Long Meter (DLM or D.L.M.)
-@end itemize
-@seealso
+@end itemize
-None yet.
@node interval
S: intervall,
FI: intervalli, kahden sävelen korkeusero.
-Difference in pitch between two notes. Intervals may be perfect, minor,
-major, diminished, or augmented. The augmented fourth and the diminished
-fifth are identical (or @emph{enharmonic}) and are called @emph{tritonus}
-because they consist of three whole tones. The addition of such two
-intervals forms an octave.
+Difference in pitch between two notes. Intervals may be perfect,
+minor, major, diminished, or augmented. The augmented fourth and the
+diminished fifth are identical (@ref{enharmonic}) and are called
+@emph{tritonus} because they consist of three @ref{whole tone}s. The
+addition of such two intervals forms an octave.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{enharmonic}, @ref{whole tone}.
-
@node inversion
@section inversion
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: inversion,
-D: ?,
+D: Umkehrung (Akkord),
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: (kolmisoinnun) käännös.
-When a chord sounds with a bass note that differs from the root of the
-chord, it is said to be @emph{inverted}. The number of inversions that a
-chord can have is one fewer than the number of constituent notes. For
-example, triads (which have three constituent notes) can have three
-positions, two of which are inversions:
+When the bass is not the same as the root, the chord is inverted. The number
+of inversions that a chord can have is one fewer than the number of
+constituent notes. Triads, for example, (having three constituent notes) can
+have three positions, two of which are inversions:
-@table @dfn
+@table @strong
@item Root position
The root note is in the bass, and above that are the third and the fifth. A
triad built on the first scale degree, for example, is marked @notation{I}.
unstable chord position.
@end table
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node inverted interval
@section inverted interval
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node just intonation
@section just intonation
Tuning system in which the notes are obtained by adding and subtracting
natural fifths and thirds.
-@seealso
-
@ref{temperament}.
S: tonart,
FI: tonaliteetti.
-According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @emph{chromatic scale} there are
+According to the 12@w{ }tones of the @ref{chromatic scale} there are
12@w{ }keys, one on@w{ }c, one on c-sharp, etc.
@seealso
-@ref{chromatic scale}, @ref{key signature}.
+@ref{key signature}.
@node key signature
The sharps or flats appearing at the beginning of each staff indicating the
key of the music.
-@seealso
-
@ref{accidental}.
ES: dejar vibrar,
I: ?,
F: laissez vibrer,
-D: ?,
+D: Laissez vibrer, klingen lassen,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[French: @q{Let vibrate}.] Most frequently associated with harp
-parts. Marked @notation{l.v.} in the score.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+[From French, @q{Let vibrate}]. Most frequently associated with harp
+parts. Marked @samp{l.v.} in the score.
@node largo
S: largo,
FI: largo, hitaasti, leveästi.
-[Italian: @q{wide}.] Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great
-expressiveness. @emph{Larghetto} is less slow than largo.
+Very slow in tempo, usually combined with great expressiveness.
+@emph{Larghetto} is less slow than largo.
@node leading note
S: ledton,
FI: johtosävel.
-The seventh @emph{scale degree}, a @emph{semitone} below the tonic; so
+The seventh @ref{scale degree}, a @ref{semitone} below the tonic; so
called because of its strong tendency to @q{lead up} (resolve upwards)
to the tonic scale degree.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{scale degree, @ref{semitone}.
-
@node ledger line
@section ledger line
\relative c'' { a,1 s c'' }
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node legato
@section legato
FI: legato, sitoen.
To be performed (a) without any perceptible interruption between the
-notes, unlike (b) @notation{leggiero} or @notation{non-legato}, (c)
-@notation{portato}, or (d) @notation{staccato}.
+notes, unlike (b) @emph{leggiero} or @emph{non-legato}, (c)
+@emph{portato}, and (d) @ref{staccato}.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{staccato}.
-
@node legato curve
@section legato curve
A ligature is a coherent graphical symbol that represents at least two
distinct notes. Ligatures originally appeared in the manuscripts of
-Gregorian chant notation around the 9th century to denote ascending or
-descending sequences of notes. In early notation, ligatures were used for
-monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very soon denoted also the way of
-performance in the sense of articulation. With the invention of the metric
+Gregorian chant notation roughly since the 9th century to denote ascending
+or descending sequences of notes. In early notation, ligatures were used
+for monophonic tunes (Gregorian chant) and very soon denoted also the way of
+performance in the sense of articulation. With the invention of the metric
system of the white mensural notation, the need for ligatures to denote such
patterns disappeared.
FI: liljalampi.
A pond with lilies floating in it.
-
Also, the name of a music typesetting program.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node line
@section line
ES: en su lugar,
I: loco,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: loco,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Italian: @q{place}.] Instruction to play the following passage at the
+[From Italian, @q{place}]. Instruction to play the following passage at the
written pitch. Cancels octave mark (q.v.).
@seealso
@node longa
@section longa
-@itemize
-@item US: long, longa,
-@item ES: longa,
-@item I: longa,
-@item F: longa,
-@item D: Longa,
-@item NL: longa,
-@item DK: longa,
-@item S: longa,
-@item FI: longa.
-@end itemize
+ES: longa,
+I: longa,
+F: longa,
+D: Longa,
+NL: longa,
+DK: longa,
+S: longa,
+FI: longa.
-Note value: double length of @notation{breve}.
+Note value: double length of @ref{breve}.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,ragged-right]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\relative c'' {
\override NoteHead #'style = #'mensural
- g\longa g\breve
+ g\longa
}
@end lilypond
@seealso
-@ref{breve}, @ref{note value}.
+@ref{note value}.
@node lyric tie
ES: ligadura de letra,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: Textbindung,
+D: Bindestrich,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-@c TODO: add languages
@seealso
S: ?,
FI: sanoitus.
-@c Definition?
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node major
@section major
S: medeltonstemperatur,
FI: keskisävelviritys.
-Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the natural
-fifth by 16@w{ }cents. Due to the non-circular character of this
-temperament only a limited set of keys are playable. Used for tuning
-keyboard instruments for performance of pre-1650 music.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{cent}, @ref{temperament}.
+Temperament yielding acoustically pure thirds by decreasing the
+natural fifth by 16@w{ }@ref{cent}s. Due to the non-circular
+character of this @ref{temperament} only a limited set of keys are
+playable. Used for tuning keyboard instruments for performance of
+pre-1650 music.
@node measure
S: takt,
FI: tahti.
-A group of beats (units of musical time) the first of which bears an accent.
-Such groups in numbers of two or more recur consistently throughout the
-composition and are separated from each other by bar lines.
+A group of @ref{beat}s (units of musical time) the first of which
+bears an accent. Such groups in numbers of two or more recur
+consistently throughout the composition and are marked from each other
+by bar-lines.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{bar line}, @ref{beat}, @ref{meter}.
+@ref{meter}.
@node measure repeat
@item The third @b{scale degree}.
-@item A @emph{chord} having its base tone a third from that of another
+@item A @ref{chord} having its base tone a third from that of another
chord. For example, the tonic chord may be replaced by its lower
mediant (variant tonic).
@end itemize
@seealso
-
-@ref{chord}, @ref{functional harmony}, @ref{relative key}.
+@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{relative key}.
@node melisma
S: ?,
FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio.
-A melisma (Greek: plural @emph{melismata}) is a group of notes or tones sung
-on one syllable, especially as applied to liturgical chant.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+A melisma (plural, from Greek: melismata) is a group of notes or tones
+sung on one syllable, especially as applied to liturgical chant.
@node melisma line
@section melisma line
-@c TODO: add languages
-
ES: línea de melisma,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Melismastrich,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@node mensural notation
@section mensural notation
-@c TODO: add languages
-
ES: notación mensural,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Mensuralnotation,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: mensuraalinuottikirjoitus.
A system of duration notation whose principles were first established in the
mid-13th century, and that (with various changes) remained in use until about
@itemize
- @item simple: subdivided in groups of two.
+ @item simple: groups of two.
@itemize
@end itemize
- @item compound: subdivided in groups of three.
+ @item compound: groups of three.
@itemize
aes4 bes8 aes ges4 aes f8 es \bar "||"}
@end lilypond
-(Aside: this is an example of @emph{Augenmusik}: the accidentals are thus in
-the source, with sharps in the accompaniment where the voice has flats and
-@emph{vice versa}.)
-
-
Compound duple meter (unknown):
@lilypond[fragment,line-width=13.0\cm]
S: me@-tro@-nom,
FI: metronomi.
-Device used to indicate the exact tempo of a piece.
+Device indicating the exact tempo of a piece.
Invented ca. 1812 by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkler of Amsterdam, but takes its name
from Johann Nepomuk Mälzel, who copied the device, added a scale of tempo
-divisions, and patented it as a @q{metronome}. The inevitable lawsuit that
+divisions, and patented it as a "metronome". The inevitable lawsuit that
followed acknowledged Winkler as the creator, but by then Mälzel had already
sold many of them, and people had taken to calling it a Mälzel Metronome.
S: metronomangivelse,
FI: metronomiosoitus.
-Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Abbreviated @notation{M.M.} or
-@notation{MM}, which is short for Mälzels Metronom (or Mälzel's Mark,
+Exact tempo indication (in beats per minute). Abbreviated @samp{M.M.} or
+@samp{MM}, which is short for Mälzels Metronom (or Mälzel's Mark,
@emph{anglice}).
@seealso
@ref{metronome mark}
-@node mezzo
-@section mezzo
-
-ES: ?,
-I: mezzo,
-F: ?,
-D: ?,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[Italian: @q{medium}.]
-
-Used to qualify other indications, such as:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item Dynamics
- @itemize
- @item @notation{mezzo piano} is @q{medium quiet} (that is, not as quiet as
- @notation{piano})
- @item @notation{mezzo forte} is @q{medium loud} (that is, not as loud as
- @notation{forte})
- @end itemize
-
-@item Voice
- @itemize
- @item Pitchwise, a mezzo-soprano's voice lies between that of contraltos and
- sopranos
- @end itemize
-
-@end itemize
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
-
@node mezzo-soprano
@section mezzo-soprano
S: mezzosopran,
FI: mezzosopraano.
-The female voice between soprano and contralto.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{soprano}, @ref{contralto}.
+The female voice between @ref{soprano} and @ref{contralto}.
@node middle C
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node minor
@section minor
FI: modulaatio, sävellajin vaihdos.
Moving from one @ref{key} to another. For example, the second subject
-of a @ref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant key if the
-key is major and to the @ref{relative key} if the key is minor.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+of a @ref{sonata form} movement modulates to the dominant key if the
+key is major and to the @ref{relative key} if the key is minor.
@node mordent
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node movement
@section movement
consist of several -- more or less -- independant pieces called
movements.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node multi-measure rest
@section multi-measure rest
@ref{accidental}.
-@node neighbor tones
-@section neighbor tones
+@node neighbour tones
+@section neighbour tones
@seealso
and @ref{note} is strongly recommended. Briefly, one sees a note,
and hears a tone.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node note head
@section note head
S: nothuvud,
FI: nuotin pää.
-A head-like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a @notation{staff}
-provided with a @notation{clef}, and duration by a variety of shapes such as
-hollow or black heads with or without @notation{stems}, @notation{flags}, etc.
-For percussion instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may
-indicate the instrument.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{clef}, @ref{flag}, @ref{staff}, @ref{stem}.
+A head-like sign which indicates pitch by its position on a
+@ref{staff} provided with a @ref{clef}, and duration
+by a variety of shapes such as hollow or black heads with or without
+@ref{stem}s, @ref{flag}s, etc. For percussion
+instruments (often having no defined pitch) the note head may indicate the
+instrument.
@node note names
S: notvärde,
FI: nuotin aika-arvo.
-Note values (durations) are measured as fractions -- normally half -- of the
-next higher note value. The longest duration in current use is the
-@emph{breve}, but sometimes (especially music from the Baroque or earlier) the
-double-length note value @emph{longa} or the quadruple-length note value
-@emph{maxima} are used.
+Note values (durations) are measured as fractions, normally 1/2, of
+the next higher note value. The longest duration normally used is
+called @emph{brevis}, but sometimes (mostly in pre-baroque music) the
+double-length note value @emph{longa} or the quadruple-length note
+value @emph{maxima} are used.
@c TODO -- add maxima to this example, in a way that doesn't break it.
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node octavation
@section octavation
S: oktav,
FI: oktaavi.
-The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated @notation{8ve}.
+The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated @samp{8ve}.
-For uses like @notation{all'ottava} or @notation{8va} with an extender line or
-bracket, or @notation{loco} see octave marking.
+For uses like @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{8va} with an extender line or
+bracket, or @samp{loco} see octave marking.
@seealso
ES: indicación de octava,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Oktavierungszeichen,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
@itemize
-@item @notation{15ma}: play two octaves higher
-@item @notation{8va}: play one octave higher
-@item @notation{8vb}: play one octave lower
-@item @notation{8va} (written below the passage): unusual, same as
-@notation{8vb}
-@item @notation{15vb}: play two octaves lower
-@item @notation{15va} (written below the passage): unusual, same as
-@notation{15vb}
+@item @samp{15ma}: play two octaves higher
+@item @samp{8va}: play one octave higher
+@item @samp{8vb}: play one octave lower
+@item @samp{8va} (written below the passage): same as @samp{8vb}
+@item @samp{15vb}: play two octaves lower
+@item @samp{15va} (written below the passage): same as @samp{15vb}
@end itemize
For longer passages, it may be more practical to mark the octave change at the
beginning with a phrase (see the list below for examples), but without a bracket
or extender line. Then, when the music returns to the written pitch, the octave
-change is cancelled with the word @notation{loco} (q.v.).
+change is cancelled with the word @emph{loco} (q.v.).
To parallel the list above:
@itemize
-@item @notation{15ma}: @notation{alla quindicesima (alta)}
-@item @notation{8va}: @notation{all'ottava} or @notation{ottava sopra}
-@item @notation{8vb}: @notation{all'ottava bassa}, @notation{ottava sotto}
-@item @notation{15vb}: @notation{alla quindicesima (bassa)}
+@item @samp{15ma}: @emph{alla quindicesima (alta)}
+@item @samp{8va}: @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{ottava sopra}
+@item @samp{8vb}: @emph{ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava sotto}
+@item @samp{15vb}: @emph{alla quindicesima (bassa)}
@end itemize
-In the phrases above, @notation{quindicesima} is sometimes replaced with
-@notation{quindecima}, which is Latin.
+In the phrases above, @emph{quindicesima} is sometimes replaced with
+@emph{quindecima}, which is Latin.
-Finally, the music on an entire staff can be marked to be played in a
-different octave by putting a small 8 or 15 above or below the clef at the
-beginning. This octave mark can be applied to any clef, but it is most
-frequently used with the G and F clefs.
+Finally, the music on an entire staff can be marked to be played in a different
+octave by putting an 8 or 15 above or below the clef at the beginning. This
+octave mark can be applied to any clef, but it is most frequently used with the
+G and F clefs.
@seealso
score, usually only a few measures long, which presents another version
of the music, for example for small hands.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node part
@section part
tambourine, cymbals, chinese gong (tam-tam), triangle, celesta, glockenspiel,
and xylophone.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node perfect interval
@section perfect interval
A natural division of the melodic line, comparable to a sentence of speech.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{caesura}.
-
@node phrasing
@section phrasing
S: fra@-se@-ring,
FI: fraseeraus, jäsentäminen.
-The clear rendering in musical performance of the @notation{phrases} of the
-melody. Phrasing may be indicated by a @notation{slur}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{phrase}, @ref{slur}.
+The clear rendering in musical performance of the @ref{phrase}s of
+the melody. Phrasing may be indicated by a @ref{slur}.
@node piano
@emph{piano} (@b{p}) soft, @emph{pianissimo} (@b{pp}) very soft,
@emph{mezzo piano} (@b{mp}) medium soft.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node pickup
@section pickup
A technique for stringed instruments, abbr. @emph{pizz}. To play by plucking
the strings.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node polymeter
@section polymeter
ES: compás polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Polymetrik,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetriikka.
@itemize
-@item The @emph{simultaneous} use of two or more meters, in two or more
-parts.
+@item The simultaneous use of two or more meters, in two or more parts.
@item The @emph{successive} use of different meters in one or more parts.
ES: polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: polymetrisch,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetrinen.
-Characterized by @emph{polymeter}: using two or more metric frameworks
-simultaneously or in alternation.
+Using two or more metric frameworks simultaneously or in alternation.
@seealso
ES: compás polimétrico,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: polymetrische Taktart,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: polymetrinen tahtiosoitus.
A time signature that indicates regularly alternating polymetric time.
Music written in a combination of several simultaneous voices (parts)
of a more or less pronounced individuality.
-@seealso
-
@ref{counterpoint}.
@node portato
@section portato
-[Italian: past participle of @emph{portare}, @q{to carry}]
-
-A stroke in which each of several notes is separated slightly within a slur,
-without changing the bow's direction. It is used for passages of a
-@notation{cantabile} character.
-
@seealso
@ref{legato}.
S: presto,
FI: presto, hyvin nopeasti.
-[Italian]
-
Very quick, i.e., quicker than @ref{allegro}; @emph{prestissimo}
denotes the highest possible degree of speed.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node proportion
@section proportion
ES: proporción,
I: proprozione (?),
F: proportion,
-D: ?,
+D: Proportion, proportio,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Latin: @emph{proportio}.] Described in great detail by Gaffurius, in
-@emph{Practica musicae} (published in Milan in 1496). In mensural notation,
-proportion is:
-
-@enumerate
-
-@item A ratio that expresses the relationship between the note values that
-follow with those that precede;
-
-@item A ratio between the note values of a passage and the @q{normal}
-relationship of note values to the metrical pulse. (A special case of the
-first definition.)
-
-@end enumerate
-
-The most common proportions are:
-
-@itemize
-@item 2:1 (or simply 2), expressed by a vertical line through the
-mensuration sign (the origin of the @q{cut-time} time signature), or by
-turning the sign backwards
-@item 3:1 (or simply 3)
-@item 3:2 (@emph{sesquialtera})
-@end itemize
-
-To @q{cancel} any of these, the inverse proportion is applied. Thus:
-
-@itemize
-@item 1:2 cancels 2:1
-@item 1:3 cancels 3:1
-@item 2:3 cancels 3:2
-@item and so on.
-@end itemize
-
-Gaffurius enumerates five basic types of major:minor proportions and their
-inverses:
-
-@enumerate
-@item Multiplex, if the major number is an exact multiple of the minor (2:1,
-3:1, 4:2, 6:3); and its inverse, Submultiplex (1:2, 1:3, 2:4, 3:6)
-
-@item Epimoria or Superparticular [orig. @emph{Epimoria seu Superparticularis}],
-if the major number is one more than the minor (3:2, 4:3, 5:4); and its
-inverse, Subsuperparticular (2:3, 3:4, 4:5)
-
-@item Superpartiens, if the major number is one less than twice the minor
-(5:3, 7:4, 9:5, 11:6); and its inverse, subsuperpartiens (3:5, 4:7, 5:9, 6:11)
-
-@item Multiplexsuperparticular, if the major number is one more than twice the
-minor (5:2, 7:3, 9:4); and its inverse, Submultiplexsuperparticular (2:5, 3:7,
-4:9)
-
-@item Multiplexsuperpartiens, if the major number is one less than some other
-multiple (usually three or four) of the minor (8:3, 11:4, 14:5, 11:3); and its
-inverse, Submultiplexsuperpartiens (3:8, 4:11, 5:14, 3:11)
-
-@end enumerate
-
-He then continues to subdivide each type in various ways. For the multiplex
-proportions, for example, he indicates how many times greater the major number
-is than the minor:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item If two times greater, the proportion is @emph{dupla}. If inverted, it's
-called @emph{subdupla}. Examples: 2:1, 4:2, and 6:3.
-
-@item If three, @emph{tripla}; and its inversion, @emph{subtripla}. Example:
-3:1, 6:2, and 9:3.
-
-@item If four, @emph{quadrupla}; and its inversion, @emph{subquadrupla}.
-Example: 4:1, 8:2, and 12:3
-
-@end itemize
-
-Other proportions were possible, but whether they were frequently used is
-another question:
-
-@itemize
-
-@item 33:9, @emph{triplasuperbipartientetertias}
-@item 51:15, @emph{triplasuperbipartientequintas}
-
-@end itemize
+[From Latin @emph{proportio}] In mensural notation, a ratio that expresses the
+relationship between the note values that follow with those that precede; or
+between the note values of a passage and the @q{normal} relationship of note
+values to the metrical pulse.
@c TODO: add an example or two. O => 4/3, and its modern equivalent
@seealso
-@ref{mensural notation}.
+@ref{mensural notation}
@node Pythagorean comma
note is the @q{third} of the chord, and the last note is the @q{fifth} of
the chord. These are described below:
-@multitable {Chord name} {Component intervals} {Example} {C, CM, Cma, Cmaj, CΔ}
-@headitem Chord name
- @tab Component intervals
+@multitable @columnfractions .10 .35 .35 .20
+
+@headitem Chord name @tab Component intervals
@tab Example
@tab Symbol
@item major triad @tab major third/perfect fifth
NL: kwart toon,
DK: ?,
S: kvartston,
-FI: ?.
+FI: neljännes sävelaskel.
An interval equal to half a semitone.
S: rallentando,
FI: rallerdando, hidastuen.
-[Italian] A performance indication, abbreviated "rall.".
-
-@seealso
+Abbreviation "rall.".
@ref{ritardando}.
S: parallelltonart,
FI: rinnakkaissävellaji.
-Major and minor keys that have the same key signature.
+@ref{major} and @ref{minor} @ref{key}s with the same @ref{key signature}.
@lilypond[fragment,notime,line-width=13.0\cm]
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
\set Score.automaticBars = ##f
%\override Score.TextScript #'font-style = #'large
\relative c' {
- \key c \minor
+ \key es \major
c1_"c minor" d es f g a! b! c \bar "||"
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-@ref{key}, @ref{key signature}, @ref{major}, @ref{minor}.
-
@node repeat
@section repeat
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node rest
@section rest
@end itemize
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node ritardando
@section ritardando
Gradually slackening in speed. Mostly abbreviated to rit.@: or ritard.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node ritenuto
@section ritenuto
Immediate reduction of speed.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node scale
@section scale
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Italian: @emph{scordare}, @q{to mistune}.] Unconventional
+[From Italian, @emph{scordare}, @q{to mistune}.] Unconventional
tuning of stringed instruments, particularly lutes or violins. Used
to:
Tunings that could be called @var{scordatura} first appeared early in
the 16th Century and became commonplace in the 17th.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node score
@section score
instrument is to play, each voice to sing, having each part arranged
one underneath the other on different staves @ref{staff}.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node second
@section second
@ref{whole tone}s, hence the size of a se@-cond depends on the scale
degrees in question.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node semitone
@section semitone
ES: simile,
I: simile,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: simile, gleichartig,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: samaan tapaan.
-[Italian: @q{in the same manner}.] Performance direction: the music thus marked
+[From It, @q{in the same manner}] Performance direction: the music thus marked
is to be played in the same manner (i.e. with the same articulations, dynamics,
etc.) as the music that precedes it.
ES: compás simple, compás de subdivisión binaria,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Zweiertakt,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: tasajakoinen rytmi.
A meter in which the basic beat is subdivided in two: that is, a meter
that does not include triplet subdivision of the beat.
@item I: semicroma
@item F: double croche
@item D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote
-@item NL: zestiende noot
+@item NL: zes@-ti@-ende noot
@item DK: sekstendedelsnode
@item S: sextondelsnot
@item FI: kuudestoistaosanuotti
played @ref{legato}, e.g., with one stroke of the violin bow or with
one breath in singing.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node solmization
@section solmization
FI: suhteelliset laulunimet.
General term for systems of designating the degrees of the
-@notation{scale}, not by letters, but by syllables (@emph{do} (@emph{ut}),
+@ref{scale}, not by letters, but by syllables (@emph{do} (@emph{ut}),
@emph{re}, @emph{mi}, @emph{fa}, @emph{sol}, @emph{la}, @emph{si}
(@emph{ti})).
-@seealso
-
-@ref{scale}, @ref{scale degree}.
+@ref{scale degree}.
@node sonata
accompaniment, which consists of three or four independant pieces,
called movements.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node sonata form
@section sonata form
S: sonatform,
FI: sonaattimuoto.
-A form used frequently for single movements of the @emph{sonata},
-@emph{symphony}, quartet, etc. A movement written in sonata form falls into
-three sections called @notation{exposition}, @notation{development} and
-@notation{recapitulation}. In the exposition the composer introduces some
-musical ideas, consisting of a number of themes; in the development section the
-composer @emph{develops} this material, and in the recapitulation the composer
-repeats the exposition, with certain modifications. The exposition contains a
-number of themes that fall into two groups, often called first and second
-subject. Other melodies occurring in each group are considered as continuations
-of these two. The second theme is in another key, normally in the key of the
-@notation{dominant} if the @notation{tonic} is @notation{major}, and in the
-@notation{relative key} if the tonic is @notation{minor}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{dominant}, @ref{major}, @ref{minor}, @ref{relative key}, @ref{sonata},
-@ref{symphony}, @ref{tonic}.
+A form used frequently for single movements of the @ref{sonata},
+@ref{symphony}, quartet, etc. A movement written in sonata form falls
+into three sections called @emph{exposition}, @emph{development} and
+@emph{recapitulation}. In the exposition the composer introduces some
+musical ideas, consisting of a number of themes; in the development
+section the composer @q{develops} this material, and in the
+recapitulation the composer repeats the exposition, with certain
+modifications. The exposition contains a number of themes that fall
+into two groups, often called first and second subject. Other
+melodies occurring in each group are considered as continuations of
+these two. The second theme is in another key, normally in the key of
+the @ref{dominant} if the @ref{tonic} is @ref{major}, and in the
+@ref{relative key} if the tonic is @ref{minor}.
@node song texts
The highest female voice.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node staccato
@section staccato
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node staff
@section staff
indicating (in connection with a @ref{clef}) their pitch. Staves for
@ref{percussion} instruments may have fewer lines.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node staves
@section staves
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node stringendo
@section stringendo
ES: ?,
I: stringendo,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Stringendo, steigernd,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: stringendo, kiihtyen.
-[Italian: @q{pressing}.] Pressing, urging, or hastening the time, as to a
+[It, @q{pressing}]. Pressing, urging, or hastening the time, as to a
climax.
@seealso
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are violin, viola, violoncello,
and double bass.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node strong beat
@section strong beat
S: subdominant,
FI: subdominantti, alidominantti.
-The fourth @notation{scale degree}.
+The fourth @ref{scale degree}.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}.
+@ref{functional harmony}.
@node submediant
S: submediant,
FI: alikeskisävel.
-The sixth @notation{scale degree}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}, @ref{superdominant}.
+The sixth @ref{scale degree}.
@node subtonic
The seventh @ref{scale degree}.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}.
-
@node sul G
@section sul G
Indicates that the indicated passage (or note) should be played on the
G string.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node superdominant
@section superdominant
The sixth @ref{scale degree}.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}, @ref{submediant}.
-
@node supertonic
@section supertonic
The second @ref{scale degree}.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}.
-
@node symphony
@section symphony
S: symfoni,
FI: sinfonia.
-A symphony may be defined as a @emph{sonata} for orchestra.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{sonata}.
-
+A symphony may be defined as a @ref{sonata} for orchestra.
@node syncopation
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node syntonic comma
@section syntonic comma
S: system,
FI: nuottijärjestelmä.
-The collection of staves (@notation{staff}), two or more, as used for writing
+The collection of staves (@ref{staff}), two or more, as used for writing
down of keyboard, chamber, choral, or orchestral music.
-@seealso
-
-@ref{staff}.
-
@node temperament
@section temperament
Systems of tuning in which the intervals deviate from the acoustically
pure intervals.
-@seealso
-
@ref{meantone temperament}, @ref{equal temperament}.
S: tempobeteckning,
FI: tempomerkintä.
-The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging from the
-slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as @notation{largo},
-@notation{adagio}, @notation{andante}, @notation{allegro}, and
-@notation{presto}.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{adagio}, @ref{allegro}, @ref{andante}, @ref{largo}, @ref{presto}.
-
+The rate of speed of a composition or a section thereof, ranging from
+the slowest to the quickest, as is indicated by tempo marks as
+@ref{largo}, @ref{adagio}, @ref{andante}, @ref{allegro}, and
+@ref{presto}.
@node tenor
S: tenor,
FI: tenori, korkea miesääni.
-The highest @q{natural} male voice (apart from @notation{countertenor}).
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{countertenor}.
+The highest male voice (apart from @ref{countertenor}).
@node tenth
An indication that a particular note should be held for the whole
length, although this can vary depending on the composer and era.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node third
@section third
@item ES: fusa
@item I: biscroma
@item F: triple croche
-@item D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote
-@item NL: twee@-endertig@-ste (32e) noot
+@item D: Zweiunddreißigstel, Zweiunddreißigstelnote
+@item NL: twee-endertig@-ste (32e) noot
@item DK: toogtredivtedelsnode
@item S: trettiotvåondelsnot
@item FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuotti
@item I: pausa di biscroma
@item F: huitième de soupir
@item D: Zweiunddreissigstel@-pause
-@item NL: twee@-endertig@-ste (32e) rust
+@item NL: twee-endertig@-ste (32e) rust
@item DK: toogtredivtedelspause
@item S: trettiotvåondelspaus
@item FI: kolmaskymmeneskahdesosatauko
@c Music from the 20th century may be based on atonal sounds. Meh, not so much
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node tonic
@section tonic
S: tonika,
FI: toonika.
-The first @notation{scale degree}.
+The first @ref{scale degree}.
@seealso
-@ref{functional harmony}, @ref{scale degree}.
+@ref{functional harmony}.
@node transposing instrument
ES: instrumento transpositor,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: transponierende Instrumente,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
-FI: ?.
+FI: transponoivat soitimet.
Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded pitch. Except
for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by one or more octaves (to
}
@end lilypond
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node treble clef
@section treble clef
(voices) or by the whole orchestra (choir), either at exactly the same
pitch or in a different octave.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node upbeat
@section upbeat
@itemize
- @item Human voices:
+@item Human voices:
- @itemize
- @item @ref{soprano}
- @item @ref{mezzo-soprano}
- @item @ref{contralto}
- @item @ref{tenor}
- @item @ref{baritone}
- @item @ref{bass}
- @end itemize
+@itemize
+
+@item @ref{soprano}
- @item A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.
+@item @ref{mezzo-soprano}
+
+@item @ref{contralto}
+
+@item @ref{tenor}
+
+@item @ref{baritone}
+
+@item @ref{bass}
@end itemize
-@seealso
+@item A melodic layer or part of a polyphonic composition.
-None yet.
+@end itemize
@node volta
ES: vez, primera y segunda vez,
I: volta,
F: ?,
-D: ?,
+D: Volta, Wiederholungsklammer,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-[Italian: @q{time} (instance, not duration).] An ending, such as a first
+[From Italian, @q{time} (instance, not duration)]. An ending, such as a first
or second ending. LilyPond extends this idea to any number, and allows any text
-(not just a number) -- to serve as the @notation{volta} text.
-
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
+(not just a number) -- to serve as the @q{volta} text.
@node weak beat
commonly used in a symphony orchestra are flute, oboe, clarinet,
saxophone, and bassoon.
-@seealso
-
-None yet.
-
@node Duration names notes and rests
@chapter Duration names notes and rests
@tab brevispaus
@item @strong{FI} @tab longa-nuotti
@tab longa-tauko
- @tab brevis-nuotti, kaksoiskoko@-nuotti
- @tab brevis-tauko, kaksoiskoko@-tauko
+ @tab brevis-nuotti, kaksoiskokonuotti
+ @tab brevis-tauko, kaksoiskokotauko
@end multitable
@tab fjärdedelspaus
@tab åttondelsnot
@tab åttondelspaus
-@item @strong{FI} @tab neljäsosa@-nuotti
- @tab neljäsosa@-tauko
- @tab kahdeksasosa@-nuotti
- @tab kahdeksasosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab neljäsosanuotti
+ @tab neljäsosatauko
+ @tab kahdeksasosanuotti
+ @tab kahdeksasosatauko
@end multitable
@item @strong{DE} @tab Sechzehntelnote
@tab Sechzehntelpause
@tab 16tel-Note
-@item @strong{NL} @tab zes@-ti@-ende noot
- @tab zes@-ti@-ende rust
+@item @strong{NL} @tab zestiende noot
+ @tab zestiende rust
@tab 16e noot
@item @strong{DK} @tab sekstendedelsnode
@tab sekstendedelspause
@item @strong{SE} @tab sextondelsnot
@tab sextondelspaus
@tab -
-@item @strong{FI} @tab kuudes@-toistaosa@-nuotti
- @tab kuudes@-toistaosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab kuudestoistaosanuotti
+ @tab kuudestoistaosatauko
@tab 16-osanuotti
@end multitable
@item @strong{FR} @tab triple croche
@tab huitième de soupir
@tab -
-@item @strong{DE} @tab Zweiunddreißig@-stelnote
- @tab Zweiunddreißig@-stelpause
+@item @strong{DE} @tab Zweiunddreißigstelnote
+ @tab Zweiunddreißigstelpause
@tab 32tel-Note
-@item @strong{NL} @tab twee@-endertigste noot
- @tab twee@-endertigste rust
+@item @strong{NL} @tab tweeendertigste noot
+ @tab tweeendertigste rust
@tab 32e noot
@item @strong{DK} @tab toogtredivtedelsnode
@tab toogtredivtedelspause
@tab -
-@item @strong{SE} @tab trettio@-tvåondelsnot
- @tab trettio@-tvåondelspaus
+@item @strong{SE} @tab trettiotvåondelsnot
+ @tab trettiotvåondelspaus
@tab -
-@item @strong{FI} @tab kolmas@-kymmenes@-kahdesosa@-nuotti
- @tab kolmas@-kymmenes@-kahdesosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab kolmaskymmeneskahdesosanuotti
+ @tab kolmaskymmeneskahdesosatauko
@tab 32-osanuotti
@end multitable
@item @strong{NL} @tab vierenzestigste noot
@tab vierenzestigste rust
@tab 64e noot
-@item @strong{DK} @tab fireog@-tredsindstyven@-dedelsnode
- @tab fireog@-tredsindstyven@-dedelspause
+@item @strong{DK} @tab fireogtredsindstyvendedelsnode
+ @tab fireogtredsindstyvendedelspause
@tab -
@item @strong{SE} @tab sextiofjärdedelsnot
@tab sextiofjärdedelspaus
@tab -
-@item @strong{FI} @tab kuudes@-kymmenes@-neljäsosa@-nuotti
- @tab kuudes@-kymmenes@-neljäsosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab kuudeskymmenesneljäsosanuotti
+ @tab kuudeskymmenesneljäsosatauko
@tab 64-osanuotti
@end multitable
@tab -
@item @strong{FR} @tab quintuple croche
@tab trente-deuxième de soupir @tab -
-@item @strong{DE} @tab Hundert@-achtundzwanzigstel@-note
- @tab Hundert@-achtundzwanzigstel@-pause @tab 128tel-Note
-@item @strong{NL} @tab honderd@-acht@-en@-twintigste noot
- @tab honderd@-acht@-en@-twintigste rust
+@item @strong{DE} @tab Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel
+ @tab Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel @tab 128tel-Note
+@item @strong{NL} @tab honderdachtentwintigste noot
+ @tab honderdachtentwintigste rust
@tab 128e noot
-@item @strong{DK} @tab hundrede@-otte@-og@-tyvendedels@-node
- @tab hundrede@-otte@-og@-tyvendedels@-pause
+@item @strong{DK} @tab hundredeotteogtyvendedelsnode
+ @tab hundredeotteogtyvendedelspause
@tab -
@item @strong{SE} @tab hundratjugoåttondelsnot
@tab hundratjugoåttondelspaus
@tab -
-@item @strong{FI} @tab sadas@-kahdes@-kymmenes@-kahdeksasosa@-nuotti
- @tab sadas@-kahdes@-kymmenes@-kahdeksasosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab sadaskahdeskymmeneskahdeksasosanuotti
+ @tab sadaskahdeskymmeneskahdeksasosatauko
@tab 128-osanuotti
@end multitable
@tab -
@item @strong{FR} @tab sextuple croche
@tab soixante-quatrième de soupir @tab -
-@item @strong{DE} @tab Zweihundert@-sechsundfünfzigstel@-note
- @tab Zweihundert@-sechsundfünfzigstelpause @tab 256tel-Note
-@item @strong{NL} @tab tweehonderd@-zesenvijftigste noot
- @tab tweehonderd@-zesenvijftigste rust
+@item @strong{DE} @tab Zweihundertundsechsundfünfzigstelnote
+ @tab Zweihundertundsechsundfünfzigstel @tab 256tel-Note
+@item @strong{NL} @tab tweehonderdzesenvijftigste noot
+ @tab tweehonderdzesenvijftigste rust
@tab 256e noot
-@item @strong{DK} @tab tohundrede@-seks@-og@-halvtredsendedels@-node
- @tab tohundrede@-seks@-og@-halvtredsendedels@-pause
+@item @strong{DK} @tab tohundredeseksoghalvtredsendedelsnode
+ @tab tohundredeseksoghalvtredsendedelspause
@tab -
-@item @strong{SE} @tab tvåhundra@-femtiosjättedelsnot
- @tab tvåhundra@-femtiosjättedelspaus
+@item @strong{SE} @tab tvåhundrafemtiosjättedelsnot
+ @tab tvåhundrafemtiosjättedelspaus
@tab -
-@item @strong{FI} @tab kahdes@-sadas@-viides@-kymmenes@-kuudesosa@-nuotti
- @tab kahdes@-sadas@-viides@-kymmenes@-kuudesosa@-tauko
+@item @strong{FI} @tab kahdessadasviideskymmeneskuudesosanuotti
+ @tab kahdessadasviideskymmeneskuudesosatauko
@tab 256-osanuotti
@end multitable
@node Pitch names
@chapter Pitch names
-@c -is/-es endings for Danish per Rune Zedeler, pace
-@c and for Finnish per Risto Vääräniemi
+@c -is/-es endings for Danish per Rune Zedeler
+@c and for Finnish per Risto Vääräniemi
@c -iss/-ess endings for Swedish per Mats Bengtsson
@c @columnfractions .105 .145 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 .125 -->
-@multitable {g-sharp} {sol sostenido} {sol diesis} {sol dièse} {Gis} {gis} {gis} {giss} {gis}
+@multitable {c-sharp} {do sostenido} {do diesis} {ut dièse} {Cis} {cis} {cis} {ciss} {cis}
@headitem EN
@tab ES @tab I @tab F @tab D
@tab NL @tab DK @tab S @tab FI
@menu
-* Literature used::
+* Literature used::
@end menu
@node Literature used
@unnumberedsec Literature used
@itemize
-@item Apel, Willi, ed. @cite{The Harvard Dictionary of Music}.
-Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press), 1944.
+@item The Harvard Dictionary of Music, London 1944. Many more or less
+literal quotes from its articles have been included into the item
+explanation texts.
-@item Krohn, Felix. @cite{Lyhyt musiikkioppi}. Porvoo, Helsinki, Finland:
-WSOY, 1976.
+@item Hugo Riemanns Musiklexicon, Berlin 1929.
-@item Leuchtmann, Horst, ed. @cite{Polyglottes Wörterbuch der musikalischen
-Terminologie}. Kassel, 1980.
+@item Polyglottes Wörterbuch der musikalischen Terminologie, Kassel
+1980.
-@item Hornby, Albert Sydney. @cite{Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of
-Current English}, 3rd ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1974.
+@item Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current English, Third
+Edition 1974.
-@item Porter, Noah. @cite{Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary}.
-Springfield, Massachusetts: G. & C. Merriam Company, 1913.
+@item Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield 1913.
-@item Randall, Don, ed. @cite{The New Harvard Dictionary of Music}.
-Cambridge: Belknap Press (Harvard University Press), 1986.
+@item Felix Krohn, Lyhyt musiikkioppi, Porvoo, Helsinki, 1976.
-@item Riemann, Hugo. @cite{Musik-lexicon}. Berlin, 1929.
+@item Henna Mikkonen, Suvi Rimpiläinen, Konsertissa kävijän taskusanasto, Jyväskylä, 2003
@end itemize
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff