version that you are working on. See TRANSLATION for details.
@end ignore
-@c \version "2.11.38"
+@c \version "2.12.0"
-@c Andrew's TODO List
-@c references - first pass complete
-@c manual changes - first pass complete
-@c automatic changes - first pass complete
-@c staff-change lines - first pass complete
-@c cross-staff stems - first pass complete
-@c pedals - first pass complete
-@c accordian discant symbols
+@node Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
+@section Keyboard and other multi-staff instruments
-@node Keyboard instruments
-@section Keyboard instruments
+@lilypondfile[quote]{keyboard-headword.ly}
+
+This section discusses several aspects of music notation that are
+unique to keyboard instruments and other instruments notated on
+many staves, such as harps and vibraphones. For the purposes of
+this section this entire group of multi-staff instruments is called
+@qq{keyboards} for short, even though some of them do not have a
+keyboard.
@menu
* Common notation for keyboards::
* Piano::
* Accordion::
+* Harp::
@end menu
@node Common notation for keyboards
@subsection Common notation for keyboards
+This section discusses notation issues that may arise for most
+keyboard instruments.
+
@menu
* References for keyboards::
* Changing staff manually::
@end menu
@node References for keyboards
-@subsubsection References for keyboards
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for keyboards
+
+@cindex piano staves
+@cindex staves, piano
+@cindex staves, keyboard instruments
+@cindex staves, keyed instruments
+@cindex keyboard instrument staves
+@cindex keyed instrument staves
+
+@funindex PianoStaff
Keyboard instruments are usually notated with Piano staves. These
are two or more normal staves coupled with a brace. The same
-notation is also used for harps and other keyed instruments.
+notation is also used for other keyed instruments.
Organ music is normally written with two staves inside a
@code{PianoStaff} group and third, normal staff for the pedals.
The staves in keyboard music are largely independent, but
-sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. In this
-section we discuss some notation techniques particular to keyboard
+sometimes voices can cross between the two staves. This
+section discusses notation techniques particular to keyboard
music.
Several common issues in keyboard music are covered elsewhere:
@itemize
+
@item Keyboard music usually contains multiple voices and the
number of voices may change regularly; this is described in
@ref{Collision resolution}.
@item Vertical grid lines can be shown with @ref{Grid lines}.
@item Keyboard music often contains @notation{Laissez vibrer} ties
-as well as ties on arpeggios and tremelos, described in
+as well as ties on arpeggios and tremolos, described in
@ref{Ties}.
@item Placing arpeggios across multiple voices and staves is
@end itemize
@c @snippets
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
-@c {creating-slurs-across-voices.ly}
+@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+@c {forcing-visibility-of-systems-with-multi-bar-rests-when-using-\RemoveEmptyStaffContext.ly}
+@c http://lsr.dsi.unimi.it/LSR/Item?u=1&id=312
@seealso
-
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Real music example},
@rlearning{Other uses for tweaks}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Grouping staves},
@ref{Instrument names},
+@ref{Collision resolution},
@ref{Writing music in parallel},
@ref{Fingering instructions},
+@ref{List of articulations},
@ref{Grid lines},
@ref{Ties},
@ref{Arpeggio},
-@ref{Tremolo repeats},
-@ref{List of articulations}.
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{PianoStaff}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
+
@knownissues
-Dynamics are not centered, but workarounds do exist. See the
-@q{piano centered dynamics} template in @rlearning{Piano templates}.
+@cindex keyboard music, centering dynamics
+@cindex dynamics, centered in keyboard music
+@cindex piano music, centering dynamics
+@cindex centered dynamics in piano music
+@funindex staff-padding
-@c TODO Find out status of the dynamics engravers
+Dynamics are not automatically centered, but workarounds do exist. One
+option is the @q{piano centered dynamics} template under
+@rlearning{Piano templates}; another option is to increase the
+@code{staff-padding} of dynamics as discussed in @rlearning{Moving
+objects}.
@node Changing staff manually
-@subsubsection Changing staff manually
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff manually
@cindex changing staff manually
@cindex manual staff changes
@cindex notes, cross-staff
@cindex cross-staff beams
@cindex beams, cross-staff
+
@funindex \change
+@funindex change
Voices can be switched between staves manually, using the command
@noindent
The string @var{staffname} is the name of the staff. It switches
-the current voice from its current staff to the Staff called
+the current voice from its current staff to the staff called
@var{staffname}. Typical values for @var{staffname} are
@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}, or @code{"RH"} and @code{"LH"}.
+The staff to which the voice is being switched must exist at the
+time of the switch. If necessary, staves should be @qq{kept alive},
+see @ref{Keeping contexts alive}.
+
Cross-staff notes are beamed automatically:
-@lilypond[verbatim,quote,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
<e' c'>8
- \change Staff = down
- g fis g
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ g8 fis g
+ \change Staff = "up"
<g'' c''>8
- \change Staff = down
- e dis e
- \change Staff = up
+ \change Staff = "down"
+ e8 dis e
+ \change Staff = "up"
}
\new Staff = "down" {
\clef bass
- s1 % keep staff alive
+ % keep staff alive
+ s1
}
>>
@end lilypond
example of beam tweaking, see @rlearning{Fixing overlapping
notation}.
-@seealso
+@seealso
Learning Manual:
@rlearning{Fixing overlapping notation}.
Notation Reference:
@ref{Stems},
-@ref{Automatic beams}.
+@ref{Automatic beams},
+@ref{Keeping contexts alive}.
Snippets:
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Beam}.
+@rinternals{Beam},
+@rinternals{ContextChange}.
@node Changing staff automatically
-@subsubsection Changing staff automatically
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Changing staff automatically
@cindex changing staff automatically
@cindex automatic staff changes
@cindex staff changes, automatic
+
@funindex \autochange
+@funindex autochange
+@funindex PianoStaff
Voices can be made to switch automatically between the top and the
bottom staff. The syntax for this is
@noindent
This will create two staves inside the current staff group
(usually a @code{PianoStaff}), called @code{"up"} and
-@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in bass clef by default.
-The autochanger switches on basis of the pitch (middle C is the
+@code{"down"}. The lower staff will be in the bass clef by default.
+The autochanger switches on the basis of the pitch (middle@tie{}C is the
turning point), and it looks ahead skipping over rests to switch
in advance.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff {
\autochange {
- g4 a b c' d' r4 a g
+ g4 a b c'
+ d'4 r a g
}
}
@end lilypond
+@cindex relative music and autochange
+@cindex autochange and relative music
+
+@funindex \relative
+@funindex relative
+
A @code{\relative} section that is outside of @code{\autochange}
has no effect on the pitches of the music, so if necessary, put
@code{\relative} inside @code{\autochange}.
If additional control is needed over the individual staves, they
can be created manually with the names @code{"up"} and
@code{"down"}. The @code{\autochange} command will then switch
-its voice between the existing staves. For example, this is
-necessary to place a key signature in the lower staff:
+its voice between the existing staves.
-@lilypond[quote,verbatim,ragged-right]
+@warning{If staves are created manually, they @emph{must} be named
+@code{"up"} and @code{"down"}.}
+
+For example, staves must be created manually in order to place a
+key signature in the lower staff:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "up" {
\new Voice = "melOne" {
\key g \major
\autochange \relative c' {
g8 b a c b d c e
- d r fis, g a2
+ d8 r fis, g a2
}
}
}
>>
@end lilypond
-@seealso
+@seealso
Notation Reference:
@ref{Changing staff manually}.
Internals Reference:
@rinternals{AutoChangeMusic}.
+
@knownissues
+@cindex chords, splitting across staves with \autochange
+
The staff switches may not end up in optimal places. For high
quality output, staff switches should be specified manually.
-Chords will not be split across the staves; the staff will be
-chosen by the first note named in the chord.
-
+Chords will not be split across the staves; they will be assigned to a
+staff based on the first note named in the chord construct.
@node Staff-change lines
-@subsubsection Staff-change lines
-
-@cindex staff-change lines
-@cindex cross-staff lines
-@cindex lines, staff-change follower
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Staff-change lines
+
+@cindex staff-change line
+@cindex staff change line
+@cindex cross-staff line
+@cindex cross staff line
+@cindex line, staff-change follower
+@cindex line, cross-staff
+@cindex line, staff-change
@cindex follow voice
+@cindex voice, following
@cindex staff switching
@cindex cross-staff
+
@funindex followVoice
+@funindex \showStaffSwitch
+@funindex showStaffSwitch
+@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
+@funindex hideStaffSwitch
Whenever a voice switches to another staff, a line connecting the
notes can be printed automatically:
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,relative=1,verbatim]
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=1]
\new PianoStaff <<
\new Staff = "one" {
\showStaffSwitch
c1
- \change Staff=two
+ \change Staff = "two"
b2 a
}
- \new Staff = "two" { \clef bass s1*2 }
+ \new Staff = "two" {
+ \clef bass
+ s1*2
+ }
>>
@end lilypond
+
@predefined
+@code{\showStaffSwitch},
+@code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
+@endpredefined
-@funindex \showStaffSwitch
-@funindex \hideStaffSwitch
-@code{\showStaffSwitch}, @code{\hideStaffSwitch}.
@seealso
-
Snippets:
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{Note_head_line_engraver},
@rinternals{VoiceFollower}.
@node Cross-staff stems
-@subsubsection Cross-staff stems
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Cross-staff stems
@cindex cross-staff notes
+@cindex cross staff notes
@cindex notes, cross-staff
@cindex cross-staff stems
+@cindex cross staff stems
@cindex stems, cross-staff
+@cindex chords, cross-staff
+@cindex cross-staff chords
+@cindex cross staff chords
+
+@funindex Stem
+@funindex cross-staff
+@funindex length
+@funindex flag-style
-Chords that cross staves may be produced by increasing the length
-of the stem in the lower staff, so it reaches the stem in the upper
-staff, or vice versa.
+Chords that cross staves may be produced:
-@lilypond[ragged-right,verbatim,quote]
+@lilypond[verbatim,quote]
\new PianoStaff <<
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- f8 e4 d8 <f bes,>2
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ f8 e4 d8 d f e4
+ }
}
- \new Staff \relative c' {
- << {
- \clef bass
- \stemUp
- \override Stem #'length = #12
- \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
- \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
- a8 g4 f8
- } \\
- { f,2 d' }
- >>
+ \new Staff {
+ \relative c' {
+ << {
+ \clef bass
+ % stems may overlap the other staff
+ \override Stem #'cross-staff = ##t
+ % extend the stems to reach other other staff
+ \override Stem #'length = #12
+ % do not print extra flags
+ \override Stem #'flag-style = #'no-flag
+ % prevent beaming as needed
+ a8 g4 f8 f bes\noBeam g4
+ }
+ \\
+ {
+ f,2 bes4 c
+ } >>
+ }
}
>>
@end lilypond
@snippets
-@c @lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,ragged-right,texidoc]
-@c {indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{indicating-cross-staff-chords-with-arpeggio-bracket.ly}
@seealso
-
Snippets:
@rlsr{Keyboards}.
Internals Reference:
-@rinternals{Stem}
+@rinternals{Stem}.
+
@node Piano
@subsection Piano
+This section discusses notation issues that relate most directly to the
+piano.
+
@menu
* Piano pedals::
@end menu
@node Piano pedals
-@subsubsection Piano pedals
-@cindex Pedals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Piano pedals
+
+@cindex piano pedals
+@cindex pedals, piano
+@cindex sustain pedal
+@cindex pedal, sustain
+@cindex sostenuto pedal
+@cindex pedal, sostenuto
+@cindex una corda
+@cindex tre corde
+@cindex sos.
+@cindex U.C.
+
+@funindex \sustainOn
+@funindex sustainOn
+@funindex \sustainOff
+@funindex sustainOff
+@funindex \sostenutoOn
+@funindex sostenutoOn
+@funindex \sostenutoOff
+@funindex sostenutoOff
+@funindex \unaCorda
+@funindex unaCorda
+@funindex \treCorde
+@funindex treCorde
+
+Pianos generally have three pedals that alter the way sound is
+produced: @notation{sustain}, @notation{sostenuto}
+(@notation{sos.}), and @notation{una corda} (@notation{U.C.}).
+Sustain pedals are also found on vibraphones and celestas.
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn d e g
+<c, f a>1\sustainOff
+c4\sostenutoOn e g c,
+<bes d f>1\sostenutoOff
+c4\unaCorda d e g
+<d fis a>1\treCorde
+@end lilypond
-Pianos have pedals that alter the way sound is produced. Generally, a
-piano has three pedals, sustain, una corda, and sostenuto.
+@cindex pedal indication styles
+@cindex pedal indication, text
+@cindex pedal indication, bracket
+@cindex pedal indication, mixed
+@cindex pedal sustain style
+@cindex sustain pedal style
+@funindex pedalSustainStyle
+@funindex mixed
+@funindex bracket
+@funindex text
-Piano pedal instruction can be expressed by attaching
-@code{\sustainDown}, @code{\sustainUp}, @code{\unaCorda},
-@code{\treCorde}, @code{\sostenutoDown} and @code{\sostenutoUp} to a
-note or chord
+There are three styles of pedal indications: text, bracket, and mixed.
+The sustain pedal and the una corda pedal use the text style by default
+while the sostenuto pedal uses mixed by default.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim]
-c'4\sustainDown c'4\sustainUp
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+c4\sustainOn g c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2\sustainOff
+\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
+c4\sustainOn g c d
+d\sustainOff\sustainOn g, c2
+\bar "|."
@end lilypond
-What is printed can be modified by setting @code{pedal@var{X}Strings},
-where @var{X} is one of the pedal types: @code{Sustain},
-@code{Sostenuto} or @code{UnaCorda}. Refer to
-@rinternals{SustainPedal} in the program reference for more
-information.
+The placement of the pedal commands matches the physical movement of the
+sustain pedal during piano performance. Pedalling to the final bar line
+is indicated by omitting the final pedal off command.
-Pedals can also be indicated by a sequence of brackets, by setting the
-@code{pedalSustainStyle} property to bracket objects
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'bracket
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Ties}.
-A third style of pedal notation is a mixture of text and brackets,
-obtained by setting the @code{pedalSustainStyle} property to
-@code{mixed}
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\set Staff.pedalSustainStyle = #'mixed
-c\sustainDown d e
-b\sustainUp\sustainDown
-b g \sustainUp a \sustainDown \bar "|."
-@end lilypond
+Internals Reference:
+@rinternals{SustainPedal},
+@rinternals{SustainPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SustainEvent},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedal},
+@rinternals{SostenutoPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{SostenutoEvent},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedal},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaPedalLineSpanner},
+@rinternals{UnaCordaEvent},
+@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket},
+@rinternals{Piano_pedal_engraver}.
-The default @q{*Ped.} style for sustain and damper pedals corresponds to
-style @code{#'text}. The sostenuto pedal uses @code{mixed} style by
-default.
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
+@node Accordion
+@subsection Accordion
-For fine-tuning the appearance of a pedal bracket, the properties
-@code{edge-width}, @code{edge-height}, and @code{shorten-pair} of
-@code{PianoPedalBracket} objects (see
-@rinternals{PianoPedalBracket} in the Internals Reference) can be
-modified. For example, the bracket may be extended to the right edge
-of the note head
+@cindex accordion
-@lilypond[quote,ragged-right,fragment,verbatim,relative=2]
-\override Staff.PianoPedalBracket #'shorten-pair = #'(0 . -1.0)
-c\sostenutoDown d e c, f g a\sostenutoUp
-@end lilypond
+This section discusses notation that is unique to the accordion.
-@noindent
-Note that overrides must be placed before the note at which the
-pedal bracket starts.
+@menu
+* Discant symbols::
+@end menu
+
+@node Discant symbols
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Discant symbols
+
+@cindex accordion discant symbols
+@cindex discant symbols, accordion
+@cindex accordion shifts
+@cindex accordion shift symbols
+
+Accordions are often built with more than one set of reeds that may be
+in unison with, an octave above, or an octave below the written pitch.
+Each accordion maker has different names for the @notation{shifts} that
+select the various reed combinations, such as @notation{oboe},
+@notation{musette}, or @notation{bandonium}, so a system of symbols has
+come into use to simplify the performance instructions.
+
+@snippets
+
+@lilypondfile[verbatim,lilyquote,texidoc,doctitle]
+{accordion-discant-symbols.ly}
-@c TODO Check relative positions of the sustain pedal and
-@c dynamics are correct (they collided in 2.11.44).
-@c Give example showing this.
@seealso
+Snippets:
+@rlsr{Keyboards}.
-Notation Reference: @ref{Ties} (laissez vibrer).
-@node Accordion
-@subsection Accordion
+@node Harp
+@subsection Harp
+
+This section discusses notation issues that are unique to the harp.
@menu
-* Discant symbols::
+* References for harps::
+* Harp pedals::
@end menu
-@node Discant symbols
-@subsubsection Discant symbols
+@node References for harps
+@unnumberedsubsubsec References for harps
+@cindex harps
+@cindex bisbiglando
+
+Some common characteristics of harp music are covered elsewhere:
+
+@itemize
+
+@item The glissando is the most characterisic harp technique,
+@ref{Glissando}.
+
+@item A @notation{bisbigliando} is written as a tremelo @ref{Tremolo
+repeats}
-@c TODO Add text from -user and lsr 194
-TBC
+@item Natural harmonics are covered under @ref{Harmonics}.
+
+@item For directional arpeggios and non-arpeggios, see @ref{Arpeggio}.
+
+@end itemize
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Tremolo repeats}
+@ref{Glissando}
+@ref{Arpeggio}
+@ref{Harmonics}
+
+@node Harp pedals
+@unnumberedsubsubsec Harp pedals
+
+@cindex harp pedals
+@cindex harp pedal diagrams
+@cindex pedals, harp
+@cindex pedal diagrams, harp
+
+Harps have seven strings per octave that may be sounded at the natural,
+flattened, or sharpened pitch. In lever harps, each string is adjusted
+individually, but in pedal harps every string with the same pitch name
+is controlled by a single pedal. From the player's left to right, the
+pedals are D, C, and B on the left and E, F, G, and A on the right.
+The position of the pedals may be indicated with text marks:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\textLengthOn
+cis1_\markup \concat \vcenter { [D \flat C \sharp B|E \sharp F \sharp G A \flat] }
+c!1_\markup \concat \vcenter {[ C \natural ]}
+@end lilypond
+
+or pedal diagrams:
+
+@lilypond[quote,verbatim,relative=2]
+\textLengthOn
+cis1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^v-|vv-^" }
+c!1_\markup { \harp-pedal #"^o--|vv-^" }
+@end lilypond
+
+The @code{\harp-pedal} command accepts a string of characters, where
+@code{^} is the highest pedal position (flattened pitch), @code{-} is
+the middle pedal postion (natural pitch), @code{v} is the lowest pedal
+position (sharpened pitch), and @code{|} is the divider. A prefixed
+@code{o} will circle the following pedal symbol.
+
+@seealso
+Notation Reference:
+@ref{Text scripts}
+@ref{Instrument Specific Markup}
projects / lilypond.git / blobdiff