Languages in this order.
@itemize
+@item UK - British English (where it differs from American English)
@item ES - Spanish
@item I - Italian
@item F - French
@item D - German
@item NL - Dutch
-@item UK - British English
@item DK - Danish
@item S - Swedish
@item FI - Finnish
* lilypond::
* ligature::
* line::
+* loco::
* long appoggiatura::
* longa::
* lyrics::
* note head::
* note names::
* note value::
+* octavation::
* octave sign::
* octave::
* ornament::
* ossia::
-* ottava::
* part::
* pause::
* pennant::
* quadruplet::
* quarter note::
* quarter rest::
+* quarter tone::
* quintuplet::
* rallentando::
* relative key::
Indication of where to breathe in vocal and wind instrument parts.
+
@node breve
@section breve
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-FIXME: this is a placeholder
+The pitch at which the piano and other nontransposing instruments play: such
+instruments are said to be @q{in C}. The following list includes some (but not
+all) instruments that play in concert pitch:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item Woodwinds
+@itemize
+@item flute
+@item oboe
+@item bassoon
+@end itemize
+
+@item Brass
+@itemize
+@item alto trombone
+@item tenor trombone
+@item bass trombone
+@end itemize
+
+@item Strings
+@itemize
+@item violin
+@item viola
+@item violincello
+@end itemize
+
+@item piano
+
+@end itemize
+
+The trombones are a special case: although they are said to be @q{in F} (alto or
+bass) or @q{in B-flat} (tenor), this refers to their fundamental note, not to
+their parts' transposition. (In fact, the trombones' parts are written at
+concert pitch with an appropriate clef -- alto, tenor or bass.) This differs
+from other instruments @q{in F}, @q{in B-flat}, and so on, which are transposing
+instruments.
+
+Instruments that play @q{in C} but in a different octave than what is written
+are, technically speaking, @emph{transposing instruments}:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item piccolo (plays an octave higher)
+@item celesta (plays an octave higher)
+@item double-bass (plays an octave lower)
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{transposing instrument}.
@node conjunct movement
@node eighth note
@section eighth note
+UK: quaver,
ES: corchea,
I: croma,
F: croche,
-UK: quaver,
D: Achtel, Achtelnote,
NL: achtste noot,
DK: ottendedelsnode,
@node eighth rest
@section eighth rest
+UK: quaver rest,
ES: silencio de corchea,
I: pausa di croma,
F: demi-soupir,
-UK: quaver rest,
D: Achtelpause,
NL: achtste rust,
DK: ottendedelspause,
indicated @samp{sul G}, another series to be played on the D string
would be indicated @samp{sul D}, and so on.
+@item
+With an octave indication (also called @emph{octavation}, q.v.) to indicate that
+a passage is to be played higher or lower by the given number of octaves.
+
@end itemize
@seealso
-@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}
+@ref{melisma}, @ref{sul G}, @ref{thorough bass}, @ref{octavation}.
@node F
@node half note
@section half note
+UK: minim,
ES: blanca,
I: minima,
F: blanche,
-UK: minim,
D: Halbe, halbe Note,
NL: halve noot,
DK: halvnode,
@node half rest
@section half rest
+UK: minim rest,
ES: silencio de blanca,
I: pausa di minima,
F: demi-pause,
-UK: minim rest,
D: halbe Pause,
NL: halve, rust,
DK: halvnodespause,
@node lilypond
@section lilypond
+UK: lily pond,
ES: estanque de nenúfares,
I: stagno del giglio,
-F: étang de lis,
-UK: lily pond,
+F: étang de nénuphars, étang de nymphéas,
D: Seerosenteich,
NL: le@-lie@-vij@-ver,
DK: liliedam,
@ref{staff}.
+@node loco
+@section loco
+
+ES: ?,
+I: loco,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+[From Italian, @q{place}]. Instruction to play the following passage at the
+written pitch. Cancels octavation (q.v.).
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{octavation}.
+
+
@node long appoggiatura
@section long appoggiatura
@section melisma
ES: melisma,
+I: ?,
F: mélisme,
D: Melisma,
NL: melisma,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
FI: melisma, laulettavan tavun sävelkuvio.
A melisma (plural, from Greek: melismata) is a group of notes or tones
@c TODO: add languages
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
@seealso
@ref{extender line}.
@node mensural notation
@section mensural notation
-@c FIXME: add languages
+@c TODO: add languages
ES: ?,
I: ?,
@c TODO: add definition (inc. info on proportional notation)
-@c FIXME: add cross-references.
+@c TODO: add cross-references.
@node meter
@end lilypond
+@node octavation
+@section octavation
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+The use of a phrase or abbreviation with an extender line or bracket to indicate
+that a passage is to be played in a different octave:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: play two octaves higher
+@item @samp{8va}: play one octave higher
+@item @samp{8vb}: play one octave lower
+@item @samp{8va} written below the passage: same as @samp{8vb}
+@item @samp{15vb}: play two octaves lower
+@item @samp{15va} written below the passage: same as @samp{15vb}
+
+@end itemize
+
+Another practice, which may be useful for longer passages, is to indicate the
+different octave with a phrase at the beginning (see below). When the music
+returns to the written pitch, the octavation is cancelled with the word
+@emph{loco} (q.v.).
+
+To parallel the list above:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item @samp{15ma}: @emph{alla quindicesima (alta)}
+@item @samp{8va}: @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{ottava sopra}
+@item @samp{8vb}: @emph{ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava sotto}
+@item @samp{15vb}: @emph{alla quindicesima (bassa)}
+
+@end itemize
+
+@emph{Quindicesima} can be replaced with @emph{quindecima}, which is Latin.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{interval}, @ref{loco}, @ref{octave}.
+
+
@node octave sign
@section octave sign
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: ?,
+D: ?,
+NL: ?,
+DK: ?,
+S: ?,
+FI: ?.
+
+Putting 8 or 15 above or below the clef to indicate that the entire part is
+played in the indicated octave: a clef-wide octavation. An octave sign can be
+applied to any clef, though it is most frequently used with the G and F clefs.
+
@seealso
@ref{G clef}, @ref{F clef}.
S: oktav,
FI: oktaavi.
+The interval of an octave, sometimes abbreviated @samp{8ve}.
+
+For uses like @emph{all'ottava} or @emph{8va} with an extender line or
+bracket, or @samp{loco} see octavation.
+
@seealso
-@ref{ottava}, @ref{interval}.
+@ref{interval}, @ref{octavation}.
@node ornament
of the music, for example for small hands.
-@node ottava
-@section ottava
-
-@c TODO: translations
-
-ES: ?,
-I: ottava,
-F: octave,
-DE: Oktavierung,
-NL: ?,
-DK: ?,
-S: ?,
-FI: ?.
-
-[From Italian] The interval of an octave, abbreviated 8va.
-
-@emph{All'ottava}, @emph{ottava alta}, @emph{ottava sopra}, or
-@emph{8va} written above a passage indicates that it should be played
-an octave higher than written. @emph{Ottava bassa}, @emph{ottava
-sotto}, or @emph{8va} written below a passage indicates that it should
-be played an octave lower than written.
-
-@seealso
-
-@ref{interval}.
-
-
@node part
@section part
@node quarter note
@section quarter note
+UK: crotchet,
ES: negra,
I: semiminima, nera,
F: noire,
-UK: crotchet,
D: Viertel, Viertelnote,
NL: kwartnoot,
DK: fjerdedelsnode,
@node quarter rest
@section quarter rest
+UK: crotchet rest,
ES: silencio de negra,
I: pausa di semiminima,
F: soupir,
-UK: crotchet rest,
D: Viertelpause,
NL: kwart rust,
DK:@w{ }fjerdedelspause,
@ref{note value}.
+@node quarter tone
+@section quarter tone
+
+ES: ?,
+I: ?,
+F: quart de ton,
+D: Viertelton,
+NL: kwart toon,
+DK: ?,
+S: kvartston,
+FI: ?.
+
+An interval equal to half a semitone.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{interval}
+
+
@node quintuplet
@section quintuplet
ES: ?,
I: ?,
F: ?,
-UK: ?,
D: ?,
NL: ?,
DK: ?,
@node sixteenth note
@section sixteenth note
+UK: semiquaver,
ES: semicorchea,
I: semicroma,
F: double croche,
-UK: semiquaver,
D: Sechzehntel, Sechzehntelnote,
NL: zes@-ti@-ende noot,
DK: sekstendedelsnode,
@node sixteenth rest
@section sixteenth rest
+UK: semiquaver rest,
ES: silencio de semicorchea,
I: pausa di semicroma,
F: quart de soupir,
-UK: semiquaver rest,
D: Sechzehntelpause,
NL: zestiende rust,
DK: sekstendedelspause,
@node sixty-fourth note
@section sixty-fourth note
+UK: hemidemisemiquaver,
ES: semifusa,
I: semibiscroma,
F: quadruple croche,
-UK: hemidemisemiquaver,
D: Vierundsechzigstel, Vierundsechzigstelnote,
NL: vierenzestigste noot,
DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-no@-de,
@node sixty-fourth rest
@section sixty-fourth rest
+UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest,
ES: silencio de semifusa,
I: pausa di semibiscroma,
F: seizième de soupir,
-UK: hemidemisemiquaver rest,
D: Vierundsechzigstelpause,
NL: vierenzestigste rust,
DK: fi@-re@-og@-tred@-sinds@-ty@-ven@-de@-dels@-pau@-se,
@node thirty-second note
@section thirty-second note
+UK: demisemiquaver,
ES: fusa,
I: biscroma,
F: triple croche,
-UK: demisemiquaver,
D: Zweiunddreissigstel, Zweiunddreissigstelnote,
NL: twee-endertig@-ste noot,
DK: toogtredivtedelsnode,
@node thirty-second rest
@section thirty-second rest
+UK: demisemiquaver rest,
ES: silencio de fusa,
I: pausa di biscroma,
F: huitième de soupir,
-UK: demisemiquaver rest,
D: Zweiunddreissigstel@-pause,
NL: 32e rust,
DK: toogtredivtedelspause,
S: ?,
FI: ?.
-FIXME: this is a placeholder
+Instruments whose notated pitch is different from their sounded pitch. Except
+for those whose notated and sounding pitches differ by one or more octaves (to
+reduce the number of ledger lines needed), most such instruments are identified
+by the letter name of the pitch class of their fundamental. The pitch class is
+the note that @emph{sounds} (disregarding the octave in which it sounds) when
+the instrument plays a notated C.
+
+For example: when played on the B-flat clarinet, the note middle C @emph{sounds}
+the B-flat one tone lower. If played on the A clarinet, the same written
+note sounds the A (one and half tones -- a minor third -- lower).
+
+Not all transposing instruments include the pitch class in their name:
+
+@itemize
+@item English horn (in F)
+@item Alto flute (in G)
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{concert pitch}.
@node transposition
@node whole note
@section whole note
+UK: semibreve,
ES: redonda,
I: semibreve,
F: ronde,
-UK: semibreve,
D: Ganze, ganze Note,
NL: hele noot,
DK: helnode,
@node whole rest
@section whole rest
+UK: semibreve rest,
ES: silencio de redonda,
I: pausa di semibreve,
F: pause,
-UK: semibreve rest,
D: ganze Pause, ganztaktige Pause,
NL: hele rust,
DK: helnodespause,
@node Duration names notes and rests
@chapter Duration names notes and rests
-@multitable @columnfractions .15 .26 .33 .26
+@multitable @columnfractions .07 .23 .23 .23 .24
@headitem @strong{US}
- @tab @strong{UK}
- @tab @strong{I}
- @tab @strong{F (note name / rest name)}
-@headitem
- @tab @strong{D}
- @tab @strong{NL}
- @tab @strong{DK}
-@headitem
- @tab @strong{S}
- @tab @strong{FI}
- @tab @strong{ES}
-
-@item @strong{longa}
- @tab longa
- @tab longa
- @tab longa
-@item
- @tab Longa
- @tab longa
- @tab longa
-@item
+ @tab long
+ @tab breve
+ @tab whole
+ @tab half
+@item @strong{UK}
@tab longa
+ @tab breve
+ @tab semibreve
+ @tab minim
+@item @strong{ES}
@tab longa
+ @tab cuadrada
+ @tab redonda
+ @tab blanca
+@item @strong{IT}
@tab longa
-
-@item @strong{breve}
- @tab breve
@tab breve
+ @tab semibreve
+ @tab minima
+@item @strong{FR}
+ @tab longa
@tab brève / double-pause
-@item
- @tab Brevis
- @tab brevis
- @tab brevis
-@item
- @tab brevis
- @tab brevis
- @tab cuadrada
-
-@item @strong{whole}
- @tab semi@-breve
- @tab semi@-breve
@tab ronde / pause
-@item
- @tab Ganze
- @tab hele
- @tab hel
-@item
- @tab hel
- @tab koko@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab redonda
-
-@item @strong{half}
- @tab minim
- @tab minima
@tab blanche / demi-pause
-@item
+@item @strong{DE}
+ @tab Longa
+ @tab Brevis
+ @tab Ganze
@tab Halbe
+@item @strong{NL}
+ @tab longa
+ @tab brevis
+ @tab hele
@tab halve
+@item @strong{DK}
+ @tab longa
+ @tab brevis
+ @tab hel
@tab halv
-@item
+@item @strong{SE}
+ @tab longa
+ @tab brevis
+ @tab hel
@tab halv
+@item @strong{FI}
+ @tab longa
+ @tab brevis
+ @tab koko@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
@tab puoli@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab blanca
-@item @strong{quarter}
- @tab crotchet
- @tab semiminima
- @tab noire / soupir
-@item
- @tab Viertel
- @tab kwart
- @tab fjerdedel
-@item
- @tab fjärdedel
- @tab neljännesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab negra
+@end multitable
+
+@multitable @columnfractions .07 .31 .31 .31
-@item @strong{eighth}
+@headitem @strong{US}
+ @tab quarter
+ @tab eighth
+ @tab sixteenth
+@item @strong{UK}
+ @tab crotchet
@tab quaver
+ @tab semiquaver
+@item @strong{ES}
+ @tab negra
+ @tab corchea
+ @tab semicorchea
+@item @strong{IT}
+ @tab semiminima
@tab croma
+ @tab semicroma
+@item @strong{FR}
+ @tab noire / soupir
@tab croche / demi-soupir
-@item
+ @tab double* croche / quart de soupir
+@item @strong{DE}
+ @tab Viertel
@tab Achtel
- @tab achtste
- @tab ottendedel
-@item
- @tab åttondel
- @tab kahdeksasosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab corchea
-
-@item @strong{sixteenth}
- @tab semiquaver
- @tab semicroma
- @tab double croche / quart de soupir
-@item
@tab Sechzehntel
+@item @strong{NL}
+ @tab kwart
+ @tab achtste
@tab zestiende
+@item @strong{DK}
+ @tab fjerdedel
+ @tab ottendedel
@tab sekstendedel
-@item
+@item @strong{SE}
+ @tab fjärdedel
+ @tab åttondel
@tab sextondel
+@item @strong{FI}
+ @tab neljännesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
+ @tab kahdeksasosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
@tab kuudestoistaosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab semicorchea
-@item @strong{thirty-second}
- @tab demisemiquaver
- @tab biscroma
- @tab triple croche / huitième de soupir
-@item
- @tab Zweiunddreissigstel
- @tab tweeendertigste
- @tab toogtredivtedel
-@item
- @tab trettiotvåondel
- @tab kolmaskymme@-neskahdesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
- @tab fusa
+@end multitable
+
+* About the French naming system: the word @emph{croche} refers to the
+note's "hook". Therefore, from the eighth note on, the note names mean
+@q{hook}, @q{doubled hook}, @q{trebled hook}, and so on.
+
+The rest names are based on the @emph{soupir}, or quarter rest. Subsequent
+rests are expressed as fractions thereof: half a @emph{soupir}, a quarter of
+a @emph{soupir}, and so on.
-@item @strong{sixty-fourth}
+@multitable @columnfractions .07 .46 .47
+
+@headitem @strong{US}
+ @tab thirty-second
+ @tab sixty-fourth
+@item @strong{UK}
+ @tab demisemiquaver
@tab hemidemisemiquaver
+@item @strong{ES}
+ @tab fusa*
+ @tab semifusa
+@item @strong{IT}
+ @tab biscroma
@tab semibiscroma
+@item @strong{FR}
+ @tab triple croche / huitième de soupir
@tab quadruple croche / seizième de soupir
-@item
+@item @strong{DE}
+ @tab Zweiunddreissigstel
@tab Vierundsechzigstel
+@item @strong{NL}
+ @tab tweeendertigste
@tab vierenzestigste
+@item @strong{DK}
+ @tab toogtredivtedel
@tab fireogtred@-sindstyvendedel
-@item
+@item @strong{SE}
+ @tab trettiotvåondel
@tab sextiofjärdedel
+@item @strong{FI}
+ @tab kolmaskymme@-neskahdesosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
@tab kuudeskymme@-nesneljäsosa@-nuotti/@w{-tauko}
+
+@end multitable
+
+@multitable @columnfractions .07 .46 .47
+
+@headitem @strong{US} @tab one-hundred-twenty-eighth
+ @tab two-hundred-fifty-sixth@item @strong{UK}
+ @tab semihemidemisemiquaver or
+ quasihemidemisemiquaver @tab demisemihemidemisemiquaver (?)
+@item @strong{IT}
+ @tab fusa*
@tab semifusa
+@item @strong{ES}
+ @tab garrapatea @tab semigarrapatea@item @strong{FR}
+ @tab quintuple croche / trente-deuxième de soupir @tab sextuple croche / soixante-quatrième de soupir@item @strong{DE}
+ @tab Hundertundachtundzwanzigstel @tab Zweihundertundsechsundfünfzigstel@item @strong{NL}
+ @tab ?
+ @tab ?
+@item @strong{DK}
+ @tab ?
+ @tab ?
+@item @strong{SE}
+ @tab ?
+ @tab ?
+@item @strong{FI}
+ @tab ?
+ @tab ?
@end multitable
+* The terms @emph{fusa} and @emph{semifusa}, which derive from mensural notation
+(q.v), are used as note durations by the Italians and the Spanish, but for notes
+of different durations.
+
+@seealso
+
+@ref{mensural notation}
+
@node Pitch names
@chapter Pitch names
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff